Grain size and transport characteristics of non-uniform sand in aeolian saltation

Size frequency distributions of sediment particles in a wind tunnel containing a bed of non-uniform sand are investigated by re-interpreting existing experimental data using particle-size analysis. Each particle sample is classified into one of eight groups according to its size grading. The analysis reveals that the modal shape of the particle-size frequency distributions of the saltating sand at different elevations or longitudinal distances is similar to that of the mixed sand in the bed once the boundary layer is fully developed. The standard deviation of the grain-size frequency distribution increases with increasing elevation above the bed then stays constant, whereas its skewness decreases. The mean grain size decays exponentially with elevation. The aeolian sand mass flux is determined for each size grading at different vertical and horizontal measurement locations. The vertical profile of aeolian horizontal mass flux depends on the size grading. The distribution of the sand transport rate according to the mean grain size in each grading fits the normal distribution. A parameter w_i is defined to reflect the likelihood of saltation for sand particles of the i-th size grading, and the mean sand size corresponding to the maximum value of w_i is found to be 0.2 mm. In addition, wind velocity strongly influences the magnitudes of the particle-size distribution and the sand mass flux distribution in both vertical and longitudinal directions.     

风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布实验研究

在非均匀沙床面上, 风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布, 是非均匀风沙运动研究的重点。研究首先通过风洞实验, 收集了风洞中垂线垂向输沙量分布沙样, 然后对集沙沙样进行了沙粒粒度分析实验, 实验分析结果得出了不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布规律, 基于稳定平衡风沙跃移运动模型和本文实验结果, 最后数值模拟研究了不同粒径组沙粒输沙量垂向分布, 与沙粒起跳速度和角度之间的关系。本文研究结果得出, 在非均匀风沙流中, 粗粒径组沙粒垂向输沙量上部符合指数递减分布但近床面区偏离指数分布, 呈现为偏大型分布, 粗粒径组对应的沙粒起跳速度和角度分布均为指数函数; 细粒径组沙粒垂向输沙量在整 个高度上均符合指数递减规律, 细粒径组沙粒对应的起跳速度分布为指数函数, 起跳角度分布为高斯函数。沙粒的平均起跳速度, 在0.4u*~2.2u* 之间变化, 随着气流风速(u*) 和沙粒粒径的增加而减小。     

海岸风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的垂向分布模式

通过对河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘风沙流的野外实地观测与室内风洞模拟实验数据的数值模拟,探讨了我国典型海岸沙丘风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布模式。结果表明,河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘表面风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布特征并不一致,其中细沙和中沙符合典型的指数递减分布规律,但粗沙则为负幂函数分布。究其原因,主要与不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的分布高度及运动方式差异有关。在实际非均匀沙床面上,粗沙主要集中分布于沙丘表面4cm高度内湍流发育的近地表层,运动方式以蠕移为主,沙丘表面湍流的主导作用使其输沙量随高度的变化满足负幂律关系,但中沙和细沙则以跃移运动为主,跃移沙粒输沙量的垂向分布呈现指数递减特征。     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.     

风力作用下沙粒蠕移概率的转化特征

建立了沙粒从蠕移状态向静止、跳跃转化以及继续滚动的概率模型.根据滚动沙粒简化的运动方程,结合两个关键随机变量-沙床表面风速和床面位置参数,求出了静止概率、滚动概率、跳跃概率随时间变化的表达式.在此基础上通过对时间求极限得到稳定情况下沙粒处于三种运动状态的概率.利用沙粒蠕移概率除蠕移概率和跃移概率之和,得到沙粒相对蠕移概率,并以此反映蠕移输沙量占总输沙量的比例.计算结果表明,三种转移概率是时间、沙床表面风速和沙粒直径的函数.静止概率随时间增大而增大,但随粒径增大而减小;滚动概率随时间的变化根据粒径的不同表现出不同的特点.粒径较小,滚动概率随时间的增大先增大后减小,存在极大值;粒径较大时,滚动概率随时间的增大逐渐增大,不存在峰值.跳跃概率随时间的增大而增大.三种概率达到稳定状态所需要的时间随粒径的增大而减少.同粒径的沙粒在相同的时间内,三种转移概率会趋于定值.稳定概率和相对蠕移概率由沙床表面风速分布和粒径大小来确定,具有很大的取值范围;静止稳定概率和跳跃稳定概率随粒径的增大分别增大和减小;而滚动稳定概率随粒径的增大逐步先增大后减小.在一定风速条件下,相对蠕移概率随风速和方差的变化都不大,沙粒粒径是最主要的影响因素.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地表风沙流结构特征

