宁、蒙、甘交界罐罐岭发现地震地表破裂带

在宁、蒙、甘交界区的景泰小红山 (甘肃 )、罐罐岭 (内蒙古 )和沙井 (宁夏 )等地发现了年轻的地震地表破裂遗迹 ,它们与中卫小红山 -孤山子地震地表破裂一起 ,构成了一个完整的地震地表破裂带。我们将此破裂带定名为罐罐岭地震地表破裂带 ,相应的地震为罐罐岭地震 (图 1 )。图 1　罐罐岭地震地表破裂带构造位置图Ｆｉｇ .1　ＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｍａｐｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｒｕｐｔｕｒｅｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＧｕａｎｇｕａｎｌｉｎｇｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ.罐罐岭地震地表破裂带位于青藏块体东北缘古浪 -中卫活动构造带的中段。破裂带西起甘肃省景泰县陶家山北侧 ,东至宁夏中卫县孤山子北缘 ,全长 6 0ｋｍ左右 ,由 5条不连续的次级断层组成。这些次级断层长短不一 ,长者 2 0ｋｍ ,短者不足 6ｋｍ ,彼此呈左阶排列关系 ,阶区显示为洼地或盆地地貌。自西向东将这些断层依次命名为景泰小红山次级断层、罐罐岭次级断层、沙井次级断层、中卫小红山次级断层以及青山 -孤山子次级断层。罐罐岭地震地表破裂带总体走向ＮＥＥ ,次级断层走向ＥＷ或ＮＷＷ。地貌上显示为清楚的地震断层陡坎、水系以及山脊左旋错     

2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义

野外调查表明,青海玉树MS7.1地震发生在青藏高原中部甘孜—玉树断裂的玉树段上,在玉树县结古镇至隆宝镇之间产生了一系列包括剪切破裂、张剪切破裂、压剪切破裂、张性破裂及其不连续岩桥区出现的鼓包或陷落坑(拉分盆地)、高寒地区特有的冰裂缝等地表破裂单元,它们斜列组合成整体走向约300°、长约65 km、最大同震左旋位移2.4m的地表破裂带,具有变形局部化的基本特征.玉树地震地表破裂带整体上可划分为长约15 km的结隆次级地表破裂带和长约31 km的结古次级地表破裂带,两者呈左阶羽列,其间无地表破裂段长约17 km,对应于Mw6.4和Mw6.9两个次级地震事件.地表破裂类型、基本组合特征等显示出甘孜—玉树断裂两盘块体的运动方式以纯剪切的左旋走滑为主,从一个方面反映了青藏高原物质存在着向东的逃逸和挤出现象.     

1850年西昌地震地表破裂带

着重从1850年西昌地震的地表破裂带调查入手,通过对地表破裂的分布特征、几何特征以及与各次级断层的关系的研究,对这次地震的震级、震中位置和震源深度进行讨论。     

蒙古阿尔泰东缘新发现的地震地表破裂带

阿尔泰构造带的活动断裂主要为NW—NNW向。按构造位置可分为阿尔泰西缘活动断裂带、阿尔泰中央活动断裂带和阿尔泰东缘活动断裂带。阿尔泰东缘活动构造带由科布多(Hovd)活动断裂带、哈尔乌苏湖(Har Us)活动断裂带2条大型右旋走滑活动断裂和中间的挤压盆地带构成。在2条走滑断裂带上,前人发现多处地震地表破裂带。通过对阿尔泰东缘构造带中南段地区的野外调查,在哈尔乌苏湖断裂带中段的Jargalant断裂、科布多断裂带南段的Tugen gol断裂上新发现地震地表破裂带。其中,沿Jargalant断裂地震地表破裂带长约50km,右旋位错量约4~5m,是一次规模大、活动较新的破裂事件。可见,在阿尔泰东缘活动断裂带的不同断裂段上均有保存较好的地震地表破裂,显示阿尔泰东缘是活动强烈的地震构造带     

龙门山后山断裂汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带

2008年汶川Ms8．0地震发生之后,多方研究者开展了汶川震区地表破裂实地调查。已发表的调查结果论证汶川地震地表破裂带沿龙门山构造带中央断裂和前山断裂分布。本文作者近期沿龙门山后山活动断裂开展了踏勘性调查。调查结果表明,除龙门山中央断裂带和前山断裂带出现汶川地震的地表破裂带之外,位于龙门山构造带后山断裂（汶川-茂县断裂）存在另一条长约100km、     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带西段考察

20 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日 1 7时 2 6分 (北京时间 ) ,在我国昆仑山口西新疆维吾尔自治区与青海省交界处发生了 8.1级地震。震区为海拔 4 90 0 m以上的高原和山地。这是新世纪发生在中国境内的第一个 8级大地震。地震发生后 ,中国地震局组织了综合考察队对此次地震进行了全面考察。     

