单道扫描电感耦合等离子发射光谱的内标元素选择的灰色关联分析再研究(英文)

应用动态灰色模型（ＧＭ）的灰色关联分析（ＧＩＡ）为单道扫描（ＳＣＳ）电感偶合等离子发射光谱（ＩＣＰＯＥＳ）选择内标（ＩＳＴＤ）。经发射强度序列的ＧＩＡ计算和关联度序列优化后,Ｇｅ ２１９．８７ 被指定为内标。应用内标法和无内标法对中华人民共和国标样ＧＢ０７２３２ 的各元素的分析结果的相对百分误差范围分别为：０．８％ ～７．５％ 和２．５％ ～１７．５％ 。变更系数（ＣＶ）范围分别为：０．７％ ～２．９％ 和２．０％ ～５．８％ 。对内标选择与平均关联度的关系,Ｇｅ ２１９．８７ 特征的某些具体问题及统计相关分析与灰色关联分析在内标选择计算中的不可替代性问题,亦进行讨论     

藤壶胶组分的分离制备

研究ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２５，Ｇ－５０，Ｇ－１００，Ｇ－２００和Ｇ－２００（超细）等型号的葡聚糖凝胶系统，对溶解在１．０％，ＳＤＳ－２Ｍｅ水溶液中的网纹藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ固态胶蛋白组分的分离制备效果，结果表明，ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００和Ｇ－２００（超细）两种葡聚糖凝胶层析柱（直径１．７ｃｍ，长３０ｃｍ）用０．０５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１Ｔｒｉｓ－ＨＣｌ－１％ＳＤＳ－２Ｍｅ溶液洗脱时     

藤壶胶组分的分离制备

研究ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２５，Ｇ－５０，Ｇ－１００，Ｇ－２００和Ｇ－２００（超细）等型号的葡聚糖凝胶系统，对溶解在１．０％ＳＤＳ－２Ｍｅ水溶液中的网纹藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ固态胶蛋白组分的分离制备效果。结果表明，ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００和Ｇ－２００（超细）两种葡聚糖凝胶层析柱（直径１．７ｃｍ，长３０ｃｍ），用０．０５ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１Ｔｒｉｓ－ＨＣｌ－１％ＳＤＳ－２Ｍｅ溶液洗脱时，均可将改蛋白组分按其分子量的大小进行分离，且以后者的分高效果更好。     

氢化物-原子荧光法测定海水痕量硒及其形态

采用氢化物原子荧光法（ＨＧＡＦＳ） 测定海水痕量硒,并利用ＫＢＨ４ 对Ｓｅ（ Ⅳ） 和Ｓｅ（ Ⅵ） 的还原能力不同,以６ｍｏｌ／ｄｍ３ＨＣｌ 将海水中Ｓｅ（ Ⅵ） 还原为Ｓｅ（ Ⅳ） 再经氢化反应而测定其形态浓度。以正交设计法对ＨＧＡＦＳ法测定硒的实验条件进行优化选择。在佳化条件下本方法测定溶解态硒的检出限为０ ．０７２μｇ／ｄｍ３ ,对１ ．００μｇ／ｄｍ３Ｓｅ 浓度的样品变异系数为±２．３ ％ 。标准曲线表明,在０～２５μｇ／ｄｍ３Ｓｅ 浓度范围内有理想的线性关系。该方法可直接测定海水中的溶解态总硒、Ｓｅ（ Ⅳ） 及Ｓｅ（ Ⅵ） ,回收率为９９ ±２ ％ 。     

紫菜胶与紫菜琼胶

研究了坛紫菜所含多糖的年率、性质和组成。用水直接提取的多糖产率为５．４５～６．８９％，无凝固性，含ＳＯ４１２．７３～１４．０８％，含３，６－ＡＧ９．９８～１２．１２％。经碱处理后提取的多糖产率为４．９～９．５％，最高的达１９．１％，它能形成很好的凝胶，其凝胶强度达７５０～１１００ｇ／ｃｍ＾２，含ＳＯ４０．２０～０．７５％，含３，６－ＡＧ４０．２８～４３．０４％，它的红外光谱和＾１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ波谱与     

