南海上层海洋热含量的年际和年代际变化

分析了1959—1988年南海表面至100m垂直平均温度（TAV）资料，结果表明：南海上层海洋热含量存在明显的准两年、4—5年和年代际振动。在E1Nino年，南海上层热含量显著增加。50年代末至70年代初，南海TAV为负距平，此后转为正距平。南海TAV的变化与ENSO事件、东亚冬季风和热带大气环流的变异密切相关。     

厦门海域大气气溶胶光学厚度地基观测分析及卫星遥感检验

利用设立于厦门岛西南部沿海的气溶胶地基观测站点2008年1月7日至2009年4月30日的观测资料,对厦门海域气溶胶光学厚度的每日逐时变化、逐日变化、逐月变化进行了分析研究,并利用观测结果对MODIS L2级气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)产品进行检验。结果表明,厦门海域气溶胶光学厚度每日逐时变化和逐月变化有一定的季节规律,而逐日变化随气象条件的不同有很大差异。一年中气溶胶光学厚度月平均值呈现春秋季双峰分布趋势,4月份最大,超过0.9,空气较为混浊;6月份呈现谷值,AOT小于0.3,空气相对清洁。夏季气溶胶主控粒子的粒径较大,而其余各月份的波长指数在平均值1.21附近波动,混浊系数年平均值为0.25。利用该地基观测资料对MODIS L2级AOD产品进行检验,MODIS反演的厦门海域气溶胶光学厚度逐月变化趋势和地基观测结果完全一致,表明MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度能比较好地反映厦门海域的气溶胶季节变化特征。     

西太平洋暖池研究综述

西太平洋暖池（Western Pacific Warm Pool）是全球海温最高的海域,汇聚了巨大的热能,在地球气候系统中具有非常重要的作用。本文综述了近30年来有关西太平洋暖池的研究进展,包括西太平洋暖池的维持机制、在不同时间尺度西太平洋暖池的变异特征和物理机制,以及西太平洋暖池的观测和数值模拟等领域的研究进展。西太平洋暖池的维持是现有地形下大气过程和海洋过程相互作用导致的,在季节内到世纪尺度均存在很强的变化。其中：季节内变化的驱动机制主要包括与大气季节内振荡(Madden Julian Oscillation)相关的对流和海表面热通量变化,以及海洋波动等海洋动力过程;季节变化主要是太阳辐射的季节变化导致;在年际尺度上,西太平洋暖池作为El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation的一部分而振荡具有显著年际变化;太平洋代际振荡（Pacific Decadal Oscillation）和大西洋代际振荡（Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation）驱动着西太平洋暖池的年代际变化;世纪尺度的变化显示全球变暖背景下西太平洋暖池存在扩张趋势。人类对西太平洋暖池的系统观测始于海洋观测卫星的使用,随后历经WCRP/TOGA、TAO/TRITON、TOGA-COARE、WOCE、Argo、SPICE、NPOCE等多个观测计划,极大促进了西太平洋暖池的研究。但截止到第五次耦合模式比对计划（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5）,多数气候模式仍未能克服热带模拟偏差,对西太平洋暖池的模拟效果较差,表明在西太平洋暖池动力学的理解和模拟方面仍有较大进步空间。     

北部湾温度锋的季节与年际变化

采用8a(1991—1998)的卫星遥感海水表面温度资料(AVHRR SST)对北部湾温度锋的季节变化与年际变化规律进行了探讨。北部湾海区温度锋的季节态强弱趋势为春季最强，夏季、冬季次之，秋季最弱。在年际时间尺度上，温度锋强度与SST距平(SSTA)存在响应关系，表现在：1)SST正距平对应较弱的锋面产生，负距平对应较强的锋面产生，这种相关性在冬季表现得最为明显；2)锋面的强弱与SSTA绝对值存在正相关关系，即SSTA变化越大，锋面越强。在冬季，温度锋强度与海面风经向分量相关，在偏北风异常情况下，锋面较强；反之，锋面较弱。     

Analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of waves in the Indian Ocean based on ERA-40 wave reanalysis

