Viscoacoustic least-squares reverse-time migration of different-order free-surface multiples

Multiples have longer propagation paths and smaller reflection angles than primaries for the same source–receiver combination, so they cover a larger illumination area. Therefore, multiples can be used to image shadow zones of primaries. Least-squares reverse-time migration of multiples can produce high-quality images with fewer artefacts, high resolution and balanced amplitudes. However, viscoelasticity exists widely in the earth, especially in the deep-sea environment, and the influence of Q attenuation on multiples is much more serious than primaries due to multiples have longer paths. To compensate for Q attenuation of multiples, Q-compensated least-squares reverse-time migration of different-order multiples is proposed by deriving viscoacoustic Born modelling operators, adjoint operators and demigration operators for different-order multiples. Based on inversion theory, this method compensates for Q attenuation along all the propagation paths of multiples. Examples of a simple four-layer model, a modified attenuating Sigsbee2B model and a field data set suggest that the proposed method can produce better imaging results than Q-compensated least-squares reverse-time migration of primaries and regular least-squares reverse-time migration of multiples.     

表层多次波成像方法技术研究

在处理表层多次波比较发育的地震数据资料时,和常规将多次波作为噪音进行压制和去除的思路不同,本文提出利用表层多次波来进行地震构造成像的方法技术流程.首先基于互相关技术将表层多次波转化为准一次波,在利用准一次波进行偏移成像之前,提出应用局部倾斜叠加变换的方法,压制由于其特殊的构建过程而常常伴随准一次波的背景干涉噪音,提高准一次波数据的信噪比;然后应用扩展的分步傅里叶偏移方法对去噪后的准一次波数据进行成像,此偏移成像方法在实现分步傅里叶方法时选取多个背景参考速度,不仅继承常规分步傅里叶偏移方法稳定高效,没有有限差分计算存在的频散影响的特点,而且可以增强常规分步傅里叶偏移方法处理复杂陡倾构造的能力.通过数值模拟数据测试,说明本文提出的这一套利用表层多次波进行复杂地下构造成像的方法技术的可行性和有效性.     

Migration of multiples from the South China Sea

The South China Sea where water depth is up to 5000 m is the most promising oil and gas exploration area in China in the future.The seismic data acquired in the South China Sea contain various types of multiples that need to be removed before imaging can be developed.However,compared with the conventional reflection migration,multiples carry more information of the underground structure that helps provide better subsurface imaging.This paper presents a method to modify the conventional reverse time migration so that multiple reflections can migrate to their correct locations in the subsurface.This approach replaces the numerical impulsive source with the recorded data including primaries and multiples on the surface,and replaces the recorded primary reflection data with multiples.In the reverse time migration process,multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated backward in time to each depth level,while primaries and multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated forward in time to the same depth levels.By matching the difference between the primary and multiple images using an objective function,this algorithm improves the primary resultant image.Synthetic tests on Sigsbee2 B show that the proposed method can obtain a greater range and better underground illumination.Images of deep water in the South China Sea are obtained using multiples and their matching with primaries.They demonstrate that multiples can make up for the reflection illumination and the migration of multiples is an important research direction in the future.     

一阶多次波聚焦变换成像

将多次波转换成反射波并按传统反射波偏移算法成像, 是多次波成像的一种方法.聚焦变换能准确的将多次波转换为纵向分辨率更高的新波场记录, 其中一阶多次波转换为反射波.本文对聚焦变换提出了两点改进: 1)提出局部聚焦变换, 以减小存储量和计算量, 增强该方法对检波点随炮点移动的采集数据的适应性; 2)引入加权矩阵, 理论上证明原始记录的炮点比检波点稀疏时, 共检波点道集域的局部聚焦变换可以将多次波准确转换成炮点与检波点有相同采样频率的新波场记录.本文在第一个数值实验中对比了对包含反射波与多次波的原始记录做局部聚焦变换和直接对预测的多次波做局部聚焦变换两种方案, 验证了第二种方案转换得到的波场记录信噪比更高且避免了第一个方案中切聚焦点这项比较繁杂的工作.第二个数值实验表明:在炮点采样较为稀疏时, 该方法能有效的将一阶多次波转换成反射波;转换的反射波能提供更丰富的波场信息, 成像结果更均衡、在局部有更高的信噪比, 以及较高的纵向分辨率.     

