中国地震局青年科技专家代表团赴土耳其、希腊考察

中国地震局青年科技专家代表团一行１０人于２０００年６月１３日至６月２４日赴土耳其、希腊考察。中国地震局人事教育司宿景贵副司长任该团团长,团员有中国地震局工程力学研究所副所长金星研究员等。访问期间代表团考察了土耳其海峡大学地球物理系地震观测台和地震工程系、土耳其伊兹米特地震遗址和发震断层地表错动情况,参观了亚历士多德大学地球物理系地震观测台和欧盟强地面运动实验场和工程地震与地震工程研究所,考察了１９９９年９月７日发生在雅典西北部的一个中强地震的地震遗址。通过考察访问代表团提出如下建议：（１）应加大…     

中国地震局青年科技代表团赴土耳其、希腊进行地震工作考察

２０００年６月１３～２４日中国地震局青年科技代表团赴土耳其、希腊进行了地震工作考察,文章介绍了这次考察的概况,并根据考察其间了解的情况,较详细地介绍了土耳其伊兹米特地震和土耳其地震研究工作,希腊的地震研究和雅典中强地震;欧洲工程地震学与地震工程及地震学实验场;科林斯地震预报实验场,以及土耳其和希腊两国的防震减灾工作。     

1999年8月17日土耳其地震及地震工作概况

１９９９年８月１７日土耳其西部发生７．４级地震,据８月１８日土官方的初步统计,已有３８７９人死亡,１．８万多人受伤,几十万人无家可归,几万所房屋被毁或受损,灾区供电,供水、通讯全部中断,本文介绍了地震参数、抗震救灾和国际援助行为。简述了土耳其的地震构造和历史地震,土耳其的防灾与地震研究机构,减轻地震灾害的基本目标,地震防灾立法与对策,防震减灾中的经验教训及中土地震科技合作简况等。     

伊兹米特地震的强地震动和地震灾害

介绍了１９９９年８月１７日土耳其伊兹米特７．４级地震的强地震动和地震灾害,包括：伊兹米特级地震的强地面运动、地震烈度分布、地震震害以及地震破坏原因浅析。     

伊兹米特地震前的地震活动性分析

对１９９９年８月１７日土耳其伊兹米特７．４级地震前的地震活动性进行了系统的分析。夺前的地震活动性表现出一定的异常。     

1125年兰州7.0级地震形变破裂带特征有关问题的讨论

根据大量的野外现场考察资料。对１１２５年兰州７．０级地震形主为破裂带的特征以及庄浪河断裂带晚第四纪以来的活动性进行了初步研究，探讨了该次地震的宏观震中位置及其构造背景。并在 古地震破裂形迹分析的基础上，运用年代学资料。对庄浪河断裂带全新世以来的古地震     

1999年7～12月全球地震综述

１９９９年下半年,全球发生了两次７．７级以上大地震,地震活动水平显著增强。半年内共发生６级以上地震５３次,比上半年多１３次,其中大洋岛弧和西北太平洋地区分别发生１９次和１７次,占前两名。最大的３次地震是：８月１７日土耳其西北部地震、９月２０日中国台湾地震和９月３０日墨西哥近海地震。本年度地震活动为高水平,扭转了连续３年的下降趋势。２０００年全球地震将进入一个关键时期,未来数年内的震情需要密切注视。     

2023年土耳其MS7.8地震灾区损失与保险研究

2023年2月6日土耳其发生2次M_S7.8地震,造成了严重的人员伤亡和经济损失,土耳其1999年建立的地震保险体系在本次地震中一定程度上达到了减轻地震灾害损失的目的。本文首先对土耳其地震保险制度体系进行介绍,并结合本次地震受灾地区建筑物震害数据和当地投保信息,深入分析了土耳其地震保险在分散地震风险中发挥的重要作用;最后针对我国地震保险现状及存在的问题提出建议。     

土耳其地震代表团访问我国

为执行中国、土耳其经济贸易混合委员会第6次会议协议纪要中的技术合作计划,应国家地震局邀请,以土耳其公共工程与住宅建设部灾害事务局副局长泰兰·阿塔奥格鲁为团长、地球物理工程师希南·詹柯格鲁为成员的土耳其地震代表团一行2人于1989年6月24日—7月11日访问了我国。代表团此行的目的主要是就地震预报、先兆观测技术、地震危险区划、强震观测和资料分析以及防震抗震研究进行学术考察和交流,     