壳聚糖超滤复合膜研制

以聚醚砜（ＰＥＳ）、聚偏氟乙烯（ＰＶＤＦ）超滤膜、聚己内酰胺（尼龙－６）微孔滤膜为多孔支撑膜,将天然聚合物壳聚糖通过流涎法制成超滤复合膜。该复合膜性能优良,在操作压力为０．２５ＭＰａ的条件下,它对聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）的截留率及其渗透速度,分别为８７．２％～９８．４％和２．１～５９．０Ｌ／（ｍ２ｈ）。壳聚糖超滤复合膜性能的优劣与支撑膜的材质、孔径、壳聚糖的浓度、添加剂的分子量及成膜时的条件有关。     

ＧａｓｂｅｎｃｈⅡ ＩＲＭＳ升级Ｎ２Ｏ预富集装置测定海水硝酸盐的氮氧同位素

本研究研制了由气压棒、气体控制阀、不锈钢管冷阱、石英毛细管冷阱、杜瓦瓶、化学阱等构成的Ｎ２Ｏ预富集装置,通过扩展ＧａｓｂｅｎｃｈⅡ功能控制冷阱的升降,改造气体回路、进样针和样品盘,实现Ｎ２Ｏ的预富集以及ＧａｓｂｅｎｃｈⅡ自动进样与ＩＲＭＳ联机测定．通过将海水中的硝酸盐经化学方法转化成Ｎ２Ｏ,建立了海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分析方法．研究表明,所建立方法对海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分析具有很好的精度,硝酸盐δ１５Ｎ、δ１８Ｏ及峰面积的相对标准偏差分别小于１％、３％和５％．对采自南极普里兹湾海水样品中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分析结果与文献报道值吻合,也与海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的变化规律相一致,证明所建立的技术方法可成功运用于海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分析．     

红虾(Palaemon gravier)脂肪酸分析

对红虾虾头和虾肉中的脂肪进行了提取和测定。脂肪甲酯化后,采用５０ｍ×０．３５ｍｍｉ．ｄ．ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ玻璃毛细管柱,ＦＩＤ检测器,并结合ＧＣＬＭＳ进行了脂肪酸分析。结果表明,虾头中脂肪含量达１０．８×１０－２,其不饱和脂肪酸６８．８×１０－２,ＥＰＡ＋ＤＨＡ占２４．１×１０－２;虾肉中脂肪仅为３．９×１０－２,其不饱和脂肪酸６９．８×１０－２,ＥＰＡ＋ＤＨＡ为２７．３×１０－２。     

贻贝超氧化物歧化酶的分离纯化和部分性质

采用热变性－硫酸铵分级沉淀－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００和ＤＥ５２柱层析的方法从贻贝中分离纯化铜锌超氧化物歧化酶,并对其部分性质进行分析鉴定。结果该酶的比活力为９４５３．３Ｕ／ｍｇ（ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ）,提纯倍数为６０９．９,对ＫＣＮ和Ｈ２Ｏ敏感,Ｔ氏液和ＳＤＳ对酶活性没影响,对热较稳定。     