在国家林业局磴口荒漠生态站长期监测的基础上,利用多种积沙仪,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘流动沙丘、油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘5种典型下垫面近地面（0～100 cm）的风沙流输沙量进行了实地观测和对比分析。结果表明：（1） 输沙率（q）随高度（h）增加呈幂函数（q=ah^-b,R²≥0.8409）规律衰减,随风速（v）增大呈幂函数（q=av^b,R²≥0.9256）规律增加,42.8%～70.7%的输沙量分布在10 cm高度内,67.6%～90.0%的输沙量分布于30 cm高度内。当地表植被盖度达到40%以上时,输沙率下降至无植被覆盖地表输沙率的6.6%以下,可有效阻止地表风蚀。（2） 沙物质主要由粒径为50～250 μm的细沙和极细沙构成,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成服从单峰态分布,峰值在100～250 μm。随高度增加,风蚀物粒径范围趋于变窄,粒径趋于更细。（3） 起沙风多出现在WSW和NW方向,占全年起沙风的53.19%。风沙流中跃移输沙、蠕移输沙的空间分布在理论上应与风向频率分布基本一致,差异性主要由各方位风的强度和持续时间等因素导致。研究结果可为该区域防沙工程设计提供理论参考。     

A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Shear Stress with A Blowing Sand Cloud

In a blowing sand system,the wind provides the driving forces for the particle movement while the moving particles exert the opposite forces to the wind by extracting its momentum.The wind-sand interaction that can be characterized by shear stress and force exerted on the wind by moving particles results in the modification of wind profiles.Detailed wind pro-files re-adapted to blown sand movement are measured in a wind tunnel for different grain size populations and at differ-ent free-stream wind velocities.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud and force exerted on the wind by moving par-ticles are calculated from the measured wind velocity profiles.The results suggest that the wind profiles with presence of blowing sand cloud assume convex-upward curves on the u(z)-ln(z) plot compared with the straight lines characterizing the velocity profiles of clean wind,and they can be better fitted by power function than log-linear function.The exponent of the power function ranging from 0.1 to 0.17 tends to increase with an increase in wind velocity but decrease with an increase in particle size.The force per unit volume exerted on the wind by blown sand drift that is calculated based on the empirical power functions for the wind velocity profiles is found to decrease with height.The particle-induced force makes the total shear stress with blowing sand cloud partitioned into air-borne stress that results from the wind velocity gradient and grain-borne stress that results from the upward or downward movement of particles.The air-borne stress in-creases with an increase in height,while the grain-borne stress decreases with an increase in height.The air-borne shear stress at the top of sand cloud layer increases with both wind velocity and grain size,implying that it increases with sand transport rate for a given grain size.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud is also closely related to the sand transport rate.Both the total shear stress and grain-borne stress on the grain top is directly proportional to the squ     

