正应力扰动对断层滑动失稳影响的实验研究

利用双轴伺服控制加载装置,采用三块花岗闪长岩标本组成的含有两个滑动面的直剪结构,开展了摩擦滑动实验.实验中通过在垂直滑动面的载荷上叠加正弦波状和方波状的扰动,研究了正应力扰动对断层黏滑失稳的影响.研究表明,在恒定的正应力和位移速率下,标本表现为规则的黏滑,叠加正应力扰动后,随扰动振幅的增加黏滑发生时间与扰动的相关性增大,黏滑应力降和时间间隔的分布趋于离散.黏滑应力降和时间间隔的平均值随平均正应力的增加呈线性增长,扰动叠加后黏滑应力降的离散度随平均正应力的增加而增大;黏滑应力降和时间间隔主要受应力变化幅度的影响,而与应力变化的速率关系不大.剪应力和正应力扰动都会对断层黏滑失稳产生影响,而正应力扰动的影响更明显.这两种扰动对断层黏滑失稳影响的机制存在差异,剪应力扰动只是改变断层滑动的推动力,而正应力扰动则改变了断层面上凹凸体的接触状态.     

侧向应力扰动对断层摩擦影响的实验研究

利用双向伺服控制装置,对含有与最大主压应力σ1呈45°夹角的预切面的花岗闪长岩标本进行了摩擦实验,结果表明,在σ1方向位移速率恒定、侧向应力σ2恒定的条件下,粘滑间隔随滑动面上正应力的增加而增加,粘滑应力降也随滑动面上正应力的增加而呈线性增加。但当σ2叠加了高频小振幅的正弦波扰动时,这种相关性发生了明显的变化,应力降大小和粘滑间隔的离散度均显著提高,特别是应力降可能会大幅度增加。与σ1扰动的实验结果相比,σ2扰动对断层粘滑的影响更为显著,这主要归因于正应力变化使滑动面的非均匀性加剧     

应力扰动对断层摩擦声发射活动影响的实验研究

利用中尺度岩石摩擦实验开展了应力扰动对断层摩擦滑动过程中声发射活动影响的实验研究,据此讨论同震应力变化引起的小震活动特征及其预测意义.实验结果表明方波状应力扰动对粘滑失稳前的声发射活动有明显影响,即触发了一些声发射事件,使得粘滑发生前声发射活动增强并使出现的时间提前.这种影响随平均正应力的提高和扰动振幅的增大而增强,其...     

均匀和非均匀断层滑动失稳成核过程的实验研究

基于均匀和非均匀断层摩擦滑动中应变、断层位移的实验测量结果,分析了粘滑失稳的成核过程。研究表明,在加载点速度恒定的条件下,均匀断层上粘滑的成核过程具有微弱的滑动弱化特征,断层上较小尺度“弱段”的存在使得粘滑成核过程中滑动弱化现象更明显,而较大尺度“弱段”的存在则改变了粘滑的成核过程,表现出局部加速滑动——断层带上剪应力快速增加的特征,更符合速率-状态摩擦定律。断层闭锁期间,剪应力的增加引起断层附近的横向弹性膨胀,这种弹性膨胀在失稳时的回跳引起断层面上正应力的瞬时增加,从而成为使断层迅速闭锁、强度恢复的重要因素。     

岩石粘滑的自锁模型及数值模拟

本文根据岩石摩擦的自锁模型,通过数值模拟讨论了围压和围压介质刚度对粘滑及其应力降的影响。结果表明:围压的增大有利于发生粘滑;粘滑应力降随围压的增大而增大;天然地震应力降低于室内粘滑应力降是由围压介质刚度引起的。     

