Mapping Curvilinear Structures with Local Anisotropy Kriging

Interpolating geo-data with curvilinear structures using geostatistics is often disappointing. Channels, for example, become disconnected sets of lakes when interpolated from point data. In order to improve the interpolation of geological structures (e.g., curvilinear structures), we present a new form of kriging, local anisotropy kriging (LAK). Local anisotropy kriging combines a gradient algorithm from image analysis with kriging in an iterative way. After an initial standard kriging interpolation, the gradient algorithm determines the local anisotropy for each cell in the grid using a search area around the cell. Subsequently, kriging is carried out with the spatially varying anisotropy. The anisotropy calculation and subsequent kriging steps will then succeed until the result is satisfactory in the way of reproducing the curvilinear structures. Depending on the size of the search area more or less detail in the geological structures can be reproduced with LAK. Using test examples we show that LAK interpolates data with curvilinear structures more realistically than standard kriging. In a real world case, using bathymetric data of the Oosterschelde estuary, LAK also proves to be quantitatively superior to standard kriging. Absolute interpolation errors are decreased by 23%. Local anisotropy kriging only uses information from point data, which makes the method very objective, it only presents “what the data can tell.”     

Neighborhood discontinuities in bivariate interpolation of scattered observations

Because of the need for computational efficiency, bivariate interpolation methods applied to scattered observations often involve two stages. Initially the variable is estimated at regular grid nodes using a running subset of data (usually of fixed number). This, however, will produce discontinuities in the interpolated surface. Thus a second stage, curvilinear interpolation technique, is applied to estimated values to smooth out the effect of discontinuities. Such problems can be overcome efficiently in processing large data sets by interpolating over natural neighbor subsets. Interpolation procedures that generate discontinuities in the interpolated surface are inappropriate for geological applications, where dislocations due to structural complications may be present.     

基于不同邻域系统的马尔可夫链模型的储层岩相随机模拟

针对在油气储层随机模拟中马尔可夫链模型的不同方向的转移概率矩阵求取困难的问题,提出一种二维剖面中不同方向的转移概率矩阵求取方法,这种方法的提出使得不同阶次的各向同性和各向异性的邻域系统的转移概率矩阵的求取变得容易可行。随后,对不同邻域系统的马尔可夫链模型采用蒙特卡罗抽样方法进行了储层岩相随机模拟试验。最后比较了不同邻域系统岩相模拟的结果并探讨了在储层研究中的适用性。     

Smoothing and interpolation by kriging and with splines

Let scalar measurements at distinct points x₁, , x_n be y₁, , y_n.We may look for a smooth function f(x)that goes through or near the points (x_i, y_i).Kriging assumes f(x)is a random function with known (possibly estimable) covariance function (in the simplest case). Splines assume a definition of the smoothness of a nonrandom function f(x).An elementary explanation is given of the fact that spline approximations are special cases of the solution of a kriging problem.     

基于不同插值方法的地下水等值线图绘制研究

将SURFER软件应用到地下水位等值线图绘制中,并以希尼尔水库为例,研究采用不同插值方法下SURFER软件绘制等值线图的差异,提出了不同插值方法的适用范围。     

Transformation of Residuals to Avoid Artifacts in Geostatistical Modelling with a Trend

Trend modelling is an important part of natural resource characterization. A common approach to account for a variable with a trend is to decompose it into a relatively smoothly varying trend and a more variable residual component. Then, the residuals are stochastically modelled independent of the trend. This decomposition can result in values outside the plausible range of variability, such as grades below zero or ratios that exceed 1.0. We transform the residuals conditional to the trend component to explicitly remove these complex features prior to geostatistical modelling. Back transformation of the modelled residual values allows the complex relations to be reproduced. A petroleum-related application shows the robustness of the proposed transformation. Furthermore, a mining application shows that when this conditional transformation is applied to the original variable, instead of the residual, simulated values are assured to be nonnegative.     

The FFT Moving Average (FFT-MA) Generator: An Efficient Numerical Method for Generating and Conditioning Gaussian Simulations

A fast Fourier transform (FFT) moving average (FFT-MA) method for generating Gaussian stochastic processes is derived. Using discrete Fourier transforms makes the calculations easy and fast so that large random fields can be produced. On the other hand, the basic moving average frame allows us to uncouple the random numbers from the structural parameters (mean, variance, correlation length, ... ), but also to draw the randomness components in spatial domain. Such features impart great flexibility to the FFT-MA generator. For instance, changing only the random numbers gives distinct realizations all having the same covariance function. Similarly, several realizations can be built from the same random number set, but from different structural parameters. Integrating the FFT-MA generator into an optimization procedure provides a tool theoretically capable to determine the random numbers identifying the Gaussian field as well as the structural parameters from dynamic data. Moreover, all or only some of the random numbers can be perturbed so that realizations produced using the FFT-MA generator can be locally updated through an optimization process.     

