低层大气消光系数分布的激光探测

利用红宝石激光雷达,并配合同时的太阳光衰减测量,对北京地区晴空低层3公里以下的大气消光系数分布及光学厚度作了定量测量和分类整理,取得了基本资料。 结果说明,在我国不能笼统搬用Elterman大气光学模式。对产生差别的原因作了分析,并提出了建立我国自己模式的途径和模式的主要控制因子。     

激光探测平流层气溶胶层后向散射系数分布

1983年2月以来,利用红宝石激光雷达对平流层气溶胶层进行了一系列探测.结果表明:因受El Chichon火山爆发的影响,平流层气溶胶层后向散射比峰值和14—23.5公里高度范围内积分后向散射系数均明显增大。本文对部分探测结果进行了分析和讨论.     

几种激光探测大气消光系数方法的比较

本文根据香河综合观测资料,讨论了几种计算大气消光系数的方法。结果表明,以激光地面水平探测的k_0作为整个探测路径上的消光系数与后向散射系数之比,在低层层结稳定的情况下将造成较大误差,而结合太阳光谱观测资料的分析计算方法以及根据激光扫角探测在消光量分层均匀假定下的计算方法结果较好。     

激光遥测大气气溶胶的尺度谱分布

在采用Deirmendjian气溶胶谱分布模式条件下,利用多波长激光雷达所探测的气溶胶消光系数,通过与Mie散射理论计算的气溶胶消光系数拟合的方法,可获得气溶胶的尺度谱分布。     

河北秋季气溶胶粒子垂直分布的飞机探测分析

根据2013年10月13、14日共4个架次机载气溶胶探测资料及宏观天气资料,分析了飞机爬升阶段河北地区气溶胶数浓度、平均直径在降水前后的垂直变化特征,研究了不同高度的粒子谱特征,并且尝试对一次典型层状云过程中云内、云底的气溶胶粒子谱进行了拟合。结果表明:1)降水前和降水过程中粒子平均浓度变化不大,降水结束后,粒子浓度显著减小。2)气溶胶粒子浓度、平均直径受云和逆温的影响十分明显。存在逆温时,逆温层附近气溶胶粒子浓度显著增大,粒子浓度曲线与逆温层温度曲线一致;无逆温层时,粒子数浓度随高度呈负指数递减。低空的气溶胶粒子大小受逆温层影响较小,高空的粒子大小变化幅度较大,且多呈单峰或多峰分布。3)对爬升阶段每500 m进行平均,得到不同高度的粒子谱基本呈单峰或双峰分布,单峰分布峰值在细粒子端,双峰分布则在粗、细粒子端各有一峰值。4)此次观测得到的层状云内气溶胶粒子数浓度曲线用负指数函数拟合效果更好,层状云云底和云中拟合谱中参数λ变化可以忽略,参数A值变化较大。     

激光遥测大气消光系数的误差分析

激光遥测大气消光系数分布的主要方法,是假设大气消光系数与大气体后向散射微分截面之比值k为常数,并取激光实测的地面值,然后由解光雷达方程求得。本文将讨论由于大气气溶胶物理属性随高度变化以及大气分子散射的作用,使比值k产生相应变化,并分析由此引起大气消光系数的探测误差。     

大气臭氧与气溶胶垂直分布的高空气球探测

本文给出了1993年9月12日利用高空科学气球在河北省香河地区探测到的大气臭氧和气溶胶的垂直分布。结果发现:(1) 大气臭氧的数密度在整个对流层较低(～10[12]mol/cm3)，并从地面到对流层顶略有下降；对流层顶以上开始快速增加，极值层高度在～24 km，其值为4.78×10[12]mol/cm3；臭氧分压有类似的分布特征，极值146×10[-4]Pa，位于同一高度；(2) 在平流层低层，臭氧分压有一个次极值62×10[-4]Pa，位于15～16 km；(3) 0～30 km大气气溶胶数密度呈现出三个峰值:143，8和1.1 个/cm[3]，分别位于近地面、5 km和21 km；（4）气溶胶的数密度谱在对流层为双模态；在平流层，次峰消失。同时，我们还与其他观测结果作了比较分析。     

塔里木盆地沙暴的分布特征及危险性评价

通过对塔里木盆地周边２０多个气象台站３０年沙暴日数和３年历时资料，以及塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地科考站３年的沙暴日数、历时等资料分析，给出了沙暴的时空分布特征，提出了沙暴危险性气候分级指标和天气强度等级指标，并进行了沙暴的潜在危害评价。着重探讨了危害最严重的塔中地区沙暴的历时、强度、风况特征。     