长岭山北麓断裂上新发现的地震地表破裂带

通过野外地震地质调查,在甘肃省古浪县、景泰县交界处的长岭山地区新发现了丰富的线状分布的地震地表破裂现象,表现为基岩崩塌、黄土滑坡、地震裂缝、地震土林、地震沟槽、陷落坑以及断层陡坎等,局部可见残留的破裂滑动自由面。其分布严格受长岭山北麓活动断裂控制。通过地震地表破裂带本身的特征分析、年代学分析、地表破裂带长度与震级的拟合关系以及结合区域活动断裂资料研究,认为该地震地表破裂带可能为1927年古浪8.0级地震的产物。     

阿尔金断裂中段南月牙山古地震地表破裂带及其构造意义

阿尔金断裂是青藏高原东北缘的一条重要的边界断裂,其几何结构和运动学性质对青藏高原的构造演化具有重要的指示意义。通过卫星影像解译和野外实地调查,在柴达木盆地西缘、索尔库里盆地南约10km的盐壳区发现一长约14km的古地震地表破裂带。该地震破裂带与阿尔金主走滑断裂近平行,根据几何形态大致可将其分为3段走向不同的次级段落,总体走向为N80°E,但局部段落的走向存在变化。该破裂带的构造样式以挤压隆起、次级断裂、裂槽、三角拉分盆地和断陷盆地为主要特征,多相间出现,是典型的走滑断层上的地震破裂带特征,文中利用野外活动断裂地质填图方法标绘了30余个挤压隆起体。另外,考察中还发现在多数挤压隆起上有多次地震重复活动的证据。根据附近盐壳钻孔年龄和地震裂缝中沉积物的年龄结果推测,最新一次地震事件发震时间的下限为全新世。该地震地表破裂带向E进入大通沟南山,其地貌特征表现为较连续的逆冲陡坎,而向W破裂带逐渐消失。通过地震反射剖面推测认为该破裂带向W与阿尔金断裂平顶山次级断裂相接。作为阿尔金断裂的1个构造节点,平顶山将部分应变传递到青藏高原内部的月牙山-大通沟断裂,其多次活动造成了月牙山东约14km长的地表破裂带...     

1850年西昌地震地表破裂带

着重从1850年西昌地震的地表破裂带调查入手,通过对地表破裂的分布特征、几何特征以及与各次级断层的关系的研究,对这次地震的震级、震中位置和震源深度进行讨论.     

DISCOVERY OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE IN JIUXI BASIN,GANSU PROVINCE

Qilian Shan-Hexi Corridor is located at the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. Series of late Quaternary active faults are developed in this region. A number of strong earthquakes even large earthquakes occurred in history and present-day. In the past, the study of active faults in the area was mostly concentrated in the northern margin fault zone of the Qilian Shan on the south side of the corridor, while the research on the interior and the north side of the corridor basin was relatively rare. We found a new fault scarp in the northern part of the Baiyanghe anticline in Jiuxi Basin in 2010. It is an earthquake surface rupture zone which has never been reported before. In this paper, we carried out palaeoearthquake trench analysis on the newly found earthquake surface rupture zone and textual research of relevant historical earthquakes data. According to the interpretation of aerial photo and satellite image and field investigation, we found the surface rupture has the length of about 5km. The rupture shows as an arc-shaped line and is preserved intact comparably. The lower terrace and the latest flood alluvial fan are offset in addition to modern gullies. By differential GPS measurement, the height of the scarp is about 0.5~0.7m in the latest alluvial fan and about 1.5m in the T₁ terrace. From the residual ruins along the earthquake rupture zone, we believe the surface rupture might be produced by an earthquake event occurring not long ago. In addition, the rupture zone locates in the area where the climate is dry and rainless and there are no human activities induced damages. These all provide an objective condition for the preservation of the rupture zone. The trench along the fault reveals that the surface rupture was formed about 1500 years ago, and another earthquake event might have happened before it. Based on the textural research on the historical earthquake data and the research degree in the area at present, we believe that the surface rupture is related to the Yumen earthquake in 365, Yumen Huihuipu earthquake in 1785 or another unrecorded historical earthquake event.     