伊兹米特地震灾害及震后应急救灾

１９９９年８月１７日土耳其伊兹米特Ｍｓ７．４大地震造成了重大的人员死亡与经济损失。文章介绍了这次地震的灾害与震后救灾情况,包括：震源参数、地震死亡和破坏情况、震后抗震救灾、抗震救灾中出现的问题主取的教训、震后土耳其政府采取的改进措施以及几点启示。     

Effect of out-of-plane behavior on seismic fragility of masonry buildings in Turkey

This study focuses on the evaluation of seismic safety of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey by using fragility curves generated for two behavior modes of load bearing walls: in-plane and out-of-plane. During generation of fragility curves, a force-based approach has been used. There exist two limit states in terms of base shear strength for in-plane behavior mode and flexural strength for out-of-plane behavior mode. To assess the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey, fragility curves generated for in-plane behavior were verified by the observed damage during the 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake and fragility curves generated for out-of-plane behavior were verified by the observed damage during the 2010 Elaz?? (Turkey) earthquake. The verification results reveal that the proposed fragility-based procedure can provide an alternative for the seismic safety evaluation of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey. Using this procedure, it becomes possible to investigate a large population of masonry buildings located in regions of high seismic risk in a short period of time. The obtained results are valuable in the sense that they can be used as a database during the development of strategies for pre-earthquake planning and risk mitigation for earthquake prone regions of Turkey.     

土耳其的活断层研究概况

土耳其境内发育有众多的活动断裂，这些断裂的活动是土耳其强震及大地震频繁的主要原因。该国比较重视对活断层及其与地震关系的调研工作，近年来又开展了这一领域的国际合作研究项目，并已取得一些可喜的进展。在对土耳其作短期访问的基础上，本文对该国活动断裂的研究概况作简要介绍。     

Active fault database of Turkey

We have updated the active fault map of Turkey and built its database within GIS environment. In the study, four distinct active fault types, classified according to geochronological criteria and character, were delineated on the 1:25,000 base map of Turkey. 176 fault segments not included in the former active fault map of Turkey, have been identified and documented. We infer that there are 485 single fault segments which are substantially potential seismic sources. In total 1964 active-fault base-maps were transferred into the GIS environment. Each fault was attributed with key parameters such as class, activity, type, length, trend, and attitude of fault plane. The fault parameters are also supported by slip-rate and seismogenic depth inferred from available GPS, seismological and paleoseismological data. Additionally, expected maximum magnitude for each fault segment was estimated by empirical equations. We present the database in a parametric catalogue of fault segments to be of interest in earthquake engineering and seismotectonics. The study provides essential geological and seismological inputs for regional seismic hazard analysis of all over Turkey and its vicinity.     

Determination of crustal movements in Turkey by terrestrial geodetic methods

In Turkey, neotectonic activity originated from the collision of the Arabian and Anatolian land masses during the Middle Miocene. As a result of the collision, westward escape of the Anatolian block introduced E-W compression in Western Turkey which began to be relieved by N-S extension. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is the major active strike-slip fault that was formed under the neotectonic regime. The rates of the motion along this fault estimated by several authors are in the range of 0.4–2.9 cm/a according to kinematic data. In Turkey, the first studies of crustal movements by geodetic methods were started in the west section of the NAF in 1972. So far, individual activities and studies coordinated by multidisciplinary projects have been realized in this region. The results obtained from available geodetic data indicate the motion of the Anatolian block relative to Eurasia.     

Regional Variation of the ω - Upper Bound Magnitude of GIII Distribution in and Around Turkey: Tectonic Implications for Earthquake Hazards

Complete data set of earthquakes in Turkey and the adjacent areas has been used in order to compute the ω values in 24 seismic regions of Turkey. The parameter is obtained through Gumbel’s third asymptotic distribution of extreme values and is well known as upper bound magnitude. This is an interpretation that no earthquake magnitude greater than ω can occur in a region. The results also estimate the most probable magnitude for a time period of 100 years. The estimates of ω exceed the value of 7.00 in 20 of the 24 seismic regions. An effort is also made to find a relation between the magnitude and the length of a fault in the complicated tectonics of Turkey and the surrounding area. Earthquake hazard revealed as tables and maps are also considered for Turkey and the surrounding area.     

