共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The relative height of the seafloor can be estimated by using two vertically displaced receivers. In this paper, we propose techniques to improve the accuracy of the estimated height. Our results are based on the use of synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) imaging, which implies coherent addition of complex images acquired from a moving platform. The SAS processing improves the along-track (or azimuth) resolution, as well as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which in turn improves the estimated height accuracy. We show that the shift of the effective center frequency induced by coherent, frequency-dependent scattering affect the time-delay estimates from complex cross correlations, and we propose a correction technique for broadband signals with uneven magnitude spectra. To reduce the effect of geometrical decorrelation and increase the coherence between the images, we beamform the sonar images onto an a priori estimate of the seafloor height before correlating. We develop a mathematical model for the imaging geometry. Finally, we demonstrate our proposed estimators by providing relative seafloor height estimates from real aperture and SAS images, obtained during the InSAS-2000 experiment at Elba Island in Italy. In particular, we demonstrate that the SAS image quality is significantly improved by inclusion of the height estimates as a priori information. 相似文献
2.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(3):205-206
The eight papers in this special issue focus on synthetic aperture sonar. The focus is on signal processing and performance characterization for synthetic aperture imaging sonars, with emphasis on systems that operate in stripmap mode--a monostatic approach utilizing broadside beams, and which represents the majority of designs currently seeing practical application. 相似文献
3.
It is shown that azimuthal ambiguities are not eliminated by the nulls of a sonar (or radar) beam pattern and have a definite influence on image quality. In synthetic aperture systems that are strongly limited in spatial sampling, particularly in ocean borne synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), azimuthal ambiguities will corrupt the images unless special measures are taken. These azimuthal aliases may be reduced by emphasizing the centermost portion of the available synthetic aperture length, and deemphasizing the endmost portions. This minimizes the effects from synthetic array elements that most strongly contribute to aliases 相似文献
4.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(3):262-268
5.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(3):250-261
6.
Mean–Standard Deviation Representation of Sonar Images for Echo Detection: Application to SAS Images
This paper addresses the detection of underwater mines echoes with application to synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) imaging. A detection method based on local first- and second-order statistical properties of the sonar images is proposed. It consists of mapping the data onto the mean-standard deviation plane highlighting these properties. With this representation, an adaptive thresholding of the data enables the separation of the echoes from the reverberation background. The procedure is automated using an entropy criterion (setting of a threshold). Applied on various SAS data sets containing both proud and buried mines, the proposed method positively compares to the conventional amplitude threshold detection method. The performances are evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. 相似文献
7.
Synthetic Aperture Sonar: A Review of Current Status 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(3):207-224
8.
de Heering P. Simmer K.U. Ochieng-Ogolla E. Wasiljeff A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1994,19(1):73-83
Conventional processing of synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) data is equivalent to a two-dimensional matched filter operation. In principle, two-dimensional deconvolution improves the resolution of the processed image. However, its direct implementation is generally impractical, due to numerical problems. The paper discusses the development of iterative algorithms that efficiently perform the deconvolution of broadband synthetic aperture data and gives examples of their application. It is concluded that, in many cases, the proposed approach is preferable to more classical solutions 相似文献
9.
The Cramer-Rao lower bounds on the cross-track translation and rotation of a displaced phase-center antenna (DPCA) in the slant range plane between two successive pings (known as DPCA sway and yaw in what follows) are computed, assuming statistically homogeneous backscatter. These bounds are validated using experimental data from a 118-182-kHz sonar, showing an accuracy of the order of 20 microns on the ping-to-ping cross-track displacements. Next, the accuracy required on the DPCA sway and yaw in order to achieve a given synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) beampattern specification, specified by the expected SAS array gain, is computed as a function of the number P of pings in the SAS. Higher accuracy is required when P increases to counter the accumulation of errors during the integration of the elementary ping-to-ping estimates: the standard deviation must decrease as P/sup -1/2/ for the DPCA sway and P/sup -3/2/ for the yaw. Finally, by combining the above results, the lower bounds on DPCA micronavigation accuracy are established. These bounds set an upper limit to the SAS length achievable in practice. The maximum gain Q in cross-range resolution achievable by a DPCA micronavigated SAS is computed as a function of the key SAS parameters. These theoretical predictions are compared with simulations and experimental results. 相似文献
10.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(4):485-494
11.