Wind tunnel modeling and measurements of the flux of wind-blown sand

This paper presents a way to empirically fit experimental data for the horizontal flux of various sizes of wind-blown dry sand using data from wind tunnel experiments. We measured vertical wind profiles to derive threshold shear velocity and estimated shear velocity and the flux of sand mass as a function of the height for nine different grain sizes. We propose a fitting model based on the experimental data and a least-squares method and derive an explicit form of sand flux as a function of height and shear velocity for these grain sizes. We also obtained an explicit form of the empirical equation for the measurement of sand transport per unit width and unit time by integrating the empirical equation as a function of height. Finally, we compared the effectiveness of Bagnold's equation, Kawamura's expression and Lettau and Lettau's equation, for predicting sand transport with the results of our empirical equation. The results show that the transport predicted by all of the equations were always lower than the measured results from the empirical equation for all grain sizes and shear velocities. However, the empirical equation matched Bagnold's equation, Kawamura's equation, and Lettau and Lettau's equation if the coefficients in these equations were adjusted instead of using their original coefficients. The empirical equation for sand transport in the present study contradicts previous conclusions generated by Bagnold's equation, which predict that for a given wind drag, the transport of a coarse sand is greater than that of a fine sand.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合型纵向沙垄区近地层沙尘水平通量及粒度特征

利用BSNE梯度集沙仪采集塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合型纵向沙垄区近地层80m高度内秋季不同高度的沙尘物质,探讨沙尘天气下水平输沙通量差异及沙尘的粒度特征。结果表明：由于受到复合型纵向沙垄的影响,沙尘天气过程近地层沙尘水平通量并不遵循幂函数或指数函数分布,在20m以下随高度增加而降低,在32~63m随高度增加而增大,并且在24m和63m两个高度处出现转折点。各层沙尘平均粒径64~80μm,以极细沙为主,分选系数0.96~1.12,分选性中等偏差。粒径频率曲线呈双峰分布,主峰值出现在80~110μm,次峰值在10~12μm,反映了沙尘组成的复杂性,远源沙尘在各高度层的变化幅度较小,以局地和区域源为主。沙尘水平通量与沙尘粒度变化表明沙尘天气主导风速风向、强烈的上升运动及纵向沙垄是影响沙尘水平通量垂直差异的重要因素。     

Evaluation of saltation flux impact responders (Safires) for measuring instantaneous aeolian sand transport intensity

The measurement of aeolian sand transport rates on small scales is of interest to the development and testing of detailed models of sand movement by wind. This paper reports on laboratory evaluations and preliminary field tests of a new design of a piëzo-electric impact responder, called a ‘Safire’, capable of measuring saltation impacts at a frequency of 20 Hz. The advantages of the Safire are: (1) that it provides high-frequency measurements, (2) that it presents a minimal obstruction to the wind flow (no scour observed in the field), and (3) that it is of a (relatively) low-cost.Laboratory calibrations were performed with a vertical gravity flume generating known sand grain fluxes using both mixed sand and specific size fractions. Initial tests investigated three fundamental characteristics: correspondence between digital and analogue signals generated by the instrument, directional response of the probe, and linearity of instrument response to mass flux.Instrument calibration included determination of the momentum threshold required for the sensor to register a grain impact. Based on this lower limit and the known distribution of grain size and speed at different fall heights, a prediction is made as to the sand grain flux the Safire ought to measure, which is then compared with the signal response. The result of this comparison is an assessment of the instrument's efficiency in counting saltating grains. These Safires were also deployed in the field as part of a larger investigation of spatio-temporal transport variability. This experiment provided the opportunity to compare the instrument's performance with traditional sand traps, and this paper develops methods and assumptions required to convert measurements from impact responders to traditional mass transport rates.The evaluations indicate that improvements to the instrument production process are required to ensure a standard momentum threshold among individual instruments. Furthermore, the sensor design needs to be reconsidered in order to eliminate the variation in response depending on azimuth direction, so that the sensor is uniformly omni-directional.     