河南春季一次气溶胶分布特征的飞机探测研究

利用飞机微物理探测资料,对2018年3月26日河南中北部地区一次气溶胶分布特征进行综合分析,得出以下结论:郑州市区与郊区积聚模态气溶胶粒子浓度值均在近地面达到最大值,且市区近地面污染排放比郊区严重,污染粒子被大气上升运动输送到高层,两地区浓度均随高度升高而减小。市区浓度值在4500 m附近产生2个量级骤减,郊区在3200 m附近产生2个量级骤减。市区与郊区积聚模态气溶胶粒子有效直径均随高度升高而增大;市区气溶胶粒子有效直径大于郊区的,且尺度范围更广;本地近地面排放粒子有效直径主要集中在0.4μm附近。对比过饱和度值在0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%情况下CCN粒子浓度随高度变化,发现5种情况下粒子浓度均与气溶胶垂直分布一致,说明近地面的颗粒物排放导致近地面CCN浓度值偏高。整个探测过程中积聚模态气溶胶粒子对转化凝结核贡献较多,二者数浓度相关系数R~2为0.61,CCN活化率集中在0.4～0.6。     

海盐气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶在云微物理过程中的作用

利用大气气溶胶和云分档模式研究海盐气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶在云微物理过程中的作用, 计算结果表明:云中液态水含量随高度的分布并不随海盐、硫酸盐的数目以及云团上升速度的变化而变化; 随着云滴数目的增加, 云滴的有效半径会减小; 硫酸盐对云滴数目影响起主导作用, 海盐在水汽相对充足情况下增加了云滴数目, 在水汽相对不足的情况下减少了云滴数目; 硫酸盐粒子浓度特别强的情况下 (人类活动污染比较严重时), 如果水汽相对不足, 云滴数目会明显小于硫酸盐粒子浓度; 而海盐粒子的存在, 加剧了水汽的供应不足, 从而可以在很大程度上进一步降低云滴数目。也就是说, 在有些情况下, 如果不考虑海盐气溶胶的作用, 硫酸盐气溶胶对云特性的影响会被过高估计。     

Integration method and ratio method for retrieving extinction coefficient from lidar signals

New solution techniques to improve the accuracy of quantitatively determining the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the backscattering-to-extinction ratio from lidar signals are developed. The integration method is proposed to analytically retrieve the extinction coefficient at ground level, which has the advantage of eliminating the effect of backscattering fluctuations on the inversion results.The ratio method, on the other hand, deals with the inversion of the vertical distribution of the extinction coefficient. The main idea of this method is to begin with a calculation of the transmittance by eliminating the backscattering through ratioing lidar signals at two elevations, and subsequently derive the extinction coefficient from the transmittance, thus avert from ambiguous results caused by inappropriate assumptions on the backscattering-to-extinction ratio. Observational investigations have demonstrated that the integration method is superior to the slope method in terms of accuracy and stability, and the ratio method is reasonable and feasible as well.     

利用微脉冲激光雷达探测大气混合层高度和气溶胶垂直结构的初步研究

采用2008年5月14日—12月28日安徽寿县地区(116°46’55.02″E,32°33’30.18″N)MPL(micro pulse lidar,微脉冲激光雷达)资料,分析了当地混合层高度(mixed layer height,MLH)的日变化特征。利用梯度法、拐点法及归一化梯度法反演了当地混合层高度,并将3种方法的反演结果与SONDE探空确定的MLH做相关性分析,结果表明:由梯度法反演得到的MLH与探空资料确定的MLH高度相关(相关系数为0.976),是3种方法中最适合确定寿县地区MLH的反演算法。利用梯度法反演了晴天无云天气条件下MLH的日变化,研究了当地气象条件对MLH的影响,结果发现:MLH增长率与前1 h地表温度增长率有很好的相关性;地表风速的变化也会导致MLH的急剧变化;MLH的发展滞后于气溶胶光学厚度0.5~3 h。     