Discovery of the Surface Rupture Zone on the South of Helishan in Gaotai,Gansu Province

According to a new investigation in the northern Hexi corridor,the remains of two surface rupture zones were discovered on the southern margin fault of the Helishan. One rupture has a length of approximately 7km and the other 10km. The two surface rupture zones might have been produced by the latest earthquake event. On the surface rupture is continuous scarp and free face caused by the rupture. The scarp is about 1 ～ 1. 5m high and on some sites,nearly up to 2m. According to the OSL results,the latest T1 terrace and higher flood plain forming in 3000a B. P. are dislocated by the fault. The above reveals the rupture age to be later than the T1 terrace. However,in the historical data and earthquake catalogue,we didn't find related information about the fault and surface rupture in this area. The 180 A. D. Biaoshi M8. 0 earthquake and the 756 A. D. Zhangye-Jiuquan M7. 0 earthquake are documented in historical data. It is inferred by textual research that the two earthquakes are related to the northern marginal fault of Yumushan in the south of the basin. Due to a lack of reliable evidence,there are still many arguments on this inferred conclusion. Thus we hold that the two surface rupture zones were produced by one of the two large earthquakes or other unrecorded historical event. The research on the activity and surface rupture of this fault can offer valuable information for the tectonic study and strong earthquake risk estimates of this region in the future.     

郯庐断裂带莒县胡家孟晏地震破裂带的发现

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最主要的一条活动断裂带。在该断裂带中部,沂沭断裂东地堑的潍坊—嘉山段中发育了1条长360km的全新世活动断裂带(F5),在该全新世断裂带的北段和中段分别发生了公元70年的安丘地震和公元1668年的郯城地震。2003年底我们考察沭河断裂带时,在莒县境内发现了1条长约7km的地震破裂带,作为活动断层应该归属于F5断裂带,但其是一条独立的地震破裂段还是归属于1668年郯城8.5级地震破裂带有待于进一步的研究。尽管如此,探槽揭示出的上覆未经破坏的地层的14C年代表明,该破裂带在(2140±190)aBP以来没有过活动,因此我们认为其作为1条独立破裂段的可能性较大     

1303年山西洪洞8级地震地表破裂带di

综合20世纪90年代初在霍山山前断裂和近年在绵山西侧断裂和太谷断裂获取的最新调查资料，讨论了1303年山西洪洞8级地震地表破裂带的展布和位移特征. 如果太谷断裂、绵山西侧断裂与霍山山前断裂在1303年洪洞地震中同时活动，则该次地震的地表破裂带长163 km，分为3段，即霍山山前断裂段、绵山西侧断裂段和太谷断裂段. 各段长度分别为50，35和70 km，3段之间存在4和8 km的阶区. 该地震地表破裂带具右旋走滑特征，北段和中段右旋走滑位移量6～7 m，南段最大为10 m. 在山西断陷带盆地边界的单条断裂一般只对应7级地震，而该次8级特大地震则突破两个盆地之间的障碍体，显示了强震地表破裂尺度的可变特征.      

汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查

根据汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带的实地调查,龙门山断裂带的中央断裂与前山断裂地表破裂带宽度自北向南一般<40m。在Ⅹ—Ⅺ度极震区,沿断裂延伸方向破裂带之上及其两侧,各类房屋建筑无论何种结构均绝大部分倒塌损毁。考虑到逆断层作用引起的"地壳缩短"以及各种不确定性,并结合以往历史强震地表破裂带的宽度统计,提出汶川8.0级地震灾后重建时,极震区地震断层两侧的"避让带"宽度为25m。在"避让带"之内,只能建造高于抗震设防标准的2层以下的建筑物,应明确禁止兴建学校、医院等公共建筑     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE DARI FAULT AND RESTUDY OF THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1947 M73/4 DARI EARTHQUAKE,QINGHAI PROVINCE