Afif Belkacem Kamel Besbes Jacques Chatillon Manell E. Zakharia 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2006,31(3):614-627
The paper deals with a new concept of imaging technique based on planar synthetic aperture sonar (P-SAS). P-SAS processing takes advantage of the overlap of both ping-to-ping and track to track footprints to improve the imaging resolution in both directions. After describing the method, its implementation is discussed. The exact implementation [three-dimensional (3-D)] is defined and an approximated and faster approach [2timestwo-dimensional (2-D)] is then proposed. The gain in computation time and the possible loss in performances (resolutions, echo amplitude) are investigated by simulating a simple point target. The point spread function is studied in details. The new concept is finally validated by tank experiments (scale about 100) for both proud and buried target imaging 相似文献
12.
The processing requirements and resolution capabilities of both side-look sonar (SLS) and synthetic-aperture sonar (SAS) systems are outlined. Side-look sonar is presented as a real-beam imaging technique along with expressions for relevant system- and image-related parameters. Synthetic-aperture sonar is discussed, and the limitations imposed by the speed of sound in the ocean environment are identified. A specific side-look system (SeaMARC I) is presented under two configurations and comparable SAS designs are proposed. Based on the examples provided by the SeaMARC I system and the hypothetical SAS designs, it is shown that single-beam SAS systems can be designed to achieve area coverage rates comparable to single-beam side-scan systems, yet with improved azimuth resolution 相似文献
13.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(3):294-306
14.
Pinto M.A. Bellettini A. Hollett R. Tesei A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(3):484-494
Results from two field experiments aimed at investigating the detection and classification of buried targets are presented. In both experiments a 2-16-kHz parametric source was used. In the first experiment, the source was used in combination with a 12-m horizontal line array and in the second with a 1.4-m vertical line array which was displaced horizontally along an underwater rail to form a 10 m /spl times/ 1.4 m two-dimensional synthetic aperture sonar (SAS). To increase the SAS integration time, the parametric source was electronically scanned in azimuth during the displacement along the rail, as in spotlight mode. It is shown that both arrays allow important signal-to-reverberation gains, enhancing the detection of sub-bottom echoes. A new, environmentally adaptive, matched filter which further improves the signal to reverberation ratio while allowing discrimination between proud and buried targets is presented and validated experimentally. The use of resonant scattering for target classification of buried objects is discussed, in the particular case of spherical shells. 相似文献
15.
Williams K.L. Henyey F.S. Rouseff D. Reynolds S.A. Ewart T.E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2001,26(1):102-112
An experiment was carried out over a nine day period from August 18 to 27, 1996 to examine acoustic wave propagation in random media at frequencies applicable to synthetic aperture sonar. The objective was to test experimentally the hypothesized imaging effects of variations in the sound speed along two different acoustic paths as put forth by F.S. Henyey et al. (1997). The focus of this paper is on describing the experiment and carrying out an initial analysis of the data in the context of the effect of ocean internal waves on imaging resolution. The oceanography is summarized to the extent needed to discuss important aspects relative to the acoustics experiment. In the acoustics experiment transmissions at 6, 20, 75, and 129 kHz between sources and receiver arrays were carried out. Source to receiver separation was about 815 m. All sources and receivers were mounted on bottom-deployed towers and were at least 9 m off the seafloor. The analysis concentrates on the 75-kHz data acquired during one day of the experiment. The time span examined Is sufficient to examine a diurnal tidal cycle of the oceanographic conditions. The results indicate the IW phase perturbations would have a significant effect on imaging for even the most benign conditions of the experiment if no autofocusing scheme is used. Also, though autofocusing should be useful in recovering the focus for these conditions, there are conditions (e.g., for the path that has a turning point at the thermocline and during times when solibores are present), where more sophisticated compensation schemes would be needed 相似文献
16.
