Investigation of saltwater intrusion and salinity stratification in winter of 2007/2008 in the Zhujiang River Estuary in China

Saltwater intrusion is a serious environmental problem in the Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE),which threatens the water supply of fifteen million people.The hydrological observations as well as meteorological and tidal forcing in the winter of 2007/2008 were analyzed to examine the saltwater intrusion in the ZRE.The observational results suggest that the maximum vertical difference of salinity can reach 10 in the Humen Channel during neap tide,but is very small in the Hengmen Channel.The vertically averaged salinity from time series stations during spring tide is higher than that during neap tide.A three-dimensional finite difference model was developed based on the environmental fluid dynamic code(EFDC) to study the mechanism of saltwater intrusion and salinity stratification in the ZRE.By analyzing the salt transport and the temporal variation of saltwater intrusion,the authors found that the net salt transport due to the estuarine circulation during neap tide was more than that during spring tide.This caused salt to advance more into the estuary during neap tide.However,saltwater intrusion was stronger during spring tide than that during neap tide because the spring-neap variation in salt transport was small relative to the total length of the saltwater intrusion.The physical mechanism causing this saltwater intrusion was investigated by a series of sensitivity experiments,in order to examine saltwater intrusion in response to river discharge and winds.The freshwater source was a dominant influencing factor to the saltwater intrusion and controlled salinity structure,vertical stratification and length of the saltwater intrusion.The prevailing northeast monsoon during winter could increase the saltwater intrusion in the ZRE.Though the southwest wind was unfavorable to saltwater intrusion during spring tide,it could increase stratification and saltwater intrusion during neap tide.     

钱塘江河口盐度数值模拟

强潮河口盐水入侵对饮用水源地危害极大。基于平面二维水动力盐度模型, 对典型强潮河口—钱塘江的水动力及盐水入侵过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明枯水径流时盐度变化与潮位过程曲线类似, 潮差对盐度大小影响显著, 径流量的增加将逐渐减小其相似程度。当流量增加到一定程度后, 继续增加的一定径流量所产生的抑咸效果减弱, 水资源有效利用率降低, 此时允许水源地盐度超标并改从蓄淡避咸水库取水可有效节约水资源。盐度平面分布显示, 盐水入侵在强潮河口弯道处受涨潮流主流线影响明显, 靠近主流线一岸的盐度大于对岸, 单从盐水入侵角度考虑, 强潮河口弯道段的取水口应设置在远离涨潮流主流线一岸。钱塘江河口盐度数值模拟对于研究减轻盐水入侵对水源地危害的措施具有指导意义。     

近60年来长江河口河势变化及其对水动力和盐水入侵的影响Ⅲ.盐水入侵

本文应用本系列论文Ⅱ中建立的长江河口水动力和盐水入侵三维数值模式,模拟长江河口20世纪50年代、70年代和2012年盐水入侵,定量分析不同年代河势下盐水入侵状况和变化程度及其原因。在北支,不同年代盐水入侵的变化是由分流比和潮差共同作用造成的。50年代北支盐水入侵较强,70年代大幅下降,中上段出现淡水,2012年盐水入侵极为严重,整个北支被高盐水占据,上段出现强烈的盐度锋面。50年代和2012年,北支盐水倒灌南支,大潮期间远大于小潮期间,2012年远强于50年代,70年代没有北支盐水倒灌南支现象。在南支,50年代、70年代南支大部分为盐度都小于0.45的淡水,在2012年大潮期间由于出现了强烈的北支盐水倒灌,南支上段出现盐度大于0.45的盐水。在南北港,在50年代盐水入侵最严重;大潮期间,北港净分流比南港大21.6%,北港盐度小于南港盐度,外海盐水主要通过南港入侵,出现南港盐水倒灌进入北港的现象。至70年代,南支主流转向南港,南港净分流比增大,比北港大10.4%,南港盐度明显小于北港盐度;南北港盐水入侵较弱。在2012年,南支主流再次转向北港,北港分流比比南港大10.4%,南港的盐水入侵再次强于北港。小潮期间,50年代由于南港分流比相比于大潮时更小,南港盐水上溯距离更远,上段盐度比更大;至70年代,北港分流比减少,盐水入侵减弱;至2012年,由于大潮时期北支倒灌的盐水在小潮期间到达北港,北港净盐通量比大潮时期大。由于潮动力减弱,小潮期间各年代垂向盐度分层更明显,盐水入侵变化与大潮期间一致。     