安络小皮伞［Marasmius androsaceus （L：Fr）Fr］中水溶性多糖的研究Ⅳ总糖及糖蛋白的分布、分级与测定

用水提取的安络小皮伞的多糖．经醇析．真空干燥后，用ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ柱层析，酚一Ｈ２ＳＯ４法检测其多糖分布，紫外吸收法（２８０ｎｎ）检测其蛋白质分布，表明提取物为多糖和糖蛋白的混合物，总糖含量为３０．５％。ｌｏｒｒｙ法和克氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量１５％。采用Ｐ．Ｃ和Ｇ．Ｃ法测定，结果提取物中的多糖由三种中性单糖组成．其摩尔比为：ＧＬＣ：Ｍａｎ，ＦＵＣ＝１．２：３：１．７。用Ｆｅｈｌｉｎｇ试剂法测定，表明混合物中有甘露聚精。Ｆｅｌｌｌｉｎｇ试剂法与甲醇、乙醇分级法相结合，从提取物中分出六个糖蛋白级分：Ｆｐ１、Ｆｐ２、Ｆｓ１、Ｆｓ２、Ｆｓ３和Ｆｓ４，其中Ｆｐ１、Ｆｓ１和Ｆｓ３经ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ柱测定为多糖分子量单一的级分。     

四种重金属对刺参幼参的急性致毒效应

采用静水试验法,在水温18.5℃~20℃的条件下,用Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 和Cr6 四种重金属对刺参幼参进行了单一急性毒性试验。结果表明:Cu2 对刺参幼参的24h,48h,72h和96hLC50分别为0.299,0.176,0.133和0.120mg/L;Zn2 的24h,48h,72h和96hLC50分别为6.700,3.624,2.577和1.951mg/L;Cd2 的24h,48h和72hLC50分别为4.246,2.588和2.137mg/L;Cr6 的24h,48h和72hLC50分别为31.974,7.499和3.808mg/L;Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 和Cr6 对刺参幼参的安全浓度分别为0.018,0.362,0.259和0.750mg/L。四种重金属对刺参幼参的毒性大小依次为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 >Cr6 。     

海洋中β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐降解过程的研究进展

二甲基硫(DMS)是海水中一种最重要的、含量最丰富的还原态挥发性生源有机硫化物,前体β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的降解过程受各种因素影响。其中主要包括温度、DMSP的浓度、氧气、盐度、酸度、颗粒粒度、藻类生长期、季节变化、氧化压力、抑制剂等。它们均与DMSP降解速率呈一定的函数关系,并对DMSP的降解产物产生影响。藻类是DMSP的主要来源,因此着重讨论了温度、盐度、酸度等对不同浮游植物细胞内DMSP与DMS生物生产和转化过程的影响。结合海洋硫循环的研究现状和海洋化学发展的趋势,探究了用颗粒态DMSP与Chla的比率来量化碳和硫通量的方法及DMSP裂解酶活性的检验技术。大气中CO2压力持续增加导致的海洋酸化对藻类中DMSP降解过程的影响也是进一步研究的重点。     

Tracing dissolved organic matter cycling in the eastern boundary of the temperate North Atlantic using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy

Apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption spectra, and CDOM fluorescence characteristic of aromatic amino acids (excitation/emission 280 nm/320 nm; F(280/320)) and marine-humic like substances (320 nm/410 nm; F(320/410)) were measured in full depth during a cruise in the temperate Eastern North Atlantic (ENA). An optimum multi-parameter (OMP) inverse method was run to calculate water mass proportion-weighted average (archetypal) concentrations of these chemical parameters for all water masses and samples. Archetypal concentrations retain the variability due to water mass mixing and basin scale mineralization from the water mass formation sites to the study area. Conversely, the difference between measured and archetypal concentrations, retain the variability due to dissimilarities in mineralization processes within the study area. Our analysis indicates that DOC supported 26±3% of the AOU in the dark temperate ENA and that basin scale processes occurring at and from the formation area of the water masses explained 63% of the total DOC variability. Our data also suggests that DOC remineralized at the basin scale was of lower molecular weight, and with a lower proportion of fluorescent aromatic amino acids than found within the study area. The relationship between the absorption coefficient at 254 nm (a_CDOM(254)) and AOU indicates that a_CDOM(254) was consumed during organic matter remineralization in the dark ocean, with 55% of the variability being explained by basin scale processes. The relationships of F(320/410) with AOU and DOC confirmed that marine humic-like substances are produced by microbial degradation processes, at a rate of 6.1±0.9×10⁻³ mg equivalents of QS mol AOU⁻¹. Our results also indicate that basin-scale remineralization processes account for 85% of the total variability of F(320/410), emphasizing that large scale processes control the formation of humic-like substance in the dark ENA.     