基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像

在常规地震资料处理中,多次反射波被视为噪声并从地震数据中去除,以免在之后的地震资料解释中造成误解.而事实上,多次波也是地震信号,是照明波场的一部分,能够对地下构造成像的精度做出贡献.本文分析了多次波在传统单程波叠前深度偏移中产生构造假象的机制和表现,为实现基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像,修改了单程波叠前深度偏移的边界条件,即将输入的震源波场用包含多次波的记录来替代,输入的记录波场用预测出的表层相关多次波来替代,实现了基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像,并从理论上给出了其成像依据.通过基于二范式最小能量差原则求取的匹配因子,将多次波成像结果与一次波成像结果进行匹配叠加,应用多次波成像来弥补一次波成像的不足.简单模型验证了基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像方法的有效性,最后对Sigsbee2B模型进行了一次波与多次波联合成像试算,盐边界高陡构造成像质量得到了明显改善.     

钻柱振动信号特征及多次波成像

钻柱是连接地面和井底钻头及地层的通道,伴随着钻头旋转破岩产生的钻柱振动包含丰富的信息,通过分析在钻柱顶端采集的钻头振动信号能够获得钻头、钻具的工作状态以及所钻地层甚至钻头前方地层的岩性、地层压力等信息,进行井下诊断和钻前预测.钻柱是由具有不同横截面积的单元组成,截面变化引起的波阻抗差异使钻头振动信号沿钻柱传播时发生多次反射,形成钻柱多次波.利用单边反褶积自相关等方法对井场采集的钻柱振动信号进行了处理,得到了振动信号的特征、反射界面多次波成像和振动信号沿钻柱的传播速度以及钻柱的实际转速等,并与理论结果吻合较好,为钻柱振动录井和随钻地震技术研究打下了基础.     

多震源地震数据偏移成像方法

多震源地震技术是一种高效的地震数据采集方法技术,得到的地震记录是来自多个震源的混合地震数据.本文在多震源波场传播理论和地震波场满足线性叠加原理的基础上,提出了两种多震源地震数据的偏移成像方法.第一种方法是首先对多震源地震数据进行分离,得到各个单震源的地震数据,然后再利用常规的偏移成像方法进行处理;第二种方法是多震源地震数据的直接偏移成像.把本文提出的多震源偏移成像方法应用于数值模拟的多震源地震数据,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性,直接偏移成像方法较分离后再偏移方法具有更高的计算效率.     

基于广义的炮偏移方法实现地表多次波和一次波联合成像

多次波是地下反射层的多次波反射,也蕴含了地下反射界面的信息,因此并不是绝对地只能被当做噪音来处理.为实现对地下构造的准确成像,本文基于广义概念上的炮偏移成像算法,对常规一次波偏移方法从用于向下延拓的上、下行场以及成像条件方面进行了改进,将同时含有表层多次波的炮记录与脉冲震源之和作为下行延拓的震源波场,将同时含有表层多次波和一次波的炮记录作为接收波场,并应用2D反褶积成像条件进行成像,实现了表层多次波和一次波联合成像.在数值试验部分,通过对相对简单的五层模型和Sigsbee2b模型数据的数值测试表明,该方法可以很大程度上压制常规成像方法中由多次波带来的成像噪音.     

Full‐wavefield migration: using surface and internal multiples in imaging

Multiple scattering is usually ignored in migration algorithms, although it is a genuine part of the physical reflection response. When properly included, multiples can add to the illumination of the subsurface, although their crosstalk effects are removed. Therefore, we introduce full‐wavefield migration. It includes all multiples and transmission effects in deriving an image via an inversion approach. Since it tries to minimize the misfit between modeled and observed data, it may be considered a full waveform inversion process. However, full‐wavefield migration involves a forward modelling process that uses the estimated seismic image (i.e., the reflectivities) to generate the modelled full wavefield response, whereas a smooth migration velocity model can be used to describe the propagation effects. This separation of modelling in terms of scattering and propagation is not easily achievable when finite‐difference or finite‐element modelling is used. By this separation, a more linear inversion problem is obtained. Moreover, during the forward modelling, the wavefields are computed separately in the incident and scattered directions, which allows the implementation of various imaging conditions, such as imaging reflectors from below, and avoids low‐frequency image artefacts, such as typically observed during reverse‐time migration. The full wavefield modelling process also has the flexibility to image directly the total data (i.e., primaries and multiples together) or the primaries and the multiples separately. Based on various numerical data examples for the 2D and 3D cases, the advantages of this methodology are demonstrated.     

Migration scheme for imaging offset VSP data within local phase space

The imaging of offset VSP data in local phase space can improve the image of the subsurface structure near the well. In this paper, we present a migration scheme for imaging VSP data in a local phase space, which uses the Gabor-Daubechies tight framebased extrapolator (G-D extrapolator) and its high-frequency asymptotic expansion to extrapolate wavefields and also delineates an improved correlation imaging condition in the local angle domain. The results for migrating synthetic and real VSP data demonstrate that the application of the high-frequency G-D extrapolator asymptotic expansion can effectively decrease computational complexity. The local angle domain correlation imaging condition can be used to weaken migration artifacts without increasing computation.     