Modeling and simulating earthquake accelerograms using strong-motion data from the Istanbul, Turkey, region

In order to simulate earthquake ground motions for the Instanbul (Turkey) region, acceleration time series from western Turkey are modeled by transforming the series into a stationary one which can be described by an autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) process. The ARMA and other parameters used in the stationary transformation are related to physical parameters (e.g. magnitude, distance to epicenter, depth to hypocenter and duration) via a regression analysis. To create simulations for a given set of physical parameters, the modelling procedure is reversed.     

The status of transboundary rivers in Turkey

Turkey, like many countries today, faces challenges in efficiently developing and managing its water resources while working to maintain water quality and protect the environment. This situation causes that the transboundary rivers in Turkey have been the most important. In this study, issues relating the development and management of the transboundary rivers of Turkey are discussed. For this purpose, this paper analyses the general characteristics, climate and water resources, current water usage status, and energy potential of the transboundary rivers, namely Euphrates-Tigris, Çoruh, Orontes, Kura-Arax, and Maritza. In addition, two significance development plans, which are the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) and the Çoruh River Development Plan located in the transboundary rivers, are evaluated. The total feasible hydropower potential of projects reaches 37896 GW h/yr when all planned projects are completed. This value corresponds to 16.5% of the annual electric energy production of the Turkey in 2011. The GAP will also irrigate 1058509 hectare of land area.     

A Review of Research and Development of Wind Energy in Turkey

During the end of the 20^th and the beginning of the 21^st centuries, interest has risen in new and renewable energy sources, and especially wind energy for electricity generation. In a short time, wind energy has been welcomed by society, industry and politicians as a clean, practical, economical and environmentally friendly alternative to existing fossil fuels. As a result of extensive studies on this topic, wind energy has recently been applied in various industries, and has started to compete with other energy resources. Wind energy applications and turbine installations at different scales have increased since the beginning of this millennium. Technically installed wind turbines capacity factors have high values in most areas of Turkey. It is seen that, in general, the modeling of wind speed and its parameters have been studied and researched rather than wind power technological development in Turkey. Wind investors had doubts about uncertainties in the renewable energy policies. After May 2007, an energy efficiency law was accepted and 10 years of electricity generation by renewable sources is considered as guaranteed by the Turkish government. The installed wind power has reached 131.35 MW in Turkey and it is expected that this value will be increased to 808.81 MW by the end of 2008. The dependence of strong technological and economical development on Turkey's energy needs have increased and new national or international sources have to be taken into account for the energy sector of the country. It is clear that this source gap could be filled by using the high potential of wind power, which is estimated at 58 GW. It is expected that installed wind power to supply up to 5% of electricity consumption by 2015 and for the end of 2008 this ratio will increase to 2% (it is currently ca. 1.0%). However, unexpected and unpredicted wind power applications have occurred on November 1^st, 2007 in Turkey. It has been announced that 78,000.00 MW wind power investments have been applied by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). This is a new era for the Turkish energy sector and there is no model for this new situation. Therefore, in this paper, wind energy in Turkey is reviewed and opened up for further discussion.     

Attenuation modeling of recent earthquakes in Turkey

This paper deals with the derivation of a consistent set of empiricalattenuation relationships for predicting free-field horizontal components ofpeak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5 percent damped pseudoacceleration response spectra (PSA) from 47 strong ground motion recordsrecorded in Turkey. The relationships for Turkey were derived in similarform to those previously developed by Boore et al. (1997) for shallowearthquakes in western North America. The used database was compiledfor earthquakes in Turkey with moment magnitudes (M_w) = 5 thatoccurred between 1976–1999, and consisted of horizontal peak groundacceleration and 5 percent damped response spectra of accelerogramsrecorded on three different site conditions classified as rock, soil and softsoil. The empirical equations for predicting strong ground motion weretypically fit to the strong motion data set by applying nonlinear regressionanalysis according to both random horizontal components and maximumhorizontal components. Comparisons of the results show that groundmotion relations for earthquakes in one region cannot be simply modifiedfor use in engineering analyses in another region. Our results, patternedafter the Boore et al. expressions and dominated by the Kocaeli andDüzce events in 1999, appear to underestimate predictions based ontheir curves for up to about 15 km. For larger distances the reverse holds.