时段平均输沙率计算方法探讨

以流量和含沙量在时段内呈线性变化，而输沙率应是二次函数为出发点，用积分的方法推导出时段平均输沙率的计算公式，认为采用这套公式计算日平均输沙率和日平均小于某粒径沙重百分数是合理和实用的。可以提高成果的准确性。     

两个计算日平均输沙率公式的比较

流量和含沙量一日内变化都很大时,如何计算日平均输沙率,《水文测验手册》第三册(水利出版社,1980年)第105至106页给出了式(10-38)及式(10-39)两种计算方法。式(10-38)较为简便,只要时段取得合理,可以得到令人满意的计算成果。式(10-39)不但计算较繁,而且往往有较大的系统误差。现讨论如下。     

水量法插补未采样时刻含沙量

介绍了水量法插补未采样时刻含沙量的原理方法，以实测资料为准对比了各种插补方法的误差及精度，简化了日平均输沙率的计算，提高了工作效率。     

單位水样含沙量采样位置的选擇及与断面平均含沙量之关系

“水文测站暂行规范”规定输沙率测验的目的,在于精确测定通过测流断面的实际输沙率,并据以计算断面平均含沙量。單位水样含沙量取样目的在于掌握河流含沙量的变化过程,再根据它和断面平均含沙量的关系计算流经某一断面的     

用部分流量权重法推算断面平均含沙量方法的探讨

水文测验中输沙率测验工作是一项非常繁琐而费时的工作，针对不同类型的测验断面试图探讨一种利用部分流量权重法推算断面平均含沙量的方法．以便比较完整掌握断面平均含沙量变化过程，增加断沙测验次数，提高断沙测验精度。供生产和实际工作中应用。     

实测悬移质泥沙年输沙量改正方法

在悬移质泥沙测验中,由于无法测到近底层悬移质含沙量(简称近底悬沙),因此使实际测算的输沙率(主要是床沙质部分)与真实值不符,往往相差较大。从而使年输沙量的成果精度受到影响,必须予以改正。改正年输沙量的问题,实质上是如何改正床沙质输沙率的问题。对此,以往研究较多的是解析法。由于解析法理论上不够完善,在运用该法进行计算所引用的天然河道比降,又往往不易准确观测,计算所得输沙率改正值往往误差过大,该法很难实际应用。因此,我们曾对经验法,即根据本站较精密的资料来进行改正计算作了研究,但由于如何计算概化垂线上的测点流速、含沙量与颗粒级配才能使垂线平均与断面平均     

黄河内蒙古河段平滩流量与有效输沙流量关系

从水沙组合的角度出发,建立了基于水沙二维向量组合的频率统计方法,并在此基础上提出了有效输沙流量的计算方法。根据黄河内蒙古河段巴彦高勒站1954-2006年日水沙资料及汛后平滩流量资料,采用上述有效输沙流量计算方法计算得到了各年有效输沙流量及相应含沙量组合,进而分析了平滩流量与有效输沙流量及有效来沙系数之间的关系。结果表明,巴彦高勒站平滩流量调整分别受到包括当年在内的前期12年来水来沙条件的影响。     

湘西大龙洞地下河流域水土流失特征及其对水库工程的影响

用人工断面法和流量堰法测流,高密度采集水样,在室内用称重法测得水体含沙量,对大龙洞地下河出口及其邻近地表河、地下河上游地表河段进行同步输沙特征监测,以为拟建的大龙洞水库泥沙淤积评价提供依据。两个水文年的研究结果均显示,地下河与地表河输沙率呈同步变化特征,平均悬移质输沙模数分别为37. 26～ 58. 33 t /km2 · a 和56. 82～ 76. 80 t /km2· a ,最大日平均输沙率分别为540 mg /L和890 mg /L,说明地下河空间以大型岩溶管道为主,连通性好,系统水力坡度大,对泥沙输出和减轻地下空间淤积有利。最大日平均输沙率均与最大流量峰值对应,说明水土流失主要发生在暴雨期间。选择流域内三种典型生态环境类型,进行原位水土流失观测,获得场雨产流过程和坡面流输沙率变化情况。结果显示,三种类型的平均悬移质输沙模数为65. 35～ 884. 78 t /km2· a ,暴雨期间准森林类最大瞬时输沙率为2 926 mg / L。在此基础上,估算得到在建库条件下50年总淤积量不超过地下库容的10% ,说明水土流失造成的水库淤积程度并不严重。      

学習規范中泥沙測驗部分的一些体会

在規范中一开头我們就看到。“悬移質输沙率测驗的目的在于精确的測定测流断面的輸沙率,并据以計算断面平均含沙量”,这里提出了懸移質输沙率測驗的兩个目的,一个是为了測定通过測流断面的輸沙率,一个是为了計算断面平均含沙量。这里断面平均含沙量是从輸沙率測驗中得来的,过去我們的断面平均含沙量則是几个     