邢台震区深部构造与强震孕育关系的探讨

将地壳介质视为马克斯威尔体,运用三维有限元方法,探讨分层地壳结构中存在高速体、低速体和深部断裂时,地壳应力的集中及应力集中随时间演化的特征．计算结果表明:① 由于地壳的非均匀性,在高速体内形成高平均应力集中条带,在高速体内和深部断裂附近形成水平最大剪应力（以下简称最大剪应力）高集中区．平均应力扰动值随时间的变化趋势,导致在漫长的地质年代内,平均应力在地壳内有趋向一致的变化趋势．最大剪应力扰动值随时间的变化,导致低速体内的剪切应变能向高速体内转移;② 当地幔以1 cm/a速率上隆时,平均应力扰动值随时间的变化比较复杂,高速体和低速体的边界已不是那么明显．在高速体内沿狓方向的两个边区,最大剪应力扰动值随时间更加高速地增长,这种应力演化更有利于实现低速体内的剪切应变能向高速体内转移;③ 在深部断裂带的下半段附近,平均应力和最大剪应力扰动值随时间的变化趋势,导致在较长时间内积累较高的剪应力,最后引起深部断裂失稳和沿断层方向的加速蠕滑;④ 深部断裂沿断层方向的加速蠕滑,可以使深部断层两侧地表面垂直位移的变化,与邢台地震震前一年的地表面垂直位移变化趋势非常一致．深部断裂的加速蠕滑可能是震前地表垂直位移异常变化的原因之一．      

固体围压下完整花岗岩粘滑现象的实验研究

本文用完整的花岗岩样品在固体围压三轴实验装置上压缩,研究围压和应变速率对岩样变形破裂过程、粘滑应力降、粘滑复发间隔及样品主破裂几何分布的影响。结果表明,加载速率较低时,粘滑应力降较大,复发间隔较长且分布无规律。加载速率越大,粘滑应力降越小,复发间隔也近似相等,粘滑事件表现出准周期性。围压和应变率较低时,岩石的主破裂会演变成两个交叉的共轭断裂面;而围压和应变率较高时,岩石的主破裂则演变成单一断裂面或入字形断裂面。本文结果对认识中国大陆板内地震孕育、发生及重复过程;研究地震重复发生的机制及影响地震复发间隔的主要因素都有重要意义。     

断层粘滑摩擦增温的理论分析及其对TL,ESR测龄的意义

采用断层位错模式,考虑了具有一定宽度的断层在其粘滑过程中,断层摩擦应力和滑动速度随粘滑过程的变化情况,由此计算了粘滑所产生的摩擦增温,并将结果与不考虑摩擦应力变化、不考虑滑动速度变化或忽略断层宽度时的情况作了比较。结果表明:断层滑动时,摩擦应力和滑动速度随时间的改变及断层的宽度将对断层摩擦增温产生较大影响。由于岩石中孔隙和孔隙流体的存在,摩擦应力在断层粘滑过程中有较大变化。取断层滑动速度为Brune 震源时间函数形式,考虑摩擦应力的变化及一定的断层宽度,计算得到的摩擦增温值较以往的计算结果偏小。这个结论对测定断层活动年代的热释光(TL)和电子自旋共振(ESR) 法具有一定的理论指导意义     

岩石摩擦弱化及失稳序列的数值模拟

通过基于“瞬间闭锁”假定的多滑块-弹簧模型对摩擦滑动进行模拟,讨论了强度分布不均匀性及系统刚度构成对整个系统稳定性的影响.通过图示平均剪应力和平均位移的关系,对断层模型随错动的演化作了清晰的描述.结果表明:(1)均匀的滑动面及外部系统刚度较小的情况(这相当于高压条件下形成的光滑剪切破裂面的情况)易于发生粘-滑振荡.(2)随着错动次数的不断增加,错动的空间分布向不均匀方向发展,从而使平均应力降减小,系统整体趋向稳定,即断层活动历史越长越趋向稳定.(3)由于导入了具有负刚度效果的力和位移组合控制,通常加载方式条件下只能产生不稳定的过程可以转变为一个平均效果上的准静态弱化过程,类似于滑动弱化过程.     

岩石摩擦-滑动中的声发射b值动态特征及其地震学意义

双剪试验的结果表明,岩石摩擦滑动过程中的AE b 值动态曲线可归纳为锯齿状和台柱状两类,分别对应于不规则粘滑和规则粘滑.滑动瞬间滑面上摩擦系数变化△μ的分布决定岩石的滑动方式,不均匀分布易发生不规则粘滑.均匀分布易引起规则粘滑;破裂和滑动是摩擦滑动过程中的两类AE 机制,两类AE 的能量分别与破裂面面积及△μ成正比.研究结果提示,平直光滑的地震断层可能显示出特征地震的发震特点.     