基于Grimm180粒子仪对塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘暴的定量观测

为了得到沙尘粒子和沙尘质量浓度的实时定量特征,利用Grimm180粒子仪在塔克拉玛干沙漠对沙尘暴进行了实时观测。通过分析Grimm180粒子仪在2018年5月20日和24日两次沙尘暴过程观测的数据得到:在浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴期间,PM_2.5的质量浓度值随时间变化不大,一般PM_2.5浓度值<1500μg·m^-3,而PM₁₀在不同阶段的变化比较明显,数值在2000~6000μg·m^-3。沙尘粒子谱和沙尘质量浓度谱的分布形状在浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴基本相同,当粒子直径>0.35μm时,粒子数浓度随直径的增大近似符合M-P分布。从浮尘到扬沙再到沙尘暴,小粒子区(D≤1μm)的占比越来越小,而中粒子区(1μm10μm)的粒子数越来越多并且占比越来越大。当粒子直径为0.35μm左右时,粒子数浓度达到最大值;当粒子直径在25~32μm时,沙尘质量浓度的值最大。在浮尘和扬沙阶段,PM_2.5/PM₁₀>25%;每分钟1 L体积内的沙尘粒子总数大约是4×10⁵,最大沙尘质量浓度<20μg·L^-1。在沙尘暴阶段,PM_2.5/PM₁₀<15%;每分钟1 L体积内的沙尘粒子总数>5×10⁵,最大沙尘质量浓度>25μg·L^-1。这些结论为准确地分析沙尘暴的定量特征提供了科学依据。     

Spectral aerosol optical depth characterization of desert dust during SAMUM 2006

The aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the range 340–1550 nm was monitored at Ouarzazate (Morocco) during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) experiment in May–June 2006. Two different sun photometers were used for this purpose. The mean AOD at 500 nm was 0.28, with a maximum of 0.83, and the mean Ångström exponent (AE) was 0.35. The aerosol content over the site changed alternatively from very low turbidity, associated to Atlantic air masses, to moderate dust load, associated to air masses arriving in the site from Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The dusty conditions were predominant in the measurement period (78% of data), with AOD (500 nm) above 0.15 and AE below 0.4. The spectral features of the AOD under dusty conditions are discussed. Air mass back trajectory analysis is carried out to investigate the origin and height patterns of the dust loaded air masses. The advection of dust occurred mainly at atmospheric heights below 3000 m, where east flow is the predominant. At the 5000 m level, the air masses originate mainly over the Atlantic Ocean. Finally the Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) model is used to perform a set of simulations with different aerosol mixtures to illustrate the measured AOD and AE values under varying dust concentrations, and a brief comparison with other measurement sites is presented.     

The changing frequency of dust storms through time

Dust storms are major, but under-studied actors in the world's drylands. Not only are they an important manifestation of desertification and land degradation, but they also have a whole suite of important environmental impacts, including possible rainfall suppression (Maley, 1982), fertilization of offshore areas, and disturbance to satellite communications. It is therefore important to ascertain whether their frequency and extent is changing. An increasing dust-storm incidence could be both a manifestation of and a contributor to global change.By analysing long-term meteorological records for a large number of areas (the Great Plains of the USA, the USSR, Morocco, The Arabian Gulf, Australia, the Sahel-Sudan zone of Africa, China, Mongolia and Mexico) certain conclusions can be drawn. The first of these is that there is no one global pattern of dust-storm frequency trend. Some stations (e.g. in the Sahel) show a clear upward trend of great severity, others show a downward trend (e.g. Mexico City), while others show a more cyclical pattern. In many cases it is evident that essentially natural processes (precipitation totals, snow cover, wind strength) determine the frequency of dust events in any one year. It has also been possible to show the importance of runs of drought years (e.g. in the High Plains in the 1930s, and in the Sahel zone of Africa in the 1970s and 1980s). Elsewhere, however, various human activities have been significant in determining dust-storm frequency variations: the introduction of centre-pivot irrigation in the High Plains, the abstraction of water from the Owens and Mono basins in California, the disruption of surfaces by construction activity and vehicle use (e.g. in Ulan Bator, Mongolia), and the deliberate stabilisation of susceptible surfaces (e.g. the Lake Texcoco scheme in Mexico).     

Spatial distribution and optical properties of Saharan dust observed by airborne high spectral resolution lidar during SAMUM 2006

Airborne measurements of pure Saharan dust extinction and backscatter coefficients, the corresponding lidar ratio and the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) have been performed during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2006, with a high spectral resolution lidar. Dust layers were found to range from ground up to 4–6 km above sea level (asl). Maximum AOT values at 532 nm, encountered within these layers during the DLR Falcon research flights were 0.50–0.55. A significant horizontal variability of the AOT south of the High Atlas mountain range was observed even in cases of a well-mixed dust layer. High vertical variations of the dust lidar ratio of 38–50 sr were observed in cases of stratified dust layers. The variability of the lidar ratio was attributed to dust advection from different source regions. The aerosol depolarization ratio was about 30% at 532 nm during all measurements and showed only marginal vertical variations.