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数指数变化规律

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数关系与不平衡输沙理论是对河道不平衡输沙同一物理现象的不同描述,两者既有区别也有联系。比较研究发现:对于恒定均匀流不平衡输沙过程,当输沙位于近平衡态时两者含沙量导函数表达式具有一阶近似等价性,当输沙远离平衡态时前者含沙量导函数中隐含考虑有泥沙恢复饱和系数的变化。基于两者等价性,推导建立了幂律函数指数计算表达式,表明指数随泥沙沉速、单宽流量和沿程距离而变化,且随着输移距离的增大呈指数衰减。基于前者含沙量导函数表达式结构特点,分析建立了相应泥沙恢复饱和系数变化的计算表达式。综合以上成果,改进提出了一种变幂指数的泥沙输移幂律函数计算模型。对库里·阿雷克沉沙池沿程断面输沙指数及含沙量计算结果表明,不同距离过水断面输沙指数的变化规律是合理的,含沙量计算值与实测值变化趋势基本符合。     

Mean Sea Level studies in the Aegean Sea

A study of Mean Sea Level (MSL) determination in the Aegean Sea is carried out. First, MSL values have been computed at a number of tide gauge stations. Then, Sea Surface Heights (SSHs) have been determined based on GEOSAT altimeter data of Geodetic Mission (GM). The computed SSHs were fitted to the tide gauge MSL values using a 4-parameters model. The best fitting agreement reached the level of 5cm, when GPM98A geopotential model was used as a reference surface.     

Estimating the Mean Trace Length of Rock Discontinuities

Summary Rock discontinuities appear as traces on exposures such as natural outcrops or tunnel walls. Discontinuity size which has important effects on rock mass behavior is related to trace length.  This paper presents a technique for estimating mean trace length from the observations made on finite, circular sampling windows. The method takes sampling errors into account and it requires, like existing methods using rectangular sampling windows, that the numbers of discontinuities with both ends censored, with one end observed and one end censored, and with both ends observed be known. Knowledge of the lengths of the observed traces and the distribution of trace lengths is not required. A major advantage of the proposed method over the existing methods is that it does not need sampling data about the orientation of discontinuities, i.e. the proposed method is applicable to traces with arbitrary orientation distributions.  To check the validity of the proposed method, theoretical relations between the mean trace length and the mean diameter of circular discontinuities, respectively for lognormal and negative exponential distributions of the diameter of discontinuities, are derived. The proposed method is then applied to analyze data simulated with the FracMan code, and the predicted results are compared to the corresponding theoretical solutions. The results show that the proposed method is satisfactory. Comparisons of the predicted mean trace length with the mean of observed trace lengths show that it is important to consider sampling biases when estimating mean trace length.     

基于局部均值分解的地震信号时频分解方法

在分析地震资料时,因吸收和衰减等原因,地震信号往往呈现出非稳态性。时频分解方法能将地震信号分解成多个稳态的子成分,从而为描述和分析地震信号的属性提供了便利,如短时傅里叶变换、小波分析、经验模式分解(EMD)等方法。本文引入了一种新的时频分析方法——局部均值分解(LMD)。该方法将地震信号按其时频属性分解成多个乘积分量信号(PFs),较EMD分解所得的固有模态函数(IMFs)保留了更多的局部信息,同时模态混叠效应更少。对模型数据和实际数据的处理结果验证了LMD方法能够合理地分解地震信号,更准确地描述地震资料中不同时间尺度的构造信息,为进一步的地震数据处理和解释提供参考。     

粘性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

粘性泥石流是泥石流类型中最常见也是危害最大的类型,泥石流的运动速度是泥石流的动力学参数中最重要的参数,因此准确而简洁地计算粘性泥石流的运动速度就显得非常重要。不同的泥石流地区的泥石流阻力有很大的不同:有的地区阻力较大,属于高阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较低;有的地区阻力较小,属于低阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较高。目前的粘性泥石流平均速度公式还不能兼顾计算所有地区的不同阻力类型的泥石流速度。泥石流的不均匀系数在不同的泥石流地区有很大的不同：不均匀系数小的地区阻力大,而不均匀系数大的地区阻力小,因此可以用不均匀系数划分泥石流沟的阻力特征,从而得到能兼顾所有不同地区的泥石流阻力规律。由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式,能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性,与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。由流体流动的福劳德数可以确定流动的缓急程度。一般的粘性泥石流都是急流,少数是缓流,极少数是运动速度非常缓慢的容重过大的粘性泥石流。粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式用于一般急流的粘性泥石流的速度计算结果很好,但不适用于容重过大的缓慢流动,对于缓流粘性泥石流速度计算偏大。在对泥石流的评估和治理中,平均速度公式可以用于泥石流堆积扇上游渠道中的粘性泥石流速度计算,对泥石流堆积扇上的粘性泥石流速度计算偏大,不适用于缓慢流动粘性泥石流,但在对泥石流的危害评估和治理中可以忽略缓慢流动的发生。     

中国近海平均海面变化研究

本文在分析了中国沿海各长期验潮站年平均海面具有同升同降特点的基础上,应用方差分析方法求得年平均海面变化周期为5年、11年和19年.采用11年比较法,精选13个基本验潮站,和选择接近11年平均海面差值中数的时间段,求得中国近海近期(30余年)年平均海面上升速度为1.6±0.3mm/年.该结果与国内外大多数学者研究结果相一致,但方法简单易行.     

