淮北煤矿大口径排水孔施工技术

着重论述了淮北煤矿大口径排水钻孔的施工方法及成井工艺。采用满眼钻具防斜，确定上、中、下扶正器安装的最佳位置，利用喷射钻进提高钻进效率，利用管底逆止阀浮力塞解决下管及注浆的难题。     

石油钻井用可钻式浮箍浮鞋在煤矿回灌井中的应用

将石油专用的可钻式浮箍浮鞋用于煤矿大口径钻孔下套管及固井工作中,替代传统的打水泥座或焊钢板浮力塞加单向注浆阀下套管固井工艺,简化了下套管和固井施工程序,节约工程成本,保证了成井质量。介绍了这种方法在冀中能源峰峰集团梧桐庄矿回灌1号孔和2号孔的应用情况及效果。     

煤矿大口径排水钻孔工艺研究与实践

论述了淮北煤矿大口径排水钻孔的施工方法及成井工艺。提出了采用上中下安装扶正器、满眼钻具防斜、底喷射流钻进新工艺;采用管底逆止阀浮力塞解决下管及注浆难题,并提高了钻进效率。施工中强化组织和技术管理,保证了施工的顺利进行。      

地下水浮力对建筑工程设计施工的影响

地下水的浮力对结构设计和施工有不容忽视的影响。结构抗浮验算与地下水的性状、水压力和浮力、地下水位变化及意外补水有关。提出设计水位计算浮力的概念，以及抗浮设计的方案及措施。     

地幔柱假说及其发展

Ｍｏｒｇａｎ提出的地幔柱假说之后，基于流体力学基本方程组的定常地幔柱模式研究，认为地幔柱是地幔对流的一个组合部分。组分差异驱动的地幔柱模拟实验结果，限制了地幔柱在地球动力学中的应用。热浮力驱动的模拟实验结果得到了新的动态地幔柱模式。     

DC型液动冲击器及调试情况

介绍了用于大口径钻探的ＤＣ型无簧式双作用液动冲击器的结构和工作原理及设计计算结果，给出了其冲程，上阀程和上阀自由行程，下阀程和下阀自由行程的测量及调整方法。     

上浮极限状态下饱和土的浮力模型试验和理论分析

饱和黏土中的长期浮力是否需要折减是一个具有争议的问题。为研究饱和黏土中的长期浮力是否小于相同水头高度下的静水压力,通过地基上浮失稳的模型试验,实测了上浮极限状态下（即有效应力约等于0时）饱和砂土和黏土中的浮力折减系数。实验装置由模型槽、土样、凡士林、浮筒、配重及压重设施组成,通过浮筒上浮瞬间的受力平衡得到失稳时的实际上浮力。实验测得饱和砂土中的浮力折减系数为1,饱和高岭土和饱和蒙脱石中的浮力折减系数分别为0.973±0.024和0.959±0.016。试验结果表明上浮极限状态下,饱和土中的浮力与纯水中的浮力差别很小。即便在高塑性黏土中,模型基础失稳时受到的上浮力与纯水中的浮力相比,仅折减了不到5%。基于饱和土有效应力原理的分析表明,上浮极限状态下的浮力折减系数与土样固结前的Skempton B值互为倒数。大量实测数据并未发现饱和黏土的Skempton B值明显大于1,故饱和黏土的浮力折减系数也不可能显著小于1。本文模型试验和理论分析表明,在地基抗浮承载力验算时,饱和黏土中的长期浮力不宜进行显著折减。     

东濮凹陷北部沙三段古压力恢复及油气运聚动力构成

综合应用流体包裹体法和盆地模拟法, 恢复了东濮凹陷北部沙三段古压力, 并分析了成藏期油气运聚动力构成。研究结果表明, 沙三段超压分布受构造格局、沉降中心、生烃中心控制明显, 超压幅度表现为洼陷区大、中央隆起带次之、西部斜坡带最小, 受盐岩层发育影响, 濮卫-文留地区盐岩下部层系表现为压力系数高值区。成藏期超压和浮力是研究区沙三段油气运聚的主要动力, 压力过渡带和正常压力带是油气的主要聚集场所。研究区主要存在超压驱动、超压-浮力联合驱动和浮力驱动等3种类型的驱动机制, 其中斜坡带和洼陷带等超压带主要为超压驱动, 部分中央隆起带上的压力过渡带为超压-浮力联合驱动, 西部斜坡带和部分中央隆起带等正常压力带主要为浮力驱动。      

大口径管线定向穿越浮力控制系统的应用

当用定向钻进行大口径管线穿越时，由于其在泥浆中的浮力远大于管的重力，对孔壁的压力很大，回拖时受到的摩擦力很大，则回拖力也大大增加。为了减少回拖力，则需要使用浮力控制措施来抵消或减小这个压力。     