Bayan Hara Block is one of the most representative active blocks resulting from the lateral extrusion of Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic. Its southern and northern boundary faults are characterized by typical strike-slip shear deformation. Its eastern boundary is blocked by the Yangze block and its horizontal movement is transformed into the vertical movement of the Longmen Shan tectonic belt, leading to the uplift of the Longmen Shan Mountains and forming a grand geomorphic barrier on the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. A series of large earthquakes occurred along the boundary faults of the Bayan Hara Block in the past twenty years, which have attracted attention of many scholars. At present, the related studies of active tectonics on Bayan Hara Block are mainly concentrated on the boundary faults, such as Yushu-Ganzi-Xianshuihe Fault, East Kunlun Fault and Longmen Shan Fault. However, there are also some large faults inside the block, which not only have late Quaternary activity, but also have tectonic conditions to produce strong earthquake. These faults divide the Bayan Hara Block into some secondary blocks, and may play important roles in the kinematics and dynamics mechanism of the Bayan Hara Block, or even the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. The Dari Fault is one of the left-lateral strike-slip faults in the Bayan Hara Block. The Dari Fault starts at the eastern pass of the Kunlun Mountains, extends eastward through the south of Yalazela, Yeniugou and Keshoutan, the fault strike turns to NNE direction at Angcanggou, then turns to NE direction again at Moba town, Qinghai Province, and the fault ends near Nanmuda town, Sichuan Province, with a total length of more than 500km. The fault has been considered to be a late Quaternary active fault and the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake was produced by its middle segment. But studies on the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault are still weak. The previous research mainly focused on the investigation of the surface rupture and damages of the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake. However, there were different opinions about the scale of the M73/4 earthquake surface rupture zone. Dai Hua-guang(1983)thought that the surface rupture of the earthquake was about 150km long, but Qinghai Earthquake Agency(1984)believed that the length of surface rupture zone was only 58km. Based on interpretation of high-resolution images and field investigations, in this paper, we studied the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake. Late Quaternary activity in the central segment of the Dari Fault is particularly significant. A series of linear tectonic landforms, such as fault trough valley, fault scarps, fault springs and gully offsets, etc. are developed along the Dari Fault. And the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is still relatively well preserved. We conducted a follow-up field investigation for the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake and found that the surface rupture related to the Dari earthquake starts at Longgen village in Moba town, and ends near the northwest of the Yilonggounao in Jianshe town, with a length of about 70km. The surface rupture is primarily characterized by scarps, compressional ridges, pull-apart basins, landslides, cleavage, and the coseismic offset is about 2~4m determined by a series of offset gullies. The surface rupture zone extends to the northwest of Yilonggounao and becomes ambiguous. It is mainly characterized by a series of linear fault springs along the surface rupture zone. Therefore, we suggest that the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake ends at the northwest of Yilonggounao. In summary, the central segment of the Dari Fault can be characterized by strong late Quaternary activity, and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is about 70km long.     

汶川M_s 8.0地震中央断裂东北端地表破裂特征及其构造含义

汶川地震地表破裂在东北端从石坎子乡到窝前的运动性质存着从走滑分量略高于倾滑分量到完全为右旋走滑运动的变化过程,倾滑分量在石坎子—平溪段具有逆断性质,在矿坪子及其以北为正断性质,未见挤压变形,窝前完全为右旋走滑运动,地表变形带宽度集中在10m以内;在董家村,地震地表破裂带主要表现为张性裂缝及地堑式负地形,是地震破裂在尾端应力作用下,应变不均一性调节的产物,地表变形带宽度约10～12m;在东河口以北未见地表破裂的证据,推测汶川地震地表破裂带没有穿过流经青川县东河口、关庄、凉水井一带的清水河,东河口一带的构造地貌现象反映了垂直差异性运动,不存在右旋走滑运动的地质地貌证据。在中央断裂东北端断层一侧隆升和另一侧拉张的典型四象限格局成为汶川地震地表破裂的端部表现特征。中央断裂上的汶川地震地表破裂带总长度为240km左右。在汶川地震过程中,沿着中央断裂在地表产生的构造变形在中央断裂的范围内就已经得到了调整,并没有越过中央断裂的范围而传递到以外的地段。     

汶川M_S 8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订

对汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂石坎乡以北段的野外地质调查显示,这一段地表破裂仍然十分明显。地表破裂并未沿地质填图所标定的位置发育,而是在走向上稍有变化,但清楚的地貌显示它在此段并不是一条新生断裂。与前期工作相比,可观察到的地表破裂又往NE方向延长了约12km。该段破裂位于平武县石坎乡至青川县马公乡窝前村之间,走向为15°～45°,运动学性质主要为右旋走滑逆冲。地震地表破裂显示的同震垂直位移与石坎乡一带相近,为1～2m左右;右旋水平位移略有增加,为2.0～3.0m之间。地表调查的情况显示,地表破裂在北端可能消失在红光乡东河口一带。     

隐伏活断层未来地表破裂带宽度与位错量初步研究

采用Okada(1992 )有关地震断层地表位移的计算方法和程序 ,依据《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 5 0 0 11- 2 0 0 1) ,推导了隐伏活断层突然错动产生地表破裂带的临界值 ,即在相隔 5m的水平上 ,位移差超过 0 1m。初步讨论了隐伏活断层地表破裂带随埋深、倾角、断裂力学性质和断面位错量的变化特点。结果表明 :对于隐伏正断层 ,地表破裂带宽度随覆盖层埋深的增加表现出非线性特点 ,具有从小到大 ,再变小的特点 ;地表破裂带位错量峰值随埋深线性递减。在其他参数不变的情况下 ,隐伏正断层倾角越小 ,地表破裂带越偏向下盘 ,并且 ,地表破裂带的宽度也变小。与隐伏正断层相比 ,隐伏走滑断层地表位移差随埋深衰减更快。随着隐伏活断层断面上位错量的增加 ,地表破裂带宽度会显著变宽 ,位错量也随之增大。这些认识和计算结果为城市规划、各种生命线工程和建 (构 )筑物的跨断层设防 ,提供了可以参考的依据