Experimental study on nucleation process of stick-slip instability on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults

The nucleation process of stick-slip instability was analyzed based on the experimental measurements of strain and fault slip on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults. The results show that the nucleation process of stick-slip on the homogeneous fault is of weak slip-weakening behavior under constant loading point velocity. The existence of a short "weak segment" on the fault makes slip-weakening phenomenon in nucleation process more obvious, while the existence of a long "weak segment" on the fault makes the nucleation process changed. The nucleation is characterized by accelerating slip in a local region and rapid increase of shear stress along the fault in this case, which is more coincident with the rate and state friction law. During the period when fault is locked, increasing of shear stress causes lateral elastic dilation near the fault, and the rebound of the dilation at the time of instability causes an instantaneous increase of normal stress in the fault plane, which is an important factor making fault be rapidly locked and its strength recovered.     

应力途径与岩石的摩擦滑动

用双剪法对济南辉长岩和点苍山大理岩进行了摩擦滑动实验.实验中的应力变化方式有两种.A 型实验:先使断层面上的正应力增加到一定值,然后保持正应力不变,并增加剪应力使断层发生粘滑;B 型实验:先使断层面上的正应力增加到一定的值,保持正应力不变,并增加剪应力到断层发生粘滑前的某一应力状态,再保持剪应力不变,减小正应力直到粘滑发生.实验表明,B 型实验中岩石的摩擦强度高于 A 型实验.A 型实验中粘滑发生前有声发射率增加的前兆,B 型实验中粘滑发生前看不到声发射率的明显增加.由实验得到一个启示,即闭锁断层的开锁可能采取两种形式:一种是冲开闭锁,即以剪应力的增加使断层发生错动;另一种是解开闭锁,即以正应力的减小使断层发生错动.断层的粘滑采取哪种形式,由断层带的应力变化途径决定.      

Experimental Study on the Stick-slip Phenomenon of Intact Granite under Solid Confining Pressure

In this paper,compression tests of intact granite samples have been made in a triaxial testing machine with solid confining pressure.From the tests,the influences of confining pressure and loading rate(axial strain rate)on the deformation and fracture process of rock samples,on the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events,and on the geometric distribution of the main fracture have been studied.The experimental results show that the loading rate influences the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events greatly.At lower loading rates,the stress drop of stick-slip events is greater,their recurrence interval is longer and shows no regularity in distribution.When the loading rate goes higher,the stress drop will become smaller and the recurrence interval will tend to be constant and stick-slip events show a quasi-periodicity.At lower confining pressures and strain rates,the main fracture may evolve into 2 X-shaped conjugate shear faults; whereas at higher confining pressures and     

THE GEOLOGICAL AND ROCK MECHANICAL DISTINCTION EVIDENCE BETWEEN STICK-SLIP AND CREEP IN HOST ROCK SEGMENTS OF FAULT

Paleo-seismic and fault activity are hard to distinguish in host rock areas compared with soft sedimentary segments of fault. However, fault frictional experiments could obtain the conditions of stable and unstable slide, as well as the microstructures of fault gouge, which offer some identification marks between stick-slip and creep of fault. We summarized geological and rock mechanical distinction evidence between stick-slip and creep in host rock segments of fault, and analyzed the physical mechanisms which controlled the behavior of stick-slip and creep. The chemical composition of fault gouge is most important to control stick-slip and creep. Gouge composed by weak minerals, such as clay mineral, has velocity weakening behavior, which causes stable slide of fault. Gouge with rock-forming minerals, such as calcite, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, has stick-slip behavior under condition of focal depth. To the gouge with same chemical composition, the deformation mechanism controls the frictional slip. It is essential condition to stick slip for brittle fracture companied by dilatation, but creep is controlled by compaction and cataclasis as well as ductile shear with foliation and small fold. However, under fluid conditions, pressure solution which healed the fractures and caused strength recovery of fault, is the original reason of unstable slide, and also resulted in locking of fault with high pore pressure in core of fault zone. Contrast with that, rock-forming minerals altered to phyllosilicates in the gouges by fluid flow through degenerative reaction and hydrolysis reaction, which produced low friction fault and transformations to creep. The creep process progressively developed several wide shear zones including of R, Y, T, P shear plane that comprise gouge zones embedded into wide damage zones, which caused small earthquake distributed along wide fault zones with focal mechanism covered by normal fault, strike-slip fault and reverse fault. However, the stick-slip produced mirror-like slide surfaces with very narrow gouges along R shear plane and Y shear plane, which caused small earthquake distributed along narrow fault zones with single kind of focal mechanism.     