Vertical profiles of aeolian sand mass flux

Vertical profiles of the horizontal mass flux of blown sand are investigated experimentally using a passive vertical array in a wind tunnel. Considering lower sampling efficiency of the sand trap in the near-bed region, this investigation is complemented by the measurements of the longitudinal profiles of mass flux made using a horizontal sand trap. The experiments were conducted with two test sands and five different stream velocities.In the upper part of the vertical profile, the measured data exhibit an exponential decay distribution with a positive deviation occurring in the near-bed region. The measured longitudinal profiles are similar to the measured vertical profiles. Linking both profiles and the modes of sand transport, it is possible that saltating sand grains give rise to the well-known exponential decay distribution of mass flux, and that creeping and reptating grains force a deviation from it. A simple equation applicable for both the vertical and the longitudinal sand mass flux variations is introduced and the parameters are estimated from experimental data.     

不同防沙措施的风沙流及其携沙粒度垂直分异特征

为揭示不同防沙措施影响下风沙流结构及其携沙粒度变化规律,采用木质和尼龙网2种材料制作方格沙障、单行沙障、双行沙障与挡沙墙4种防沙措施模型,利用风洞实验对防沙措施前后风沙流结构进行测定,并结合Mastersizer3000激光粒度分布仪对沙样进行粒度组成分析。结果表明：（1） 不同防沙措施迎风侧风沙流垂直分布与未设置防沙措施时基本相似,输沙量随高度的增加而减小,88%以上的输沙量集中在0~10 cm高度层;而背风侧输沙量随高度表现为先增大后减小的变化规律,且随着沙障规格的减小、高度的增加、行间距的变窄、孔隙度的降低输沙量集中范围逐渐向上偏移,输沙量峰值出现的位置由高度较低的透风型方格沙障（7 cm）上移至高度较高的不透风型挡沙墙（26 cm）,且近地表0~10 cm高度层积沙量越少。（2） 受不同防沙措施影响,不同高度层沙粒粒度特征差异显著,整体表现出随着高度的增加沙粒的平均粒径逐渐减小的变化规律,细沙和中沙主要分布在近地表5~25 cm层,而近地表0~5 cm层则分布有细沙、中沙和粗沙,峰值出现在0.300 mm附近,平均含量约为12.09%;粒度参数变化受防沙措施规格变化影响较小,更多表现在高度层的差异,不同防沙措施各高度层沙粒分选性较好、极正偏,峰度随防沙措施参数的密集化由宽平向中等、尖窄变化,由方格沙障（0.990）、单行沙障（0.990）、双行沙障（0.996）向挡沙墙（1.086）变化,且上述变化规律随指示风速的增大逐渐增强。     

Experimental investigation of the concentration profile of a blowing sand cloud

Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to establish the mean downwind velocity and transport rate of different-sized loose dry sand at different free-stream wind velocities and heights, as well as to investigate the vertical variation in the concentration of blowing sand in a cloud. Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) technology was used to measure the vertical variation in mean downwind velocity of a sand cloud in a wind tunnel. The results reveal that within the near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed using an exponential function. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free-stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The vertical variation in mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The concentration profile of sand within the saltation layer, calculated according to its flux profile and mean downwind profile, can be expressed using the exponential function: c_z=ae^−bz, where c_z is the blown sand concentration at height z, and a and bare parameters changing regularly with wind velocity and sand size. The concentration profiles are converted to rays of straight lines by plotting logarithmic concentration values against height. The slope of the straight lines, representing the relative decay rate of concentration with height, decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and grain size, implying that more blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase.     