Mean and turbulent velocity measurements of supersonic mixing layers

The behavior of supersonic mixing layers under three conditions has been examined by schlieren photography and laser Doppler velocimetry. In the schlieren photographs, some largescale, repetitive patterns were observed within the mixing layer; however, these structures do not appear to dominate the mixing layer character under the present flow conditions. It was found that higher levels of secondary freestream turbulence did not increase the peak turbulence intensity observed within the mixing layer, but slightly increased the growth rate. Higher levels of freestream turbulence also reduced the axial distance required for development of the mean velocity. At higher convective Mach numbers, the mixing layer growth rate was found to be smaller than that of an incompressible mixing layer at the same velocity and freestream density ratio. The increase in convective Mach number also caused a decrease in the turbulence intensity ( _u /U).List of Symbols a speed of sound - b total mixing layer thickness betweenU ₁ – 0.1U andU ₂ + 0.1U - f normalized third moment ofu-velocity,f u ³/(U)³ - g normalized triple product ofu ² v,g u ² v/(U)³ - h normalized triple product ofu v ², h uv' ²/(U)³ - l _u axial distance for similarity in the mean velocity - l _u axial distance for similarity in the turbulence intensity - M Mach number - M _c convective Mach number (for ₁=₂),M _c (U ₁–U ₂)/(a ₁+a ₂) - P static pressure - r freestream velocity ratio,rU ₂/U ₁ - Re unit Reynolds number,Re U/ - s freestream density ratio,s ₂/ ₁ - T _t total temperature - u instantaneous streamwise velocity - u deviation ofu-velocity,u u–U - U local mean streamwise velocity - U ₁ primary freestream velocity - U ₂ secondary freestream velocity - U average of freestream velocities, ¯U (U ₁ +U ₂)/2 - U freestream velocity difference,U U ₁ –U ₂ - v instantaneous transverse velocity - v deviation ofv-velocity,v v – V - V local mean transverse velocity - x streamwise coordinate - y transverse coordinate - y ₀ transverse location of the mixing layer centerline - ensemble average - ratio of specific heats - boundary layer thickness (y-location at 99.5% of free-stream velocity) - similarity coordinate, (y –y ₀)/b - compressible boundary layer momentum thickness - viscosity - density - standard deviation - dimensionless velocity, (U –U ₂)/U - 1 primary stream - 2 secondary stream A version of this paper was presented at the 11th Symposium on Turbulence, October 17–19, 1988, University of Missouri-Rolla     

TOPMODEL中平均地下水深计算方法的研究与应用

原TOPMODEL结构中流域平均地下水深计算缺乏物理意义,缺水深系统偏小,带来水量平衡的误差。本文对TOPMODEL中平均地下水深计算展开分析,讨论原TOPMODEL中平均地下水深计算产生负值的现象和原因,并通过引入临界地形指数和非饱和面积地形指数均值的概念,采用新的平均地下水深计算方法应用于TOPMODEL中。分析了新的平均地下水深计算方法的解析解,并通过算例分析该方法与原方法的区别。将新的平均地下水深计算方法结合到TOPMODEL中,结果计算流域平均地下水深不再出现负值,更具物理意义,壤中流计算也更合理。     

New Prediction Models for Mean Particle Size in Rock Blast Fragmentation

The paper refers the reader to a blast data base developed in a previous study. The data base consists of blast design parameters, explosive parameters, modulus of elasticity and in situ block size. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to separate the blast data into two different groups of similarity based on the intact rock stiffness. The group memberships were confirmed by the discriminant analysis. A part of this blast data was used to train a single-hidden layer back propagation neural network model to predict mean particle size resulting from blast fragmentation for each of the obtained similarity groups. The mean particle size was considered to be a function of seven independent parameters. An extensive analysis was performed to estimate the optimum value for the number of units for the hidden layer for each of the obtained similarity groups. The blast data that were not used for training were used to validate the trained neural network models. For the same two similarity groups, multivariate regression models were also developed to predict mean particle size. Capability of the developed neural network models as well as multivariate regression models was determined by comparing predictions with measured mean particle size values and predictions based on one of the most applied fragmentation prediction models appearing in the blasting literature. Prediction capability of the trained neural network models as well as multivariate regression models was found to be strong and better than the existing most applied fragmentation prediction model. Diversity of the blasts data used is one of the most important aspects of the developed models.     

增长曲线模型均值矩阵的一种新的相对效率

对于一般增长曲线模型,当设计阵和协方差阵满足一定的条件时,均值矩阵(XBZ)的最小二乘估计(LSE)与最佳线性无偏估计(BLUE)相等,可用LSE代替BLUE。当这些条件不满足时,用LSE代替BLUE就要蒙受一些损失,有时这种损失很大,因而研究这种损失的大小显得相当重要,通常用它们协方差阵的差异来度量,从不同的准则出发,可以定义不同的相对效率,利用广义行列式定义了一种新的相对效率,并给出了它们的下界。