长江河口下扁担沙水域最长连续不宜取水时间

长江河口已建成陈行水库、青草沙水库和东风西沙水库,提供了约80%的上海用水。但随着社会和经济的发展,用水缺口仍然存在。下扁担沙位于南北港分汊口上游,大潮落潮期间滩涂露出。本文利用研究组长期研发和应用的长江河口盐水入侵三维数值模式,计算在1978-1979年特枯径流量条件下该水域的盐水入侵和连续最长不宜取水时间,了解下扁担沙水域能否作为备用水源地。本文采用2017年2月19日到3月1日北支8个站位的观测资料,结果表明表层和底层盐度模拟值和实测值之间相关系数、均方根误差和技术分数的平均值分别为0.85、1.82和0.82,模式计算盐度和实测值吻合良好,能较好地模拟长江河口盐水入侵。模式计算表明,下扁担沙模式输出点最长连续不宜取水时间为13.79 d,盐水入侵在大潮后期和大潮后中潮主要源自上游北支倒灌,小潮后中潮主要源自下游正面入侵,且前者影响比后者大。能取水时段就出现在小潮后中潮,淡水是南支上游南侧随落潮流平流过来的。下扁担沙水域的最长连续不宜取水时间远比青草沙水库和东风西沙水库的短,表明下扁担沙水域淡水资源远比南支上游和下游水域充足,是个极为优越的备用水源地。     

长江河口青草沙水库盐水入侵来源

应用改进的三维数值模式ECOM-si,从模式计算的盐度和流向的变化过程、涨憩和落憩时刻盐度等值线和淡水区域的变化,分析在一般动力条件下青草沙水库取水口盐水入侵来源。计算结果表明,小潮后中潮、大潮、大潮后中潮和小潮期间北支倒灌占青草沙水库取水口表层盐水入侵比例分别为69.5%、89.3%、98.5%和99.5%,占底层盐水入侵比例分别为34.9%、88.9%、98.5%和99.5%。除了小潮后中潮期间底层盐水入侵来源主要来自下游外海(占65.1%),青草沙水库取水口表层和底层盐水入侵来源主要来自北支盐水倒灌,尤其是大潮后中潮和小潮期间几乎全部来自北支盐水倒灌。     

海平面变化背景下三大河口咸潮入侵特征及变化浅析

基于2009-2019年实测资料分析研究我国三大河口咸潮入侵的特征及变化规律.研究结果表明:2009年以来,珠江口每年都会受到咸潮入侵的威胁,2019年咸潮入侵程度为近8年来最为严重的一年,全禄水厂超标时间超过210 h;钱塘江口除2014年外均发生较强咸潮入侵,其中2019年咸潮入侵程度为近9年最为严重的一年,南星水...     

海南岛南渡江河口的盐水入侵

南渡江是海南岛最大的河流,河口长度较短(约25 km),口外濒临琼州海峡。南渡江的盐水入侵近年来呈加剧趋势,急需对其过程与机理进行研究。本研究运用FVCOM模型,采用2009年枯季的实测数据对模型进行了验证。根据模型计算结果分析了枯季和洪季南渡江河口的流速和盐度的时空分布及盐水入侵的变化,探讨了河口不同位置驱动盐分向陆输运的机制。研究结果表明:枯季小潮时的河口环流强度大于大潮时,而洪季河口环流在大潮时更加发育,洪枯季都表现出大潮期的盐度分层(表底层盐度差)大于小潮期;口门附近,潮汐振荡输运在总的向陆盐分输运通量中占主导,而向上游方向,稳定剪切输运则表现得更重要。主河道内损失的盐分主要通过海甸溪的盐分输入进行补充。     

中国主要入海河口咸潮入侵变化特征

长江口、钱塘江口和珠江口是受咸潮影响较为严重的区域。本文利用全国沿海海平面变化影响调查、沿海水文观测等数据,分析了近十年长江口、珠江口和钱塘江口咸潮入侵的变化特征及影响。分析结果表明:(1) 2009-2018年,长江口咸潮入侵次数和持续时间均呈减少趋势,该时段长江口共监测到约48次咸潮入侵过程,发生时间集中在9-10月至翌年5月,其中3月和11月入侵次数较多,分别为12次和7次。(2)钱塘江口咸潮入侵过程受沿海季节性海平面影响显著,12月至翌年3月为钱塘江口季节性低海平面期,4-7月上旬径流量较大,上述两个时期钱塘江口受咸潮入侵的影响均较小,7月下旬至11月上旬,钱塘江口处于季节性高海平面期,是咸潮影响的集中时段。(3) 2009-2018年,珠江口共监测到约57次咸潮入侵过程,发生时间集中在9-10月至翌年3-4月,其中1月、2月和10月咸潮入侵次数较多,均超过10次,2015年至今咸潮持续时间明显增加。(4)咸潮入侵次数和持续时间与基础海面和径流量等密切相关,咸潮入侵影响三大河口沿线水厂供水以及工农业生产取水,给沿岸城市的居民生活、工农业生产和渔业养殖等造成一定不利影响。     

