滇池沉积物金属污染及环境质量评价

对滇池126个采样点沉积物0-5cm、5-10cm和10-20~m中Cu、Zn、Fb、Cr、CA、Hg和As等7种金属的含量进行了分析测定.用基于多方的基准中阈值效应含量TEC和可能效应含量PEC划分出5个沉积物环境质量等级.并借助灰色聚类分析方法对滇池沉积物环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,滇池沉积物环境质量整体上为Ⅲ类,存在中度的金属污染.其中0-5m和5-10cm为Ⅲ类沉积物,10-20Cm为Ⅱ类沉积物.沉积物环境质量下层优于上层,表明滇池沉积物金属污染仍存在不断加剧的趋势.     

2600年以来台湾大鬼湖中的金属通量

Sediment cores were collected from the remote subalpine Great Ghost Lake in southern Taiwan. Because the lake is anoxic the sediments are well preserved, distinctive past variations can be dated accurately. The vertical distributions of total and acid-leached metal concentrations for aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cesium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, lead, rubidium, strontium, vanadium and zinc are measured and the fluxes determined. The dates of higher fluxes in the past 2600 years seem to correlate with dry spells. Further, trace metal fluxes show a large increase but Pb-206/Pb-207 ratios show a large decrease since 1950, suggesting a significant anthropogenic input.     

Assessment of the historical trace metal contamination of sediments in the Elizabeth River, Virginia

Two sediment cores (Southern Branch, PC-1, and Western Branch, WB-2) were taken from the highly industrialized Elizabeth River, Virginia. The concentrations of trace metals cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc, major elements iron, manganese and aluminum, organic carbon content and the specific surface area of the sediments were determined in each of the cores. Down-core variations in metals varied significantly in each core with maximum contamination events occurring at different times in different portions of the river. In PC-1, maximum metal concentrations were seen after the appearance of (137)Cs. In contrast, the highest levels in WB-2 occurred well before the appearance of (137)Cs. Although stricter environmental regulations have caused a decrease in metal concentrations since the 1980s, the concentrations in the surface sediments of many trace metals were elevated to levels 2-5 times higher than the levels at the bottom of the cores in both the Southern and Western Branches of the river.     

Trace elements in Acartia clausi from Elefsis bay of the Upper Saronikos Gulf,Greece

Twelve trace elements (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, managenese, mercury, scandium, selenium and zinc) were determined by neutron activation analysis in a planktonic copepod (Acartia clausi) from Elefsis Bay of the Upper Saronikos Gulf, Greece. During the first cruise (January 1974) higher levels of most of these trace elements were found in this copepod collected from a polluted area of the bay. This trend however was not observed during the second cruise (February 1974) possibly due to the termination of the active vertical convection. Lower levels of cobalt, similar levels of iron and slightly increased levels of chromium were found in Elefsis Bay Acartia clausi from those reportedin Acartia clausi from the Bay of Roquebrune. Slightly increased concentrations of antimony and zinc as well as lower concentrations of arsenic and cadmium were found in Acartia clausi than those reported in other Copepoda. No significant differences were found for copper, manganese and mercury. More data are needed to confirm if higher levels of antimony, chromium and zinc found in Acartia clausi are due to the pollution of the bay.     

Measurement of environmental trace-metal levels with transplanted mussels and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT): a comparison of techniques

Transplanted mussels and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) were used to assess levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc at four sites situated inside and outside of two enclosed marinas, near Melbourne, Australia. Mussels accumulated all metals except cadmium. Over one year, there were large temporal differences in tissue metal levels in mussels, but differences between sites were only apparent for copper and lead. DGT showed temporal differences of the same kind as those seen in the mussels, but appeared to have more power to discriminate between sites. DGT found higher copper levels inside marinas than outside, and high levels of zinc were found inside one marina. Levels of copper and zinc were high enough to be of environmental concern for one site. The effect of fouling on DGT measurements will have to be quantified, or avoided by the use of multiple short-term exposures, if the technique is to become a widespread in situ monitoring tool.     

Trace metals in finfish from the New York Bight and Long Island Sound

Concentrations of silver, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were measured in five species of finfish collected from the New York Bight and two from Long Island Sound. With few exceptions the trace metal contents were similar for the various species examined and also for a single species when comparing catch locations. Metal levels also were similar to concentrations reported by two other investigators who studied fish from the North Atlantic.     

Comparative concentrations of metals in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean.

Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc were measured in coral, crab, eel, fish, lobster, and sediment samples collected from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. The sediments contained relatively high concentrations of selenium; moderate concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper and lead; and low concentrations of chromium and zinc. Metal concentrations were also determined in coral and crabs collected from the island of Oahu. Notably, a crab (Grapsus tenuicrustatus) and the undulated moray eel (Gymnothorax undulatus) exhibited high levels of copper and arsenic, respectively, relative to the other species studied. The concentrations of arsenic in the eel averaged 225 microg g(-1) dry wt, which was 3-12 times higher than that in all of the other species tested. The average concentration of copper in the crab was 343 microg g(-1) dry wt, 3-86 times greater than that in the other species studied. These data indicate background and comparative levels of the metals among the studied species. Lead levels in the coral (9-10 microg g(-1) dry wt) and crab (42-57 microg g(-1) dry wt) from Tern and Disappearing Islands were 23-283-fold greater than those from Oahu (0.4 and 0.2 microg g(-1) dry wt, respectively).     

Survey of metals in sediments near Quonset Point,Rhode Island

Elevated levels of silver, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were observed in sediments collected from Narragansett Bay off Quonset Point during autumn of 1973. The probable source of the metals contamination was an electroplating facility on Quonset Point, in continuous operation from 1943 until it was closed in spring of 1973. Data on elemental composition of surficial sediments collected from various geographical locations reported by other investigators are presented and compared to those reported herein.     

Uptake of trace elements by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes)

Pistia stratiotes L. obtained from a eutrophic lake in Ibadan, Nigeria was examined for its mineral and trace element composition. The study indicated that the shoot system accumulated more potassium, calcium and magnesium, whereas the root system accumulated significantly more cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, sodium and zinc. The possible utilization of this aquatic plant for the treatment of polluted waters and industrial effluents is discussed.     

Statistical analysis of trend monitoring data of heavy metals in flounder (Platichthys flesus)

Six years trend monitoring data of mercury, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in flounder from the Sound and the Great Belt (Danish coastal waters) are statistically assessed using a series of multilinear, regressive models in terms of the measurements of metal levels and various biological parameters (e.g. length) for individual fish. With the exception of zinc in females from the Great Belt, each element exhibited no significant differences in relation to biological parameters from year to year at the two areas. Linearly increasing trends in the concentrations were found for cadmium without sex dependance from the two areas and for zinc and copper in females from the Sound and zinc in males from the Great Belt. Zinc is, in both areas, significantly correlated with the sex as is copper in the flounder from the Sound. The statistical models used have been found very useful and easy to interpret.     

Trace metals in tissues of gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) carcasses from the Northern Pacific Mexican Coast

Samples of liver, lung, heart, muscle, and blubber tissue from the carcasses of juvenile gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) found stranded on the coast off the Sea of Cortez, México were analyzed for a range of trace metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd). The highest concentrations of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese were found in liver; nickel and lead in heart, and cadmium in kidney. In all tissues analyzed, iron, zinc and copper were present in the highest concentrations; however, some whales also showed high levels of cadmium in the kidney which could be related to their diet. Elevated concentrations of copper were found only in the liver of one whale. In general, where low levels of iron were found in the liver, they were associated with poor nutrition. Lead, nickel, manganese and zinc levels in liver were within the normal range, indicating that these whales had not been exposed to high levels of these metals.     

Toxicities of ten metals to Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis embryos and Cancer magister larvae

Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) embryos, bay mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus) embryos, and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) zoea I stage larvae were exposed to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, and zinc salts. The two bivalve species were exposed through the completion of embryogenesis (48 h), and the effects of the metals upon abnormal development were monitored. The crab larval stages were exposed to the metal solutions for 96 h. Concentrations (μg l_.^?1 as metal) which caused 50% abnormal development in the two species of bivalve larvae and which were fatal to 50% of the crab larvae ranged from 5.3 (oyster) to 49 (crab) for copper; 5.8 (mussel) to 8.2 (crab) for mercury; 14 (mussel) to 55 (crab) for silver; 119 (oyster) to 456 (crab) for zinc; 232 (crab) to 3000 (mussel) for arsenic; 247 (crab) to 1200 (mussel) for cadmium; 349 (oyster) to 4360 (crab) for nickel; 476 (mussel) to 758 (oyster) for lead; 3440 (crab) to 4538 (oyster) for hexavalent chromium; and selenium greater than 10 000 for the three species. The acute toxicity testing of C. gigas embryo together with two California native species confirmed its usefulness for predicting toxicity to the latter species.     

Quantities of some dangerous substances discharged to British coastal waters

Estimation of the quantities of cadmium, mercury, lindane, DDT, ‘drins’ (aldrin, dieldrin and endrin), PCBs, copper, lead, chromium, nickel, zinc and arsenic discharged to the tidal waters of the UK is described and the results are presented for the major geographic regions of the UK. Consideration is also given to the significance of different sources of discharge of these substances in terms of their contribution to the overall loads reaching the sea. For most of these substances, rivers contribute the major proportion of the quantities discharged.     