The advantages of using wideband sonar systems in underwater acoustical imaging by means of synthetic aperture (side-looking) sonars are described and illustrated through simulation examples. The simulations are conducted for two cases of sonar platform motion: perfect trajectory and disturbed trajectory. Several schemes used for wideband synthetic aperture processing are investigated and their relative merits (resolution and complexity) in the case of both disturbed and perfect trajectories are evaluated. Quantitative image evaluation is initially achieved through the evaluation of performance as regards resolution. The problems involved in the definition of the image quality are discussed 相似文献
17.
为提高我国海底掩埋目标的探查技术,以适应不断发展的探测需求,文章综述了现有三维合成孔径声呐在海底掩埋目标探查中的应用现状,并对关键技术的发展方向进行了展望。结果表明:尽管三维合成孔径声呐在海底掩埋目标探查中具有较大的技术优势,但是由于技术难度大、复杂程度高,可提供成熟商用设备的单位仅有两家,中科探海研发的三维合成孔径声呐系统多项核心技术指标领先。运动误差估计和补偿技术,掩埋目标特征提取和识别分类算法,多通道大规模数据并行处理算法等关键技术将成为三维合成孔径声呐系统未来的发展方向。 相似文献
18.
Chatillon J. Adams A.E. Lawlor M.A. Zakharia M.E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1999,24(1):4-15
The objective of the Synthetic Aperture Mapping and Imaging (SAMI) project was to develop and to test at sea a wide-band synthetic aperture sonar prototype, capable of providing high-resolution seafloor images together with bathymetry maps. This system used the motion of a physically small array in order to synthesize a longer array, providing images with an across-track resolution independent of both range and transmit frequency. Such systems are clearly very relevant to the high-precision long-range (low-frequency) imaging of the sea bottom. The project has led to the construction of a prototype tested at sea on several well-known areas for comparison with existing images and maps. These areas included several types of sea bottom, depths, and geological structures. The results obtained in real time, on-board ship, have shown the relevance of the proposed wide-band techniques. The many profiles produced have provided high-resolution images and maps of various seafloors. Interpretation by geologists showed that the system was capable of providing the same or finer detail than a deep-sea short-range, high-frequency system and maintained a higher resolution over a wider swath. The sea data processed have shown that the system provided maps with a cubic meter voxel. The resolution cell is constant over the whole range (50 to 2500 m) thanks to the dynamic focusing of the synthetic aperture. Postprocessing of a part of the data stored during the experiments has been carried out in the laboratory. This work has shown that techniques such as autofocusing can give an increase in resolution (i.e., gain in contrast and resolution of about 3 dB). The results displayed in the paper show the relevance of the techniques developed to the provision of a complete high-performance imaging tool for the oceanographic community 相似文献
19.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(4):476-484
20.
三维成像雷达高度计(China Imaging Altimeter,CIALT)是中科院空间中心在传统高度计的基础上,结合偏离天底点观测技术与高度跟踪测量技术、合成孔径技术和干涉技术发展起来的新型雷达高度计.其中,偏离天底点技术是为了增大刈幅宽度,高度跟踪技术是为了兼容海陆信息的观测,合成孔径技术是为了增加方位向分辨率,干涉技术是为了测量像素点的高程值.CIALT相当于是一部Ku波段、小于5°入射角的SAR,它的成像机理与SAR和InSAR基本相似,同时也能够达到传统高度计那样的厘米量级的精确度.但是,CIALT的入射角小于5°,它发射的电磁波不满足发生Bragg散射和二尺度散射的条件,只能发生准镜面散射.因此,CIALT不能完全应用SAR的一些遥感机理和研究算法,但是可以在SAR的研究基础上发展自己的遥感机理和研究算法.CIALT技术主要是解决增加有效测量点和减小时间间隔的问题,它满足了现代海洋研究与应用对于海洋参数采样空间间隔和时间间隔的要求.它在海洋三维立体成像、海洋大地水准面、洋流、中尺度涡、海面风场、海浪和潮汐等方面有良好的应用前景. 相似文献