Impact of the eastern water diversion from the south to the north project on the saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary in China

The south to the north project(WDP) on the saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary is studied by the improved three-dimensional(3D) numerical model.The net unit width flux in the Changjiang Estuary as well as the sectional salt flux is calculated in the North Branch(NB),the South Branch(SB),the North Channel(NC),the South Channel(SC),the North Passage(NP) and the South Passage(SP),respectively.The net seaward water flux in the SB is reduced,and the net water flux spilling over from the NB to the SB is enhanced after the eastern WDP.Under the mean river discharge condition in the dry season,the net salt flux spilling over from the NB to the SB is increased by 2.09 t/s and 0.52 t/s during the spring and neap tides,respectively,due to the eastern WDP.The saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary is enhanced by the eastern WDP.Compared with that during the spring tide,the net water diversion ratio during the neap tide in the NC is smaller,and thus the enhancement of the saltwater intrusion by the eastern WDP is smaller in the NC,and larger in the NP and the SP.The tidally averaged surface salinity at the water intakes of the Dongfengxisha Reservoir,the Chenhang Reservoir and the Qingcaosha Reservoir rises both during the spring and neap tides.     

A power-law multivariable regression equation for salt intrusion length in the Bouregreg estuary,Morocco

Abstract

Prediction of salt intrusion length in estuaries is a challenge for managers as well as scientists in this field. Several numerical and empirical models have been developed for the prediction of salt intrusion length in recent decades. However, all these models require large data set on estuary geometry, tide, stratification turbulence which demands experimental cost and time, and which is not always available as in our case. Thus, for reducing the complexity of analysis, a new simple equation was derived to predict the salinity intrusion length using nonlinear multivariable regression in the Bouregreg estuary, Morocco. The equation relates salt intrusion length with freshwater discharge and tidal range using a power law. The salt intrusion length predicted by the developed equation was in good agreement (R² = 0.72) with that obtained using a numerical salinity transport model (HEC-RAS software “Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System”). This simple formula is completely transparent and practical for Bouregreg estuary, allowing direct assessment of the parameters on the salt intrusion. Therefore, the proposed model can either be used to predict the salt intrusion for a given freshwater discharge and tidal range, or can used as a tool to design the minimum daily discharge to regulate the salt intrusion into the estuary, thereby providing assistance for management plans.     

三角洲型河口河海划界

河海界限不是一个固定的断面，受制于径流、潮汐、风暴和地形等自然因素，河水与海水接触处的时空变化大。通过对黄河口和珠江口地区的河海划界的讨论，认为三角洲型的河口区海陆划界不能以咸水内侵、淡水冲出及生态环境等具有明显季节性的特征为依据，而应根据河口三角洲典型的地貌特征、沿着三角洲平原与水下三角洲前缘的界线划分，符合自然特征。     

极端干旱条件下珠江口东江三角洲咸潮上溯响应规律研究

2021年珠江东江流域遭遇1956年以来最严重干旱,上游控制断面博罗站年均径流较多年平均减少了64.5%。在此极端干旱条件下,2021－2022年枯水期珠江口东江三角洲遭遇了有记录以来的最强咸潮上溯,严重威胁到区域供水安全。本文基于2009－2022年东江三角洲各水厂含氯度数据,利用交叉小波和小波相干分析识别了咸潮上溯与径流、潮汐、外海含氯度及海平面波动等影响因素间的相位关系与共变周期,揭示了极端干旱条件下东江三角洲咸潮上溯的主控因素及含氯度峰值交替变化的原因。研究发现,2021－2022年枯水期东江三角洲咸潮上溯主要影响因素为潮汐与伶仃洋湾内含氯度,其次为外海海平面波动,三种因素对东江三角洲咸潮上溯影响的时间尺度相互交织。5~9 d的周期变化主要受外海海平面波动影响;14.8 d的变化周期主要由大小潮及伶仃洋湾内含氯度控制;28~32 d的周期变化主要影响因素为伶仃洋湾内含氯度。东江三角洲含氯度峰值交替变化的原因主要为伶仃洋湾内含氯度与潮汐间存在相位差 （相关系数r=0.73,显著性水平P<0.01）,并叠加外海海平面波动上升的影响（r=0.31,P<0.01）。本文可为东江三角洲咸潮预报及流域调度提供一定借鉴。     