海滩养护影响下的海岸风沙堆积——以福建平潭岛龙凤头海滩养护工程为例

海滩养护工程实施后,在保护海岸抵御侵蚀的同时往往还产生其他的环境问题。尤其在强风区海岸,海滩养护造成了滩面环境的改变,使滩面风沙搬运和沉积特征都发生了显著变化。对福建平潭岛龙凤头海滩养护工程实施前后的风沙沉积对比研究表明,养护后海滩的干滩宽度、滩面沉积物粒径、表层湿度、海滩高程等环境要素变化对滩面风沙搬运与沉积过程都产生了重要的影响。主要结论为:(1)养护海滩干滩滩肩高程的提高增加了滩面风速,增大了滩面风沙输沙率;(2)养护海滩干滩宽度的增加既扩大了风区长度也为风沙搬运提供了充足的物源,且不受潮汐过程影响,提供了持续的风沙物源供给,增加了风沙作用时间;(3)养护海滩剖面形态的变化使得海滩滩面沉积物含水率减小,降低风沙起动风速,增强了滩面风沙搬运。     

海岸横向沙脊表面风沙流结构粒度响应的野外观测研究

 风沙流中沙粒粒度组成的垂向变化及不同粒径沙粒的垂向分布特征等是风沙流结构粒度响应的基本研究内容,但一直较缺少野外观测实证证据。在我国海岸沙丘集中分布的河北昌黎黄金海岸,选择规模高大、形态典型的横向沙脊,采用野外梯度风速仪和平口式积沙仪对其顶部风沙流结构的粒度响应进行了野外实地观测。结果表明,海岸沙丘表面风力的分选作用明显,与横向沙脊表面相比风沙流所含沙物质中细沙组分比例增多、粗沙组分比例降低;粒度构成的垂向变化是,在风沙流0—10 cm、10—40 cm和40—60 cm三个高程段内,分别是以中沙为主、中沙与细沙并重和以中沙为主,其中中沙含量在三个高程段内分别呈现出自地表向上逐渐降低、含量比较稳定、向上逐渐升高的垂向变化,细沙则呈现相应的反向变化,随之平均粒径也呈现为自下而上逐步变细、比较稳定到逐渐变粗的变化,但分选系数、偏度和峰态无明显差异;横向沙脊顶部的风沙流结构整体符合指数分布,但不同粒径沙粒的垂向分布特征并不相同,其中粗沙为幂函数分布,细沙遵循指数函数递减,中沙的指数函数和幂函数拟合均有较高相关系数,但在0—40 cm高度内更符合指数函数分布。     

风速正弦变化下的非平稳跃移风沙流模拟

 采用有限体积法模拟了风速正弦变化下的一维非平稳跃移风沙流发展过程。考虑风沙流跃移系统的4个子过程,沙粒的流体起动、沙粒的运动、击溅过程和沙粒对风场的反作用。给出在风速正弦变化时,风速变化频率和振幅对于沙粒输运的影响以及输沙率、风速廓线、床面剪切应力以及起跳沙粒数的变化规律。结果表明,输沙率随着振幅增大而增大,随着周期增大而减小;在初始的overshoot现象之后,床面剪切应力变化很小,但起跳的沙粒数随风速呈现类正弦周期变化。     

风沙运动的欧拉双流体模型参数研究

利用数值方法研究了双流体模型中动力黏度μ_s,kin、动量交换系数β和碰撞恢复系数e_ss对风沙运动的影响.结果显示:动力黏度μ_s,kin影响沙床面起沙率,动量交换系数β影响输沙率沿流程的变化,碰撞恢复系数e_ss影响输沙量的垂向分布.利用研究得到的参数,模拟风沙流运动,并与已有的诸多实验和数值模拟结果对比,结果吻合较好,说明该参数的选取可以有效地模拟风沙流运动.     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风沙流结构变异

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面气流和输沙率的野外观测和分析结果表明,沙丘表面约90%的风沙输移集中在距沙面0.10 m高度范围内,输沙率随高度递减的形式在沙丘各部位因风速、下垫面状况和坡面形态不同而发生变异。沙丘迎风坡坡脚因出露坚硬、含砾石地表,颗粒跃移高度大,风沙流上层相对输沙率大;迎风坡沙粒沿坡向上运动,颗粒跃移高度减小,风沙流中近地表相对输沙率大;沙丘背风坡沙粒沿坡向下运动,加之来自丘顶变型跃移物质的影响,风沙流上层相对输沙率较大;脊线受迎风坡各个断面地形差异的影响,各观测点间风沙流结构差异显著。风沙流结构在迎风坡和丘顶均遵循指数递减规律(Q=aexp(-z/b)),其中,指数函数拟合中系数a与输沙率具有良好的幂函数关系,随风速增加而增加,但二者关系较弱;b与二者无相关性。背风坡风沙流结构具有明显的分段现象,以0.10 m高度为界,下层符合指数函数,上层符合幂函数。     