地层数字制图中纵、横分界线控制搜索新算法

针对目前地层数字连线中处理地层缺失和倒转困难的问题,考虑6种地层缺失和倒转情形,提出了纵、横向结合地层分界线控制点搜索算法。将剖面图绘制视为一个多层地层区域组合叠加的过程,在保持地层连续性的前提下兼顾各地层相互之间的影响,有效处理了地层倒转、缺失问题,在此基础上提出一种增加虚拟点、微调已有点的新算法。结合3次样条插值函数,对绘制出的剖面图进行修正,实现了地层光滑连线,达到了地层无缝、无重叠组合的效果。将提出的复杂地层连线新方法应用于广东梅河高速公路工程数字制图中,构造出的地层分布图像准确性好,比较符合实际,可以为工程的勘察、设计和施工提供参考。     

MAPSUV数字测图成果3D模拟系统的设计

数字测图系统在城市地理信息系统建设中有着广泛的应用.根据MAPSUV生成的SUV文件数据, 基于二维电子地图的平面位置, 通过虚拟现实技术, 直接将测量得到的地物空间、属性信息直观清晰地显示成三维虚拟地图, 从而实现测图成果的表现方式由二维到三维的转变.对数字测图成果三维模拟系统的设计原则整体结构、数据组织、系统功能做了详细的探讨.介绍了系统数据源、数据处理、模型库和纹理库建立以及三维可视化成果图的显示和输出.该系统集成了GIS、VRML、测绘等理论和技术, 具有数据建模, 场景漫游、属性查询等功能, 再现了二维数字地图的三维景观.测图成果3D模拟系统建模周期短, 工作量小, 可应用于城市规划、测绘、交通等许多领域.      

高精度地面核磁共振数据正演计算

为高精度、快速地完成地面核磁共振信号的正演模拟,借助连分式插值技术对积分核函数利用尽可能少的节点上的值进行插值计算。核函数的积分采用高斯求积公式。对自由空间中单层含水层地面核磁共振响应的数值模拟结果表明,结合插值与高斯积分,能精确、高效地获得地面核磁共振信号。     

固结问题的非线性局部点插值法解研究

局部点插值法是一种新型的无单元法,该法构造出的位移和孔隙水压力的形函数具有 函数特性,所以,本质边界条件很易处理。首先,介绍了基本理论,给出求解比奥固结问题的主要公式。其次,对复层软基堆载引起的固结和沉降问题作了计算,其中节点采用均匀分布方式,且为了考虑土体的非线性特性计算程序中耦合了邓肯-张模型。最后,把计算值与有限元法、一维固结理论计算结果进行了对比。结果表明该法精度高,令人满意。     

Control-Volume Discretization Method for Quadrilateral Grids with Faults and Local Refinements

This paper extends the multipoint flux-approximation (MPFA) control-volume method to quadrilateral grids for which the adjacent cells do not necessarily share corners. Examples are grids with faults and locally refined grids. This paper gives a derivation of the method for such grids. The difference between two-point flux-approximation (TPFA) results and MPFA results for faults and local grid refinements is demonstrated for synthetic problems. Further, the results are compared with results from uniform fine-grid simulations. The effect of repeated fault patterns as well as anisotropy is investigated. Large errors may be found for the TPFA method for flow through a series of faults in an anisotropic medium. Finally, a comparison is done for a reservoir field application.     

承压稳定井流计算的无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin法

本文基于移动最小二乘形函数和加权残量法,针对承压稳定井流问题,构造了无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin法,并对井点采用了控制面积法。通过具体模型计算显示,该方法实施过程简单,又有较高的精度。     

壁面局部接触裂隙岩体水流-传热的一种理论模型及计算分析

核废物地质处置、地热开发、石油开采等工程领域都可能涉及稀疏裂隙岩体中的水流-传热过程。现有的裂隙岩体水流-传热理论模型和计算方法基本上都是以平行光滑壁面裂隙模型为基础的,没有考虑裂隙的壁面局部接触对水流、水-岩热交换以及岩体传热的影响。针对粗糙壁面裂隙水流过程,阐述了基于Stokes方程的Reynolds润滑方程及Hele-Shaw裂隙模型,采用MATLAB软件中的PDE工具求解,并与Walsh的等效水力开度公式进行对比;分析壁面局部接触裂隙水流-传热与填充裂隙水流-传热的相似性,提出了瞬时局部热平衡假设的适用条件,并在裂隙局部接触体传热满足Biot数条件的前提下,计算分析裂隙局部接触体与水流之间的局部热平衡时间及其影响因素;在裂隙局部接触体与水流之间满足瞬时热平衡假设的前提下,利用填充裂隙水流-传热的解析解,计算了壁面局部接触裂隙水及两侧岩石的温度分布,并分析了裂隙局部接触面积率、裂隙开度、裂隙水平均流速对岩石温度和裂隙水温度的影响特征,结果表明：（1）在设定条件下,由于裂隙局部接触体与裂隙水流之间的热交换,裂隙水流对其两侧岩石温度的影响范围随接触面积率的增大而减小,裂隙两侧岩石对裂隙水流温度的影响程度随接触面积率的增大而增大;（2）裂隙开度和裂隙水流速对岩石温度和裂隙水温度的影响方式的影响是一致的,即由于裂隙水流量随裂隙开度和裂隙水流速的增大而增大,裂隙水流对其两侧岩石温度的影响范围随裂隙开度和裂隙水流速的增大而增大,裂隙两侧岩石对裂隙水流温度的影响程度随裂隙开度和裂隙水流速的增大而减小。     