液动冲击器阀程对时效的影响

液动冲击器的阀程，反映了冲频的高低及冲击功的大小，它必定对时效产生重要影响。但长期以来，人们对此重视不够，致使冲击器的使用效果有时不佳。为弄清阀程对时效的影响，以及阀程和钻进参数的影响，在花岗岩地层进行了对比试验，试验结果表明，阀程对时效的影响不可忽视。试验情况如下。     

大口径瓦斯抽放井施工工艺

瓦斯抽放孔要求井斜小,孔径大,下入的井管重量大。以实例介绍了使用GZ-2000型钻机在某煤矿瓦斯抽放站成功施工深400m,直径φ690mm瓦斯抽放井的施工工艺。在施工过程中采用φ216mm牙轮钻头＋满眼钻具和钟摆钻具施工先导井眼,再采用φ410mm、φ690mm组合牙轮钻头＋塔式钻具分级扩眼,使用电子多点测斜仪及时监测井斜变化,用钟摆钻具组合进行纠斜,在φ426mm管体上设置三组镶焊合金的肋骨条做成圆井器来进行圆井,在管体底部设置浮力阀,合理掏空以减少井管重量,确保了工程质量。     

砂砾土各级颗粒的管涌临界坡降研究

基于渗透力概念在管涌问题研究中的具体应用,按照渗透力与土颗粒浮重间的极限平衡推导出能计算管涌土的砂砾土料各级大小土颗粒的管涌临界坡降公式,并经过国内外大量管涌试验资料的验证是合理可信的。     

Particle geochemistry in the Rainbow hydrothermal plume, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

We report the analysis of 18 large volume (500-1500 L) in situ filtered samples of particulate material from the largest hydrothermal plume on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, overlying the ultramafic-hosted Rainbow hydrothermal field at 36° 14′N. Measured particulate iron concentrations reach 614 nM. High concentrations of particulate Fe oxyhydroxides result from the extremely high Fe concentration (∼24 mM) and Fe/H₂S ratio (∼24) of the vent fluids, and persist to at least 10 km away from the vent site due to the advection of plume material with the ambient along-axis flow. Two of the nine pairs of pump deployments appear to have intercepted the buoyant or otherwise very young portion of the hydrothermal plume. These samples are characterized by anomalously (compared to neutrally buoyant plume samples) high concentrations of Mg, U, and chalcophile elements, and low concentrations of Mn, Ca, V, Y, and the rare earth elements (REE). Within the neutrally buoyant plume, elemental distributions are largely consistent with previously observed behaviors: preferential removal of chalcophile elements, conservative behavior of oxyanions (P, V, and U), and continuous scavenging of Y and the REE. This consistency is particularly significant in light of the underlying differences in fluid chemistry between Rainbow and other studied sites. Chalcophile elements are preferentially removed from the plume in the order Cd>Zn>Co>Cu. Phosphorus/iron and vanadium/iron ratios for the neutrally buoyant plume are consistent with global trends with respect to the concentration of dissolved phosphate in ambient seawater. Comparison of buoyant and neutrally buoyant plume ratios with data from hydrothermal sediments underlying the Rainbow plume (Cave et al., 2002) indicates, however, that while P/Fe ratios are indeed constant V/Fe ratios increase progressively from early stage plume particles to sediments. REE distributions in the buoyant and neutrally buoyant plume appear most consistent with a continuous scavenging process during dispersion through the water column.     

关于渗流的力及其应用

饱和渗流是岩土体失稳的重要因素。叙述了渗流产生的消极破坏力“浮力”和积极破坏力“渗透力”。较详细地讨论了渗流各力之间的相互转换关系及其在管涌滑坡问题中的正确应用;并特别推荐引用渗透力计算滑坡问题具有简便、精确的优点。并指出了在计算中和设计规范中引用渗流力方面的误解。     

Centrifuge modelling of plutons intruding shear zones: application to the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (Bavarian Forest,Germany)

Models consisting of a thick overburden resting on a buoyant layer were sheared and centrifruged in order to study the relationship between strike-slip shear zones and intrusions of buoyant material. Three experiments were carried out: In model 1, where the overburden consisted of a viscous material, no diapirs formed even after shearing for 40 mm (? = -1.07) and 27 min centrifuging. In models 2 and 3, where the overburden was semi-brittle, prescribed cuts at two different orientations (model 2: parallel to s1; model 3: perpendicular to s1) were initiated in the overburden in order to see whether such cuts acted as pathways for intrusion. In model 2 the prescribed cuts were used by the buoyant material as pathways when the cuts opened during shearing. Continued shearing widened the cuts and allowed the buoyant material to extrude on the surface of the model forming a coalesced elliptical sheet. In model 3. the cuts were closed during shearing and prevented the intrusion of the buoyant material. During further shearing, the cuts rotated and activated as strike-slip faults bounding pull-apart basins. Such pull-apart basins were not deep enough to tap the buoyant material. Nevertheless, the results of the experiments suggest that magma ascends in shear zones not as diapirs, but rises along preexisting pathways as dykes. Model results were used to evaluate emplacement of the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (FIC) in the Bavarian Forest, whose magnetic and structural inventory have been investigated in detail. The pluton consists of 5 magma batches, each with distinct magnetic fabrics. which are interpreted as the result of magma intrusion along opening and rotating tension gashes within the BPSZ stress field. Shear failure of the crust in the FIC area due to thermomechanical weakening provided the space for the emplacement of the last and biggest granite magma batch. Overall, the emplacement history of the FIC fits perfectly with the observations made during experiment 2 and indicates that magma ascent in shear zones is bound to tension gashes.     