Trace Metals in Selected Benthic Invertebrates from Belgian Coastal Waters (1981–1996)

Mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and chromium were assessed in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), swimming crab (Liocarcinus holsatus), hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus), starfish (Asterias rubens) and cut trough shell (Spisula subtruncata) from ten sampling stations off the Belgian coast, including three dredge spoils disposal sites. Calculations of time trends indicated that on the whole concentrations of trace metals had significantly decreased since 1981, also on dredged material dumping sites. Starfish and hermit crab were found to be the most promising benthic indicator species for metal contamination. Globally, the location of the sites, including the dredge spoils disposal zones, showed to be of little influence on the concentrations of trace metals.     

Trace metal concentrations in offshore,deep-water seaweeds in the western North Atlantic ocean

Ambient, natural levels of selected heavy metals were assayed from deep, offshore populations of attached seaweeds from 1980 through 1983 from Pigeon Hill, 37 km from the nearest shoreline in the Gulf of Maine, and from Block Island, 23 km from the nearest mainland in Rhode Island Sound. Concentration levels of barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc were low when compared with concentration values published for a variety of seaweeds from the eastern and western North Atlantic. Values from Pigeon Hill and Block Island provide baseline data for long term monitoring of a relatively pristine, offshore, benthic community in the western North Atlantic.     

Trace elements in farmed and wild gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

In the present study, we sought to determine the concentration of several trace elements (total and organic mercury, selenium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper, chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium and zinc) in muscle tissue of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), an edible finfish species that is widely cultured in the Mediterranean area. The phenomenon of bioaccumulation and bioamplification (especially of mercury) was investigated by comparing farmed fish with wild specimens of the same species. Farmed specimens showed mercury and arsenic concentrations significantly lower than wild specimens, and no relationship was found between mercury concentration and body size. The lower level of methylmercury in farmed fish has important implications for consumer health.     

Trace metals in corals from the Great Barrier Reef

Various octocorallian and scleractinian corals from within the Great Barrier Reef Province were analysed for zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel and lead by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of the two coral groups, the octocorals accumulated significantly greater amounts of all detectable metals. The soft coral, Sarcophyton sp., revealed distinct inter-locational differences for zinc, copper and cadmium. The potential of this genus for monitoring trace metal pollution in tropical reef waters is briefly discussed.     

A recent history of metal accumulation in the sediments of Rijeka harbor, Adriatic Sea, Croatia

We studied metal pollution in the sediments of Rijeka harbor, including anthropogenic influence during recent decades and at the present time. Sediment profiles were collected at ten sampling points. The concentrations of 63 elements in bulk sediment were obtained using ICP-MS, and the concentrations of selected elements were evaluated by statistical factor analyses. We also calculated metal-enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indices and constructed spatial-distribution maps.Mercury (Hg) was the heaviest pollutant, with concentrations exceeding 4 mg/kg. Silver (Ag) was the second most important pollutant, with constantly increasing values. The average concentrations of the most toxic elements were comparable to those found in sediments of other ports throughout the world, and their toxicity ranged from threshold values [chromium (Cr), arsenic (As)] and midrange-effect values [cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni)] to extreme-effect values (Hg). Metal pollution has decreased during recent decades, except for Ag and barium (Ba).     

Heavy metal residues in tissues of marine turtles

Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of marine turtles are presented. The most frequently monitored elements are mercury, cadmium and lead; and the tissues mainly analysed in nearly all the stranded individuals are muscle, liver and kidney. The highest mercury and cadmium levels were found in liver and kidney respectively; the majority of the lead burden existed in bones and carapace, while arsenic was present mainly in muscle tissue. Mercury occurred quite completely as methylmercury in muscle, whereas in liver the main form was the inorganic one. Arsenic was exclusively present in the metallorganic form either in muscle tissue or in liver. Metals in the eggs were mainly present in the yolk. Significantly higher concentration of mercury, copper, zinc and iron were found in yolk than albumen, while shell contained highest levels of manganese and copper. The load of trace metals in these animals strictly correlated with the species seems to depend on their different food behaviour.     

Trace metals in southern Californian mussels

The intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus is a useful indicator of anthropogenic inputs of several trace metals off southern California. Highest metal concentrations were measured in the digestive glands, and no significant differences attibutable to sex were found for this tissue. The distribution of lead appears to be dominated by diffuse inputs, while those of copper, chromium, and silver are most related to urban point sources. No distinct pattern was observed for nickel or zinc.