大亚湾核电站运转前和运转后大鹏澳海区的二氧化碳体系

根据大亚湾核电站运转前和运转后对大鹏澳海区春、夏、秋、冬4季的现场调查,通过测定pH和碱度计算了大鹏澳海区二氧化碳体系各组分浓度,并比较了核电站运转前和运转后的差别.对核电站运转前和运转后∑CO2, HCO3-,CO23-和CO2与水温、盐度以及与DO和Chl a的相互关系作了讨论和比较.     

大亚湾大鹏澳海区水化学特征

根据１９９２年１２月，１９９３年７月，１９９４年４月和９月对大鹏澳海区２４ｈ定点连续观测和１９９３年７月７个站的大面调查，计算了大鹏澳海区春，夏，秋，冬４冬水温，盐度，ｐＨ，ＣＯＤＮ，ＴＮ和ＴＰ的变化范围和平均值。     

大亚湾大鹏澳养殖海区水化学指标的变化与营养状况分析

根据1994年7月和10月,1995年1月和4月对大亚湾大鹏澳美殖海区的现场调查,统计了各水化学指标的变化范围和平均值,讨论了N／P值的季节变化;以COD,TIN,PO4^3-P和Chl-a为分析指标,用营养状态质量指数（NQI）分析了该海区的营养状态,并用叶绿素法估算了养殖海区的初级生产力。     

大亚湾海水胶体粒子生物—化学研究(二)痕量金属交换吸附的昼夜变化

1998年 11月对大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海区定点 2 4 h连续观测 ,测定了痕量金属、营养盐、溶解氧和盐度等项目 ;利用质量平衡实验验证了切向超滤实验对痕量金属回收的可行性 ;分析了不同粒径微粒上痕量金属与水环境要素的周日变化特征     

大鹏澳海水鱼类网箱养殖区水环境的时空变化及营养状态分析

通过2009年10月—2010年7月对深圳大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖区、网箱外0.5km(对照区1)和网箱外2km(对照区2)等3个区域的现场调查,阐明了海水中温度、盐度、pH、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO),化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,CODMn)、叶绿素a(Chl a)和营养盐等水质因子的时空分布特征及相关性,并评价了海区的营养状态。结果表明,与两个对照区域相比较,大鹏澳网箱养殖对海水中的CODMn、Chl a和SiO3-Si的影响不明显,对DO、pH、PO4-P、NO2-N、NH4-N、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的影响相对较大,其中对NH4-N的影响已经扩散到了网箱外0.5km区域。网箱养殖区在冬季和春季是中营养水平,而夏季则是富营养水平。总体来说,大鹏澳网箱养殖区水质有恶化的趋势,必须采取一定的有效措施对网箱区环境进行合理调控。     

大亚湾海水胶体粒子生物-化学研究Ⅰ(二)痕量金属交换吸附的昼夜变化

1998年11月对大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海区定点24h连续观测,测定了痕量金属、营养盐、溶解氧和盐度等项目;利用质量平衡实验验证了切向超滤实验对痕量金属回收的可行性;分析了不同粒径微粒上痕量金属与水环境要素的周日变化特征.     

大鹏澳养殖网箱水体的磷酸盐、硅酸盐

根据1998年8月至10月每月一次对大鹏澳海区养殖网箱水体定点26h连续观测，统计了各网箱水体中磷酸盐和硅酸盐的周日变化范围和平均值；分析了磷酸盐和硅酸盐的周日变化特征；讨论了磷酸盐和硅酸盐与环境因子的相互关系；估算了各网箱水体的磷负荷；初步评价了网箱水质的营养状况。     

大亚湾大鹏澳养殖海区水化学指标的变化及营养状况分析

根据 １９９４年 ７月和 １０月、１９９５年 １月和 ４月对大亚湾大鹏澳养殖海区的现场调查,统计了各水化学指标的变化范围和平均值;讨论了Ｎ／Ｐ值的季节变化;以ＣＯＤ、ＴＩＮ、ＰＯ~３－_４－Ｐ和Ｃｈｌ－ａ为分析指标,用营养状态质量指数（ＮＱＩ）分析了该海区的营养状态;并用叶绿素法估算了养殖海区的初级生产力。     

大鹏澳牡蛎养殖对浮游植物种群结构的影响研究

于2013年8、10月及2014年2、5月对大鹏澳牡蛎养殖区及其邻近海域进行了采样调查。利用设置的3个站位(牡蛎养殖区S1、养殖区外S2、靠近湾口S3)的数据研究了牡蛎养殖对海区浮游植物种群结构和丰度的影响。本次考察共鉴定出大鹏澳浮游植物58属144种,丰度为6.15×103—5.94×106cells/L。其中,硅藻36属100种,占种类总数的69.4%,丰度在4.5×103—5.93×106cells/L之间;甲藻15属34种,占总种类的23.6%,丰度范围为1.5×102—4.53×104 cells/L;蓝藻、绿藻、隐藻等共7属10种。在牡蛎养殖期(8月至2月),养殖区内养殖水层浮游植物总丰度低于非养殖区,硅藻丰度占浮游植物总丰度的90%以上,硅藻丰度与总浮游植物细胞丰度的空间分布特征一致;与硅藻空间分布特点不同,养殖区内甲藻丰度显著低于非养殖区。牡蛎收获后的5月,养殖区内的甲藻丰度高于非养殖区。牡蛎养殖区站位S1浮游植物多样性指数平均值为1.35,明显低于非养殖区S2(2.68)和S3(2.69)。与此相似,养殖区内站位S1均匀度J(0.27)明显低于非养殖区站位S2(0.49)和S3(0.51)。本研究表明,大鹏澳牡蛎养殖对浮游植物群落结构造成了一定影响,能够显著降低浮游植物丰度、种类多样性和均匀度。     

大鹏澳养殖网箱水体的磷酸盐、硅酸盐

据1998年8至10月每月一次对大鹏澳海区养殖网箱水体定点26h连续观测,统计了各网箱水体中磷酸盐和硅酸盐的周日变化范围和平均值;分析了磷酸盐和硅酸盐的周日变化特征;讨论了磷酸盐和硅酸盐与环境因子的相互关系;估算了各网箱水体的磷负荷;初步评价了网箱水质的营养状况。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.