一种转阀换向的液压双缸单作用往复泵设计

为解决往复泵恒压力恒流量输出问题,设计了一种液压双缸单作用泵。其液压系统由双油泵供油,采用带单向机构的转阀与普通换向阀相结合的油量分配方式,转阀动作由活塞行程控制,转阀动作精度不受主油泵变量的影响,系统控制可靠。该泵在实际应用中取得了良好的效果。     

流动环境中倾斜浮力射流的积分方法

给出了基于积分方法的一种倾斜浮力射流的数学模型,且流速、密度和浓度差剖面假定为高斯分布,并导出了用来封闭该数学模型的较为完全的掺入率公式.用计算精度较高的有限分析法计算这类定解问题,计算结果与试验资料基本吻合.     

Laboratory experiments of slab break‐off and slab dip reversal: insight into the Alpine Oligocene reorganization

We present laboratory experiments to study the consequence of the rupture of a subducting slab on the deep geometry of the subduction zone. In our experiments, slab break‐off occurs after the entrance of buoyant material at trench causing a slowing down of the subduction and producing an increase of the shortening rate and a transient episode of subduction dip reversal. We discuss the potential application of these processes to the recent collisional evolution of the Alps proposing that the rupture of the slab produced a reorganization of the belt with a transition from one sided to a doubly vergent orogen.     

Magnetite scavenging and the buoyancy of bubbles in magmas. Part 2: Energetics of crystal-bubble attachment in magmas

The fate of pre-eruptive bubbles depends largely on their buoyancy, which can be strongly modified by the presence of crystals attached to the bubble–melt interface. We define the attachment energy and attachment force as those resulting from the attachment of a crystal to a bubble. The attachment energy is such that (1) attachment of crystals to bubbles is always favored energetically, and (2) oxide minerals attach to bubbles much more strongly than silicates, because the attachment energy is a strong function of the wetting angle. Attaching crystals to bubbles can cause bubble–crystal pairs to become neutrally buoyant. There is a critical bubble radius below which the attachment force will be strong enough to keep the pair together; we show that crystals as large as 1 mm in diameter can form neutrally buoyant pairs. For early erupted Bishop magma, if all magnetite forms neutrally buoyant pairs with gas bubbles, ca. 0.1–0.2 vol% gas can be stored in the magma; 2–3 vol% of gas can be accounted for if all minerals form neutrally buoyant aggregates. These values are an order of magnitude lower than what is inferred from melt inclusions. Hence, both magnetite-free and magnetite-rich bubbles might have existed, but only a very small fraction of them could have been neutrally buoyant. Importantly, an intrinsic association between magnetite crystals and bubbles is expected. However, most magnetite crystals in the early erupted Bishop are free of bubbles; the puzzling conclusion is that nucleation away from crystals is favored over heterogeneous nucleation on crystal substrates. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Observations of currents and density structure across a buoyant plume front

Observations of the Mobile Bay, Alabama, plume during a flood event in April 1991 reveal significant differences in the current field on either side of a front associated with the buoyant plume. During a strong southeasterly wind, turbid, low salinity water from Mobile Bay was pushed through an opening in the west side of the ebb-tidal delta and moved parallel to the coast. A stable front developed between the low salinity water of the buoyant plume (11‰) and the high salinity coastal water (>23‰) that was being forced landward by the prevailing winds. Despite the shallow water depth of 6 m, measurements of currents, temperature, and salinity show large shears and density gradients in both the vertical and the horizontal directions. At a station outside of the buoyant plume, currents at 0.5 m and 1.5 m below the surface were in the same direction as the wind. Inside the plume, however, currents at 0.5 m below the surface were parallel to the coast, 45°, off the direction of the wind and the magnitude was 45% larger than the magnitude of the surface currents outside the plume. Beneath the level of the plume, the currents were identical to the wind-driven currents in the ambient water south of the front. Our observations suggest that the wind-driven surface currents of the ambient water converged with the buoyant plume at the front and were subducted beneath the plume. The motion of the ambient coastal surface water was in the direction of the local wind stress, however, the motion of the plume had no northerly component of motion. The plume also did not show any flow toward the front, suggesting a balance between the northerly component of wind stress and the southerly component of buoyant spreading. In addition, the motion of the plume did not appear to affect the motion of the underlying ambient water, suggesting a lack of mixing between the two waters.