连续自动再生化学抑制-离子色谱法测定石膏及其制品中的氟和氯

测定石膏及其制品中的氟化物和氯化物,传统分析方法过程复杂,分析速度慢,准确度及灵敏度低。本文采用超声提取技术提取样品中的氟和氯,以Na2CO3-Na HCO3作为淋洗液,色谱柱分离后通过抑制器降低背景电导,用电导检测器进行检测。通过优化样品前处理和离子色谱分离条件,在测定范围内氟和氯的含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(相关系数0.9998),方法检测限为0.15 ng/m L(氟)和0.28 ng/m L(氯),加标回收率为95.0%~99.7%,精密度(RSD)均小于5%(n=8)。本方法采用超声提取技术,无需净化处理即可直接分析,半小时内完成前处理,且避免了目标分析物的损失。与离子选择电极法相比,检测限由μg/m L提升至ng/m L级别。     

辐射井在强透水弱调节含水层地下水开采中的应用

本文通过在强透水弱调节含水层研究区建立了地下水流数模型、并在研究区域进行数值模拟计算的基础上,分析了不同取水构筑物的取水效果.得出了强透水弱调节含水层地下水采用辐射井开采的优越性和辐射井的设计参数,总结出辐射井是开采强透水弱调节含水层较为合理的取水构筑物.     

碘化钾-甲基异丁基甲酮萃取-火焰原子吸收分光光度法连续测定地球化学样品中痕量银镉铊

研究了碘化钾-甲基异丁基甲酮（KI—MIBK）萃取-火焰原子吸收分光光度法连续测定地球化学样品中痕量银、镉和铊的主要条件。通过对火焰原子吸收分光光度计气路控制系统及雾化器的改进，较大地改善了萃取-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定银、镉和铊的稳定性和灵敏度。选择萃取酸度为1．2mol／L HCl、水相和有机相体积配比为3：1～4：1，方法精密度（RSD，n=12）为Ag4．5％～9．6％、Cd1．5％～7．9％、T14．5％～5．4％，检出限（3s）为Ag0．004μg/g、Cd0．007μg／g、T10．011μg/g，符合多目标地球化学调查样品测试及质量监控要求。用国家一级标准物质和密码组合标准物质进行验证，测试结果令人满意。     

波动方程模拟P ML吸收影响因素分析

地震数值模拟中,完全匹配层( PML)边界能有效地吸收衰减地震波,得到无边界反射干扰的波场快照和地震记录。在前人研究的基础上,进一步分析了分裂完全匹配层( SPML)的衰减机制,通过波动方程模拟,分析了震源主频、空间网格间距、介质速度等参数对SPML边界吸收衰减特征的影响。得到了不同条件下,PML边界对地震波的吸收效果。通过分析对比,得出了震源主频对PML吸收效果无直接影响,空间网格间距与PML吸收效果成反比,高速层PML吸收效果缓慢等结论。并通过Marmousi2模型测算,对结论进行了验证。最后给出了复杂模型、不同尺度数值模拟中SPML参数的选取方法,为地震数值模拟中SPML边界参数的定量选取奠定了基础。     

用BATS模型模拟径流的个例研究

为了解陆气间水热交换在径表成中的作用,本文采用ＢＡＴＳ模型模拟了淮河流域山区和平原在１９９１年汛期５０天的暴雨洪水过程,计算了径流,土壤温度和感热,通量,并用常规的汇流计算方法得到了流域出口断量过程线。     

Particle simulation of thermally-induced rock damage with consideration of temperature-dependent elastic modulus and strength

Based on the particle simulation method, a thermo-mechanical coupling particle model is proposed for simulating thermally-induced rock damage. In this model, rock material is simulated as an assembly of particles, which are connected to each other through their bonds, in the case of simulating mechanical deformation, but connected to each other through thermal pipes in the case of simulating heat conduction. The main advantages of using this model are that: (1) microscopic parameters of this model can be directly determined from the related macroscopic ones; (2) the temperature-dependent elastic modulus and strength are considered in an explicit manner, so that thermally-induced rock damage can be realistically simulated in a thermo-mechanical coupling problem. The related simulation results from an application example have demonstrated that: (1) the proposed model can produce similar behaviors to those observed in experiments; (2) the final failure is initiated from the outer surface of the testing sample and propagates toward the borehole; (3) microscopic crack initiation and propagation processes can be reasonably simulated at the cooling stage.