Based on the 45-year (09/1957-08/2008) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA-40) wave reanalysis dataset, this study analyzes interannual and interdecadal variabilities and intraseasonal oscillations of sea surface wind speed (WS), wind sea wave height (H^w), swell wave height (H^s) and significant wave height (H_s) in the Roaring Forties and tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, to determine swell propagation characteristics. The results show: (1) monthly variabilities of H^s in the Roaring Forties are in good agreement with those in tropical waters of the Indian Ocean; swell plays a dominant role in mixed waves throughout most of the Indian Ocean; and WS, H^w, H^s, and H_s exhibit a significant increasing trend over the 45-year study period. (2) H^s in the Roaring Forties and tropical waters of the Indian Ocean share a common period of 9.8–10.4 years on an interdecadal scale; and WS and H^s in the Roaring Forties and H^s in the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean share a common period of approximately 8 days (weekly oscillation) on an intraseasonal scale. (3) Swell of the Roaring Forties needs approximately 30 h to fully respond to the wind in this region. Approximately 84 h are required for H^s to propagate from the Roaring Forties to the tropical waters of the south Indian Ocean, while it takes approximately 132–138 h for H^s to propagate from the Roaring Forties to the tropical waters of the north Indian Ocean.     

北太平洋Hadley 环流纬向结构的季节和年际变化

为了描述北太平洋上空Hadley 环流的纬向结构特征, 利用NCEP 再分析资料(1979～2010 年), 研究了北太平洋上空Hadley 环流纬向结构的季节和年际变化。发现在西太平洋, Hadley 环流季节性上升支呈西北-东南倾斜, 其垂向核心位于对流层中层, 纬向核心在北半球冬季(夏季)位于日界线附近(150°E); 而永久性上升支主要在东太平洋, 其垂向核心位于对流层低层, 且沿经度东移逐渐增强。根据纬向环流结构特征, 北半球冬季环流形态分为3 个区域: 160°E 以西, 主要表现为低层辐合高层辐散;160°E～130°W, 主要表现为高层辐合; 130°W 以东, 表现为低层辐合高层辐散特征。相似地, 北半球夏季环流形态也可沿纬向分为如下3 个区域: 165°E 以西、165°E～165°W 和165°W 以东, 分别对应东亚夏季风主导经圈环流区、过渡区、Hadley 环流主导经圈环流区。在年际变化上, 北太平洋Hadley 环流与ENSO 有很强的相关, 这与前人的研究是一致的。因此北太平洋上空Hadley 环流具有显著的空间性态, 并且对应时间尺度不同, 影响其变化的主要因素也不尽相同。     

Spatio-temporal variability and vertical distribution of a low rocky subtidal assemblage in the north-west Mediterranean

Natural assemblages show large variability at multiple scales in space and time as a consequence of several abiotic and biological factors. This study was conducted in conditions of high turbidity of the water and examined the spatio-temporal variability and the vertical distribution at two different depths of a low rocky subtidal assemblage. Algal and invertebrate organisms were sampled at a range of spatial scales extending from meters to a few kilometers, over a period of 21 months. Results indicated that patterns of distribution and abundance of organisms differed between the two depths and at the smallest spatial scales examined. These differences were due to differences in relative abundance rather than differences in composition of taxa. Results showed that assemblages varied largely among dates of sampling, suggesting that temporal variability of these organisms may be more important than previously stated. The patchy distribution and the peculiar life traits of most taxa of these assemblages allowed the concept of metapopulation and metacommunity to be applied to this system. This might have implications for predictions of the responses of subtidal assemblages to environmental changes due to anthropogenic activities.     

南海中尺度涡的季节和年际变化特征分析

以11a(1993—2003年)TOPEX/Poseidon、Jason和ERS1/2高度计的融合资料为基础,统计了南海中尺度涡的时空分布,分析了南海中尺度涡的季节和年际变化,并结合QuikSCAT、ERS1/2风场资料初步探讨了南海中尺度涡形成的可能机制。研究结果表明,南海中尺度涡存在明显的季节和年际变化,而季风强迫是这种变化的主要驱动因素。冬季冷涡(气旋涡)主要分布在吕宋岛西北和越南东南海域,而暖涡(反气旋涡)主要在18°N以北出现。春季暖涡在南海中部开始出现并得到充分发展。夏季暖涡明显多于冷涡,暖涡主要分布在越南东南和吕宋岛西北海域,而冷涡分布于越南以东和南海东北部。秋季冷涡主要分布在越南沿岸,暖涡则分布在南海东北部;11a海面高度异常均方根的时空分布变化也显示了南海中尺度涡存在较强的年际变化。     

Decadal temperature changes in the Tasman Sea

Ocean temperature changes between 1991 and 2005 in the eastern Tasman Sea were analysed. This area was chosen because of a combination of data availability, low mesoscale variability and because of its importance in determining the climate of the downwind New Zealand landmass. A large warming extending to the full depth of the water column (c. 800 m) was found to have occurred between 1996 and 2002. This warming was seen in measurements by expendable bathythermographs and also in satellite sea surface temperature and sea surface height products, and has a clear impact on New Zealand's terrestrial temperature. The nature of the warming is discussed, together with likely forcing mechanisms. No local forcing mechanisms are consistent with the observed warming, leading to the conclusion that the signal seen in the Tasman Sea is part of a larger South Pacific‐wide phenomenon.     