局域化相空间中的VSP偏移成像方法(英文)

对VSP资料进行偏移成像可提高井附近地下结构的成像分辨率。本文给出了一种基于局域化相空间波场分解的VSP偏移成像方法。此方法采用了基于Gabor-Daubechies紧标架的延拓算子(G-D延拓算子)及其高频渐近形式对相空间波场进行延拓;基于局部平面假设,提出了一种局部角度域相关成像条件。合成和实际VSP资料的偏移成像结果表明,在满足渐近展开的条件下利用G-D延拓算子的高频近似式能够有效的减少计算时间;采用局部角度域相关成像条件能够在不增加计算量的同时,有效减弱VSP成像剖面上的偏移假象。     

利用多次波提高地震数据分辨率方法

目前对多次波的有效利用仅围绕多次波成像技术展开,通过成像多次波试图获取更丰富的地下构造信息.不同于该思路,本文另辟蹊径,从利用多次波提高地震数据分辨率角度出发,对多次波的有效利用进行了深入挖掘.首先基于聚焦变换思想在聚焦域内实现多次波的降阶,通过理论推导得出聚焦域内多次波表现为原始数据的多维子波反褶积这一重要结论,从理论上证明了本文方法提高地震数据分辨率的可行性;然后采用引入整形正则化的非稳态回归自适应匹配滤波方法将聚焦域内由多次波构建的高分辨率数据分离出来,实现原始数据的高分辨率转换.与常规反褶积模型不同,该方法基于波动理论推导得出,可以适用于任意复杂情况;每一道输出结果中所有炮记录都参与了运算,从空间上加以约束,在提高纵向分辨率的同时可以改善数据的横向分辨率.最后通过模型试算和实际资料处理对本文方法的有效性、适应性和实用性进行了验证.     

基于深层神经网络压制多次波

有效压制多次波一直是地震勘探中的难点问题.尽管已发展了多种多次波压制方法,但仍存在多次波压制不全、计算耗时长等缺陷,使得应对复杂地质地震数据多次波压制具有挑战性.为了突破现有多次波压制方法的局限性,本文提出了一种基于深层神经网络的多次波压制方法,采用的深层神经网络是一种改进的具有卷积编码器和卷积解码器的U-net网络.不同于常规方法依赖于滤波或波动理论,该方法仅依赖于大量训练数据.训练数据以含多次波的原始地震数据作为输入,不含多次波的地震数据作为输出,通过最小化损失函数来优化神经网络参数.训练成功的网络模型具备较好地分离多次波和一次波的能力,可直接用来快速压制地震数据中的多次波,避免了常规方法涉及的大规模计算.工业界模型数据测试结果表明,本文提出的深层神经网络方法能有效压制复杂地质地震数据中的多次波,同时还具有较高的泛化能力和多次波压制效率.

     

Scattering diagrams in seismic imaging: More insights into the construction of virtual events and internal multiples

The key processes in marine seismic imaging include (i) removing from seismic data all seismic events (free-surface multiples and ghosts) which contain at least one reflection at the sea surface in their wave-propagation path, and leaving those with no reflection at the free surface (internal multiples and primaries), (ii) removing events with at least two reflections in the subsurface (internal multiples), and leaving events with only one reflection in the subsurface (primaries), and then (iii) locating the scattering points and reflectors inside the subsurface which are the sources of primaries and internal multiple events. All these processes are here explained, derived, and optimized via scattering diagrams (diagrammatica) in a way similar to the way the quantum field theory is often explained via Feynman diagrams. Our discussion of the removal of events with free-surface reflections from the data will be brief, as the diagrammatica of these events are now well understood.The main focus of this paper is the diagrammatica of internal multiples and primaries. Although these events do not contain any reflection at the sea surface, it is important to reconstruct them with scattering points near the sea surface, where seismic data are recorded. So our diagrammatica of primaries and internal multiples include events which are not directly recorded in seismic data but which can be constructed from seismic data. These events have allowed us to construct scattering diagrams of primaries and internal multiples with scattering points near the sea surface. Furthermore, these new diagrammatica of internal multiples and primaries can be used to remove internal multiples from the data.     

多次波分阶逆时偏移成像

本文深入分析了多次波逆时偏移的成像原理和串扰假象产生机制,并提出了多次波分阶逆时偏移策略,即首先应用自由界面多次波衰减方法对原始炮集记录中的多次波进行剔除得到一次波记录,然后应用一次波记录预测获得各阶多次波记录,最后将各阶多次波记录分别进行逆时偏移成像.模型实验结果表明,多次波分阶逆时偏移其各阶多次波成像剖面均可对真实界面正确成像且其能够有效压制串扰假象,其中一阶多次波逆时偏移剖面的成像精度最高,其深层成像质量明显优于常规多次波逆时偏移.     