Ballast water management in Canada: A historical perspective and implications for the future

Non-indigenous species (NIS) can create significant risks when introduced to foreign ecosystems. One of the many vectors facilitating the global transport of NIS is ballast water, and as commercial shipping increases so does the threat of ballast water-mediated introductions. Despite Canadian regulations, consistent with international guidelines put forth by the International Maritime Organization in the early 1990s, ballast water remains a potential vector for the introduction of many NIS to Canadian marine ecosystems: there have been no new introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region since 2006, yet marine ecosystems continue to see the introduction and establishment of NIS. This paper details and analyzes the development of Canadian ballast water management (BWM), in the context of marine ecosystems, and identifies issues therein. BWM in Canada has a number of management gaps that have persisted since large-scale BWM began in the late 1980s. These include BWM exemptions for vessels not exiting the North American continental shelf, and limitations of effectiveness of mid-ocean exchange as the predominant management method in marine ecosystems. In addition, ballast water regulations for the Canadian Arctic may require additional consideration as the Arctic will likely continue to see an increase in both warming and commercial shipping in the future, thereby increasing the potential risk of NIS. In order to adequately protect all Canadian marine ecosystems, it is recommended that the current BWM regime: fill gaps in management to help prevent further introduction and spread of NIS; focus equally on both marine and freshwater regions, and; look to other aggressive BWM strategies such as those being developed by the state of California.     

莱州湾海域水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平和分布特征

以固相萃取/气相色谱法测定了莱州湾海域水体中22种有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的浓度水平和分布特征。结果表明,莱州湾海域表层水体中有机氯农药浓度范围为N.D.~32.7ng/L,底层水中的浓度范围为N.D.~11.7ng/L。在该海域水体中共检出有机氯农药3种,β-666是水体中主要的有机氯农药污染物。多氯联苯类在底层水样中检出2种,总浓度范围在4.5~27.7ng/L之间。该海域有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征是近岸高,离岸低,由近岸向湾外延伸方向依次递减。并对莱州湾表层水中总有机氯农药与海水盐度、氯度、溶解氧和pH间的关系作了初步探讨,得出总有机氯农药与盐度、氯度间有一定的相关关系,相关系数均为0.59。方法测定5种有机氯农药化合物的空白加标回收率为97.3%~126.0%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~8.6%;测定5种多氯联苯类化合物的空白加标回收率为88.6%~151.8%,相对标准偏差为6.7%~10.4%。     

Sources and implications of particulate organic matter from a small tropical river—Zuari River,India

Transitional ecosystems,estuaries and the coastal seas,are distinctively affected by natural and anthropogenic factors.Organic matter(OM)originating from terrestrial sources is exported by rivers and forms a key component of the global biogeochemical cycles.Most previous studies focused on the bulk biochemical and anthropogenic aspects affecting these ecosystems.In the present study,we examined the sources and fate of OM entrained within suspended particulate matter(SPM)of the Zuari River and its estuary,west coast of India.Besides using amino acid(AA)enantiomers(L-and D-forms)as biomarkers,other bulk biochemical parameters viz.particulate organic carbon(POC),δ13C,particulate nitrogen(PN),δ15N and chlorophyll a were analyzed.Surprisingly no significant temporal variations were observed in the parameters analyzed;nonetheless,salinity,POC,δ13C,PN,δ15N,glutamic acid,serine,alanine,tyrosine,leucine and D-aspartic acid exhibited significant spatial variability suggesting source differentiation.The POC content displayed weak temporal variability with low values observed during the post-monsoon season attributed to inputs from mixed sources.Estuarine samples were less depleted than the riverine samples suggesting contributions from marine plankton in addition to contributions from river plankton and terrestrial C3 plants detritus.Labile OM was observed during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the estuarine region.More degraded OM was noticed during the pre-monsoon season.Principal component analysis was used to ascertain the sources and factors influencing OM.Principally five factors were extracted explaining 84.52%of the total variance.The first component accounted for 27.10%of the variance suggesting the dominance of tidal influence whereas,the second component accounted for heterotrophic bacteria and their remnants associated with the particulate matter,contributing primarily to the AA pool.Based on this study we ascertained the role of the estuarine turbidity maximum(ETM)controlling the sources of POM and its implications to small tropical rivers.Thus,changes in temporal and regional settings are more likely to affect the natural biogeochemical cycles of small tropical rivers.     