南海暖水季节和年际变化的初步研究

南海暖水具有明显的季节和年际变化。利用气候平均的COADS资料和NCEP大气资料分析了南海暖水的季节变化及其与海面净热通量的关系,以及由此引起的南海地区大气环流的变化。发现海面净热通量在南海暖水的季节变化过程中起到了主要的作用;冬季无暖水存在时,最大上升气流位于赤道及以南地区的印尼群岛附近,夏季最大上升气流北移到了南海暖水上空,南海暖水上空对流强烈,成为大气的对流活动中心。利用50年逐月的SODA海温资料进行垂直方向的3次样条插值,定义并计算南海暖水的强度指数,分析南海暖水的年际变化,并对南海暖水的几个异常暖年份作了合成分析,探讨了暖水年际变化的形成因素。     

南海东北部海域中尺度涡的季节和年际变化

采用7a的T/P高度计资料对南海东北部海域海面高度异常及其季节变化和年际变化进行研究。研究表明该海域是中尺度涡的高能量区,尤其经常生成强的反气旋涡;海面高度异常的均方根高值区(即中尺度涡的高能量区)主要分布在台湾西南部(21.3°N,119.0°E)和吕宋岛西北(19.5°N,119.5°E)附近的深水海域;海面高度异常的均方根值随季节有明显的变化,春季是中尺度涡最弱的季节,均方根值最小,夏季次之,秋、冬是中尺度涡最强的季节,均方根值最大;海面高度异常的均方根值也表现出显著的年际变化,特别在ElNi no事件期间(1997年)其年均方根值最小。     

Oceanic exchange variability across the continental slope west coast,South Island,New Zealand

Current observations taken at depths between 630 and 830 m from the west coast South Island continental slope exhibit one‐ to four‐weekly periodicities superimposed on the semi‐diurnal tide. These variable flows at 630 m and otter large, longer‐timescale events have a significart onshore/offshore component of flow which leads to a similar transport of alongshore momentum and heat.     

Analyses of the long-term salinity variability in the Bohai Sea and the northern Huanghai(Yellow) Sea

Based on the comprehensive collection of the field observed salinity of the Bohai Sea (BHS) and the northern Huanghai Sea (NHS) from the 1950s to the present,the patterns of 10-years-averaged salinity at the different layers in the recent five decades (the 1950s,the 1960s,the 1970s,the 1980s and the 1990s) are obtained by the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with the scrupulous data quality control in this study.Then,by combining the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with successive correction method,the annual distributions of salinity both in the BHS and in the NHS are obtained as well.The data analyses indicate that the overall salinity in the BHS and the NHS increases from the 1960s till the present,with the increase of annual mean salinity of 0.04 psu from the 1950s,and the maximum increase rate of salinity is about 0.14 psu/a in the Bohai Bay.The high salinity tongue extended significantly from the NHS into the BHS.The intensified eastern wind field is related to the western intrusion of the NHS warm current,which probably leads to the moving forward of the high salinity water mass into the BHS.However,it is rather different from the salinity distribution characteristics between the 1950s and the 1960s.The extensive precipitation in the 1960s could lead to an increase in the discharge of the Huanghe River,which might result in the decrease of salinity in the BHS.But the salinity isoline of 32 in the NHS still extended significantly into the BHS in the 1960s.Since the 1980s,the patterns of salinity distribution have changed thoroughly.The salinity in the central area of the BHS was low,while the salinity in the Bohai Bay and the Liaodong Bay was higher than the other regions with its horizontal salinity gradient decreasing in the 1980s.The Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis (EOF) is also conducted to study the interannual salinity variability of the BHS and the NHS.The correlation coefficient between the time coefficient series of the main mode and the Huanghe River discharge can reach -64.57%.It can be concluded that salinity variation of the BHS and the NHS has strong negative correlation with the Huanghe River discharge.     