层间多次波傅里叶有限差分偏移成像

传统地震偏移方法仅利用一次反射波进行偏移成像,多次波对其来说是一种噪声,在成像前需要将多次波去除.然而多次波偏移比一次反射波偏移拥有更高的照明度,可以提高地震成像的精度.通过修改传统傅里叶有限差分偏移方法,将层间多次波作为输入数据,可将层间多次波成像.本文提出的层间多次波傅里叶有限差分偏移方法,通过波场延拓和全波场方法获得上行波场和下行波场,利用层间多次波成像条件对不同阶数的层间多次波分别进行成像,正传波场和反传波场在零时刻进行互相关.数值实例验证了本文方法的正确性和实用性,表明层间多次波成像可以突出盐丘体的同相轴,恢复盐下的构造信息,弥补传统成像方法的不足,提高地震偏移成像分辨率,有效地为地下提供额外照明.

     

表面多次波最小二乘逆时偏移成像

使用相同的炮记录,多次波偏移能提供比反射波偏移更广的地下照明和更多的地下覆盖但是同时产生很多的串声噪声.相比传统逆时偏移,最小二乘逆时偏移反演的反射波成像结果具有更高的分辨率和更均衡的振幅.我们主要利用最小二乘逆时偏移压制多次波偏移产生的串声噪声.多次波最小二乘逆时偏移通常需要一定的迭代次数以较好地消除串声噪声.若提前将一阶多次波从所有阶数的多次波中过滤出来,使用相同的迭代次数,一阶多次波的最小二乘逆时偏移能够得到具有更高信噪比的成像剖面,而且能够提供与多次波最小二乘逆时偏移相似的有效地下结构成像.     

Reverse time migration using water-bottom-related multiples

Reverse time migration of multiples can be used to construct subsurface structures where primaries cannot illuminate well. However, the images generated using multiples suffer from severe artefacts due to the cross-talks created by interference among unrelated multiples. We developed a migration approach using water-bottom-related multiples to reduce these cross-talk artefacts. This approach first isolates primaries from the original data and predicts water-column primaries. The nth-order water-column multiples can be obtained by auto-convolving the water-column primaries n times, followed by convolving the nth-order water-column multiples with the primaries to extract the (n+1)th-order water-bottom-related multiples. The approach takes the nth-order water-column multiples as the secondary source and regards the (n+1)th-order water-bottom-related multiples as the receiver wavefield, followed by a cross-correlation imaging condition. Numerical examples from synthetic and field data sets reveal that our approach can provide images with substantially fewer cross-talk artefacts than conventional reverse time migration using multiples, as well as greatly improving shallow imaging compared with reverse time migration of primaries.     

相位编码多次波逆时偏移成像

随着勘探地质体复杂度日益增大, 反射波成像面临诸多挑战, 作为有潜力提升成像精度的重要补充或替代手段的多次波成像愈发受到重视.然而, 串扰噪声的产生阻碍了多次波成像的实际应用.近年来, 作为压制串扰噪声的有效技术之一, 可控阶多次波成像取得了较大研究进展, 但因其需重复计算各阶多次波成像结果, 计算成本昂贵.为此, 本文引入随机相位编码技术, 并与多次波分阶思想结合, 提出相位编码多次波逆时偏移方法: 首先, 对各阶多次波进行随机相位编码(含随机时间延迟与极性反转); 其次, 叠加编码后的各阶多次波, 产生多次波超道集; 最后, 以编码后0至(N-1)阶多次波组成的超道集为虚拟震源进行正向延拓, 同时反传编码后1至N阶多次波所组成的超道集, 并进行互相关, 得到各阶多次波联合成像结果.本文所提方法能够同步使用各阶多次波, 实现各阶多次波联合成像, 避免各阶多次波单独进行成像, 从而成倍提升计算效率.本文用两套模拟数据与一套实际数据算例对所提方法进行了测试, 成像结果验证了该方法的可行性、有效性与应用前景.

     

Fast modelling of marine surface multiples

In the development and testing of water‐surface multiple‐removal algorithms, it is valuable to have accurate synthetic seismograms which exhibit multiples, for which the multiple‐free solution is known. A method is presented for constructing 2D and 3D solutions of the acoustic wave equation in water, by combining the solution from a primary source with other scaled solutions of secondary sources, which simulate diffractors. The computation involves function evaluation rather than numerical solution of differential equations and is consequently accurate and comparatively fast. The analytic formulae on which the method is based give insights into methods for multiple removal. Generalized reflection coefficients, defined on a horizontal plane above the diffractors, are derived and used to construct the integral equations which are the basis for many multiple‐removal schemes.