水文气象条件变化对长江口盐水入侵影响研究

分析论述了长江口盐水入侵的研究现状、影响因素、入侵变化规律及时空分布特征,将三维数值模式EFDC应用于长江口及其邻近海域,对长江口、杭州湾及邻近海区的水动力特性及盐度进行数值计算,研究结果表明,北港的盐水入侵强度高于北槽,北槽的盐水入侵强度又高于南槽,并且北港淡水往外冲淡的强度也高于南、北槽.在模拟长江口水动力特征和盐...     

珠江八大口门2016年枯季盐度同步观测及咸淡水混合研究

通过分析2016年枯季在珠江三角洲8个口门测站的现场同步观测盐度资料,总结了枯季八大口门同步盐度垂向分布和盐淡水混合特征.结果表明:由于八大口门的水动力条件、河口走向等不同,各口门的盐水入侵强度、盐淡水混合程度存在时空差异.其中,在盐度分布上表现为以横门为中心,向东西两侧口门,盐度逐渐递增;在层化参数分布上,总体上由横...     

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and salinity transport model of estuarine circulation with an application to a macrotidal estuary

A three-dimensional semi-implicit finite volume numerical model has been developed and applied to study tidal circulation and salinity stratification in the region of Oujiang River Estuary, China. The model employs horizontally unstructured grids and boundary-fitted coordinate system in the vertical direction. Governing equations consisting of continuity, momentum, and transport equations are all solved in the integral form of the equations, which provides a better representation of the conservative laws for mass, momentum, and transport in the coastal region with complex geometry and bottom bathymetry. The model performance was firstly quantified with skill assessment statistics on the choice of different parameters and validated with observed tidal elevation, current velocity, direction and salinity data over a spring–neap tidal cycle collected in 2006. Numerical results show that the model with wetting–drying capability successfully simulated the tidal currents and salinity fields with a reasonable accuracy and indicate that the Oujiang River Estuary is a macrotidal estuary with strong tidal mixing. In addition, the model results also show that the Oujiang River Estuary is a well-mixed estuary during spring tide. Then, the numerical simulations were performed to compare the hydrodynamic process and salinity distribution before and after a river training, which was conducted by blocking the south branch of the Oujiang River mouth. The results reveal that with the only north access to the sea, the influence of the blocking project on the flood discharge capacity is limited and the incremental velocity is beneficial to the navigation channel maintenance, although it will cause some scour to the embankment. Furthermore, the redistribution of tidal prism passing in or out the north branch makes a little severe salinity intrusion during high tide or low tide. However, the salinity intrusion is still within acceptable range, although it can cause some adverse effect on water intaking of production and life. The variations of salinity levels in Yueqing Bay situated at the north of the river mouth are not obvious, so the blocking project will not bring damage to local aquiculture. However, significant changes of salinity happen inside or outside of the south branch, so enough attention need to be paid to the changes of environment caused by the salinity variation after the blocking project. Overall, by weighing advantages and disadvantages of the blocking project, it is feasible and the model can be considered as a tool for managing and studying estuarine circulation.     

河口环流和盐水入侵I--模式及控制数值试验

本文应用ECOM模式,设计1个控制试验,研究理想河口环流和盐水入侵的动力过程.数值计算结果表明,盐水入侵产生盐度锋面,在锋面处底层存在着向陆的密度流,为保持断面上质量连续,上层的流速趋于增大;近口门附近底层流有偏南分量,表明有横向环流存在.在口门外因斜压和底形的作用,产生明显的上升流.盐水入侵在空间上具有不对称性,高盐水位于北岸的下层.在拦门沙上游出现上下2个相反方向的横向环流,而在口门处只出现1个顺时针方向的横向环流.从动力机制上分析了盐水入侵的空间不对称性和横向环流的产生.     