A statistical analysis of mesoscale eddies in the Bay of Bengal from 22–year altimetry data

本文使用一种基于SLA数据的涡旋识别方法,通过22年的AVISO高度计测高数据对孟加拉湾的中尺度涡特征进行了研究。本文主要分析了孟加拉湾涡旋的地理分布、涡旋极性、涡旋生命周期和传播距离、涡旋产生和消失位置、涡旋传播方向和移动轨迹、涡旋运动特征、涡旋属性的演化以及涡旋活动的季节和年际变化等特性。涡旋主要分布在孟加拉湾西部海域,并且大部分涡旋向西移动。涡旋极性分布显示气旋涡更经常出现在湾的西北部和南部,而反气旋涡主要出现在湾的东部。在22年间,共追踪探测到生命周期超过30天的气旋涡565个、反气旋涡389个;对所有生命周期和传播距离而言都是气旋涡数量居多。所有观测到的涡旋的运动属性分析显示气旋涡的涡旋平均振幅大于反气旋涡;对平均半径和平均移动速度而言,气旋涡和反气旋涡相差不大。而且,涡旋属性演化显示生命周期超过90天的涡旋具有明显的双阶段演化特征,包括一个前50天的涡旋成长阶段和一个50天之后的涡旋消亡阶段。针对涡旋活动的季节变化,气旋涡在春季居多而反气旋涡在夏季较多;长生命周期的涡旋季节分布显示在孟加拉湾涡旋活动具有明显的季节分布特征。涡旋数量的年际变化与EKE变化有一个明显的负相关。     

基于高精度海洋动力模型的珠江口羽状流季节和年际变化规律研究

基于高精度海洋动力模型FVCOM (finite-volume community ocean model), 模拟分析了1999—2010年珠江口羽状流的季节和年际变化规律, 并结合经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function, EOF)分析探讨了影响珠江口羽状流扩展变化的主要动力因子。采用模拟时段内的现场观测数据对多年模拟结果进行验证, 结果表明模型具有较高的精度, 能够较好地模拟珠江口羽状流的扩展变化规律。模拟结果显示, 珠江口羽状流存在显著的季节变化。夏季, 受大径流和西南风的影响, 羽状流的扩展呈现双向特征, 即粤西沿岸扩展和粤东离岸扩展同时存在, 扩展范围最大; 冬季, 径流衰减为最小值, 风场转变为强烈的东北风, 羽状流被紧紧挤压在西岸, 形成狭窄的条带状, 扩展范围最小; 春、秋两季属于过渡季节, 羽状流扩展情况类似, 均表现为沿岸向粤西扩展。年际变化层面, 夏季羽状流的年际变化最为显著, 呈现粤东扩展占优型、近似对称型和粤西扩展占优型三种形态; 春季羽状流的年际变化次之, 羽状流的差异主要体现在珠江口和粤西海域; 秋、冬两季羽状流的年际变化较小, 尤以冬季最小。EOF分析的第一模态可以解释整体变化的91.2%, 反映了径流量对珠江口羽状流的影响; 第二模态可以解释整体变化的4.1%, 反映了盛行风对珠江口羽状流的影响。     

黑潮延伸体区域脱落涡旋的时空特征分析

本文利用1993-2015年AVISO卫星高度计融合数据,统计分析了从黑潮延伸体流轴脱落涡旋的空间分布特征、运动属性以及季节、年际和类年代际变化。研究结果表明,23年间共追踪到242个气旋涡,276个反气旋涡,脱落的涡旋主要分布在沙茨基海隆以西区域。从脱落涡旋的源地空间分布来看,气旋涡的形成区域有两个高值区,一个位于黑潮延伸体流轴稳定弯曲处,即144°~146°E之间的上游区域;另一个位于沙茨基海隆西侧156°E处。而反气旋涡的形成区域也有两个高值区,一个位于沙茨基海隆以西的下游区域,另一个位于148°E处。这些在上游和下游脱落的涡旋大多向西移动,其中有88%的涡旋再次被流轴吸收。脱落涡旋的数量显示出了明显的年际和类年代际变化。在流轴的上下游区域,类年代际和年际变化分别占主导地位。并且在上游区域,脱落涡旋的类年代际变化与黑潮延伸体的强度呈负相关。在季节变化上,夏季脱落形成的涡旋最多,冬季最少。