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WIND-BLOWN SAND FLUX IN THE SURFACE LAYER,TAKLAMAKAN DESERT,CENTRAL ASIA

The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in a 40-cm flow layer above the ground surface was investigated through laboratory wind-tunnel tests and field measurements on the mobile dune surface during sand storms in the Taklamakan Desert of China. Results show that vertical distribution of the horizontal mass flux of drifting sand is a discontinuous function of height. More than 90% of the total material is transported in the flow layer from the surface to 14 cm. From 2 to 4 cm above the surface, a distinct transition zone occurs wherein mixed transport by creep, saltation, and suspension becomes saltation and suspension. The flow layer from 14 to 15 cm represents a further transition from saltation to suspension, where the distribution curves of the transport rate against height converge. The basic natural exponential function cannot describe well the vertical distribution of the saltation mass flux in the Taklamakan Desert. As a function of height, saltation mass flux follows a function q_salt = a'Z^-bZ, and the distribution of suspension mass flux fits the power function very well. A total transport rate from surface creep to saltation and suspension in the measured flow layer, which is directly proportional to the effective wind speed squared (V - V_t)², can be predicted by integrating Q = a'Z^-bZ + cZ^-d. The height distribution of the average quantities of transported materials varies as an exponential function of wind speed, and deceases with the increase in total transport quantity. Higher wind speed results in a higher transport rate and a higher vertical gradient for the particle concentration. The increment of relative transport quantity in the higher flux layer increases as wind speed increases, which generates a higher concentration of drifting particles in the upper flow layer. [Key words: aeolian geomorphology, aeolian transport, horizontal sand flux, sand dune, vertical sediment distribution, Taklamakan Desert.]     

半干旱区不同类型沙丘风沙流结构特征

采用两种阶梯式集沙仪和小型气象站于2017年4—5月对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘0~75 cm气流层风沙流的总输沙量、输沙率、粒径组成分布和风蚀特征值进行了观测。结果表明：（1）随着高度增加,总输沙量下降,随着风速增加,总输沙量上升;92.20%~95.60%的输沙量发生在0~21 cm高度。（2）总输沙率（Q）流动沙丘>半固定沙丘>固定沙丘,将Q与地上200 cm风速进行函数拟合,流动沙丘幂函数最佳（R²=0.986）,半固定（R²=0.990）和固定沙丘（R²=0.956）指数函数最佳。（3）将各高度的输沙率与地上200 cm风速进行函数拟合,流动沙丘（R²≥0.905）和半固定沙丘（R²≥0.968）拟合度幂函数好于指数函数,固定沙丘（R²≥0.923）指数函数优于幂函数。（4）在一定高度下,3类沙丘输沙率均随着风速的增加而增加;在一定风速下,输沙率随着高度的增加而逐渐递减。（5）3类沙丘的特征值随着风速的增加呈现出逐渐递增的趋势;流动沙丘以λ>1为主,表现出持续侵蚀输送沙粒的能力;半固定沙丘当风速>9.0 m·s^-1时逐渐出现侵蚀状态;固定沙丘以λ<1为主,近地表风沙以堆积状态为主。（6）3类沙丘主要由粒径为0.1~0.25 mm的细沙构成,在0~30 cm高度,细沙占输沙量的50.09%~85.11%,在30~75 cm高度,细沙占输沙量的43.53%~75.53%。