珠江河口咸潮期间浮游植物的群落特征

根据2007年底至2008年初珠江河口咸潮入侵期间大潮和小潮的两次调查资料, 对浮游植物的种类组成、种数和细胞密度的分布等群落特征进行了分析, 并探讨环境因素对浮游植物群落的影响。共鉴定浮游植物76种, 包括38种硅藻、18种绿藻、14种甲藻、4种蓝藻和2种裸藻。浮游植物种数分布有明显的空间变化, 一般从河口上段至下段种数减少; 大潮时浮游植物的种数低于小潮时, 并且各水层之间浮游植物种数分布不均匀。优势种以淡水硅藻为主, 如颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata、颗粒直链藻最窄变种 Melosira granulata v. angustissima、小环藻 Cyclotella sp.和海链藻Thalassiosira sp.等; 河口上段的站优势种突出, 密度分布不均匀, 均匀度值比较低。大潮和小潮期间浮游植物细胞密度的平均值分别为53.80×104个.L-1和62.21×104个.L-1, 变化范围为(1.48— 290.41)×104个-L-1和(1.52—283.62)×104个.L-1; 二者的平面分布趋势基本相同, 由河口上段至下段呈递减的格局; 硅藻类的细胞密度占明显优势。浮游植物的种类组成、种数和细胞密度的分布受盐度、营养盐等环境因子的影响, 并且具有明显的潮周期性。     

基于SOM模型的珠江河口河网铊生态风险评估

珠江三角洲地区铊浓度的研究对粤港澳大湾区水资源保障具有重大意义。本研究在珠江河口河网选取了11个断面, 分别于枯水期和丰水期的大小潮四个水文时段对其表、中、底层进行同步采样和监测。分析了珠江河口与河网中铊的暴露情况以及其时间和空间的分布, 采用自组织映射神经网络(self-organizing maps, SOM)基因表达聚类分析的方法对528个铊浓度监测数据进行拟合。此外, 本研究基于潜在生态风险评价方法, 选取相应的系数, 运用SOM模型, 对珠江河口河网铊的潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明, 珠江河口与河网铊的暴露水平整体上较低, 铊的浓度在空间上呈现为磨刀门>石龙>马口>伶仃洋>虎门>三水, 而在时间上则表现为丰水期小潮>丰水期大潮>枯水期大潮>枯水期小潮。SOM聚类分析结果表明, 珠江河口河网整体上潜在生态风险属于较低水平, 各断面的潜在生态风险程度从高到低依次为磨刀门>马口>石龙>伶仃洋>虎门>三水。本研究表明SOM聚类分析方法适合于重金属污染物聚类分析。     

Numerical study on salinity stratification in the Pamlico River Estuary

The variations of current circulation, salt intrusion, and vertical stratification under different river flow and wind conditions in the Pamlico River Estuary (PRE) were investigated in this paper using a three-dimensional numerical model. The model was calibrated and verified against water level variation, temperature, and salinity variations during 2003 and 2001, respectively. Eight sensitivity tests were conducted with different river flow and wind conditions specified in the model. Model results show that salinity intruded further upstream under scenarios with low flow, downriver local wind, and remote-wind-caused water level set-up conditions. In contrast, the responses of salinity stratification to different environmental forcing functions were different in different portions of the estuary. Salinity stratification was enhanced under high flow condition at the lower part of the estuary, under upriver wind near the river mouth, under downriver wind at the upstream to middle portion of the estuary, and under remote-wind-caused water level set-up condition at the majority of the estuary except near the river mouth. Model results also show that across-channel wind tended to reduce salt intrusion and salinity stratification in the PRE through increased vertical mixing.     

Modelling Salt Intrusion and Nitrate Concentrations in the Ythan Estuary

A one-dimensional salt intrusion model is used to investigate the hydrography of the Ythan estuary, a small shallow macrotidal estuary in the north-east of Scotland. The model simulates the longitudinal distributions of water level, salinity and total oxidized nitrogen (TON) in the estuary. The model employs upstream differencing and the Smolarkiewicz anti-diffusion scheme to avoid the numerical difficulties typically encountered when modelling strong tidal flows using centred differences. The physical mechanisms driving the simulations are the tide at the entrance to the estuary and freshwater discharge at the head. The model was calibrated against measurements of water level made at three locations in the estuary, salinity observations made at a central platform and axial salinity distributions. At both spring and neap tides, the full range of salinity observed at the central platform was simulated. However, at the midway stage between springs and neaps, the simulated peak salinity was less than that observed. This was probably due to the sensitivity of the model to the digitisation of the estuarine bathymetry.The model successfully simulated salinity distributions for periods of high and low river flow, and was used to illustrate how TON concentrations fluctuated in response to variations in river flow. The potential implications of variations in the bathymetry of the estuary on salinity and nutrient distributions were predicted to be slight. However, the four fold increase in riverine TON concentrations that has occurred over the past 30 years was shown to increase TON distributions along the entire length of the estuary. The calculated estuary flushing time was strongly dependent on river flow and varied between 11–60 h.