Seabed Ground Improvement in Coastal Reclamation Area by Heavy Tamping After Rockfilling Displacement

Considering the characteristics of seabed ground in coastal reclamation area, ultra soft clay improvement method by heavy tamping after rockfilling displacement was proposed combined with a case study. The improvement mechanisms of the method can primarily be attributed to rockfilling displacement (RD), dynamic compaction (DC), dynamic replacement (DR) and dynamic replacement and mixing (DRM). For the case study given in this article, heavy tamping construction program was proposed based on field pilot tests. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed ground improvement method was verified through in situ plate load test, sand fill test and the analyses of observed settlement data. Thus, the method of heavy tamping after rockfilling displacement is applicable for the improvement of seabed ground in coastal reclamation area. It is proposed for similar projects that heavy tamping of fills may be performed by layers and correspondingly tamping energy increased to further enhance the improvement effect of DC, DR and DRM. In addition, delayed improvement effect or time effect of soil mass after heavy tamping is still an issue to be further studied.     

空间信息系统原理(三)数字高程模型及其数据结构

简要介绍了DTM的提出和应用情况,并对数字地面模型(DTM)、数字高程模型(DEM或DHM)、数字地形模型(DGM)等三个概念进行了论述,说明了它们的区别和联系,详细论述了离散点、不规则三角形、等高线、断面线和规则格网等几种数字高程模型的数据结构,并对不同数据结构的数字地面模型的特征进行了比较。     

Material selection for the gas containment system of a compressed natural gas carrier fleet

In this work, the possible exploitation of fiber-reinforced composites in the context of maritime transportation of compressed natural gas (CNG) is investigated. In addition to a more conventional steel configuration, two different fiber materials, carbon and glass, are considered as construction materials for pressure vessels (PVs) to be stored on board ships, with thickness optimized by FEM analysis.The considered scenario is represented by the transportation of CNG from an offshore well to a terminal on shore. Fleets of ships carrying CNG in pressure vessels manufactured with the investigated materials are generated by means of a ship synthesis model (SSM) software and compared on the basis of technical and economical indicators.The choice of the construction material influences considerably the weight of the PVs, which represent a major item of total ship weight and reflects directly on the general transport performances in terms of resistance, seakeeping and reliability in the service. On the other hand, capital as well as operating expenditures are considerably affected by the choice. When exploring the design space, the ship synthesis model is able, at a preliminary stage of the design, to account for the various technical and economical aspects, their implications and relationships. Results are presented of computations carried out in a specific case, identified by the annual gas production and other characteristics of the well terminal and a cruising route for the ships. The comparison is carried out on the basis of the cost per transported unit of gas and of the percentage of success in the transportation process. The computations show that the choice of the PV material has a key influence on the results in terms of optimal number, dimensions and speed of the ships.     

基于EMD和辛几何的运动员表面肌电信号分析与评价

为对肌电信号的物理解释做出探索性的工作，本文运用经验模态分解和辛几何的方法，对不同等级短跑运动员腿部不同肌群的表面肌电信号进行处理分析。试验结果初步表明，应用上述2种方法可对运动员等级和竞技状态做出有效的评价，而且2种方法对肌电信号处理结果的一致性将有助于进一步描述肌肉系统的生物力学特性。