Stick-slip and strain waves in the physics of earthquake rupture: experiments and models

The study of stick-slip is directly connected with the formulation of the consistent concept of seismicity migration and explanation of the nature of strain waves observed at the contacts of blocks and plates. We propose a phenomenological model to describe the initiation of stick-slip at the rough contact of blocks of rocks. The model contains the leading factors of stick-slip process (friction, roughness of contact surfaces, and asperity). The model reproduces the universal profile of slip velocity and displacement, velocity of dynamic rupture observed in experiments. The stick-slip motion at a rough surface of a fault is shown to be a nonlinear process and can be described by the generalized sine-Gordon equation. The results of calculations and a comparison with experimental data testify to the existence of waves of a new type — solitary waves of sliding. The analogies are found between the strain waves generated due to stick-slip at the contact of the blocks of rocks, strain waves in the crustal faults, and those within the lithosphere.     

黏滑实验的震级评估和应力降分析

本文通过三种结构模型的黏滑地震模拟实验,利用高频速度连续观测系统获得了地震失稳过程的速度特征,讨论了最大位移量的选取方法,估算了实验室黏滑型地震的矩震级,探讨了黏滑类型、应力降大小与震级的关系.结果表明,黏滑型地震的应力降过程可能包含一次到多次高频振荡,对应若干次黏滑子事件.高频振荡的摆动幅度很大,包含有多种频率成分,峰值速度0.003~0.008 m·s^-1.初步估计黏滑型地震的震级范围为-4.4~-3级,断层构造面的差异对各种黏滑模型的地震震级分布有明显影响.总体来看应力降与地震震级没有明显相关性,决定地震震级的主要因素应当是震源尺度.     

拐折断层黏滑过程的实验研究

采用位移、应变和声发射等测量手段,研究了预置5°拐折断层的房山花岗岩样品的黏滑过程,分析了不同加载速率下5°拐折断层失稳的黏滑特征及相关物理场的演化过程。实验结果表明: 1)5°拐折断层的黏滑周期与加载速率在数值上呈负对数相关关系; 2)在不同的加载速率下,大多数的5°拐折断层失稳是双震事件, 2次子事件的间隔时间大多在100～200ms之间; 3)采用不同的观测手段,即使采样速率一致,其临震响应也存在差异性,如断层失稳前沿断层的应变测量结果呈现明显的应变弱化,断层位移则未见明显的变化; 4)断层黏滑过程中的声发射事件呈现明显的沿断层迁移的特征。认识强震的发生机理和余震特征需要进一步研究断层失稳过程的动力学信息。     

Phase synchronization of slips by periodical (tangential and normal) mechanical forcing in the spring-slider model

In the present study, the character of slip regimes under weak external periodical (tangential and normal) mechanical forcing has been investigated in a laboratory spring-slider system. We report the experimental evidence of phase synchronization in a slip dynamics, induced by the external periodic mechanical impact. At certain conditions, we have a stick-slip effect in the spring-slider system. To describe this effect, we can use rate-and state-dependent friction law. In our experiments, the slip events are distinguished by acoustic emission bursts, which are generated by slider displacement. In addition to drag, the weak variable mechanical forcing was superimposed either tangential or normal to the slip plane. With increasing external forcing one can see increasing phase synchronization of the first arrivals (onsets) of stick-slip generated acoustic pulses. The grouping of the onsets in a certain phase of the external periodic forcing is considered as a hallmark of the phase synchronization. The onsets of stick-slip pulses in the case of normal mechanical forcing are shifted relative to onsets in the case of tangential forcing.