The evolution of early precambrian crustal rocks at Isua,West Greenland — Geochemical and isotopic evidence

Petrographic and chemical evidence suggests that boulders from a conglomeratic unit in the Isua supracrustal succession were derived by the erosion of an acid volcanogenic sediment. Six samples of the boulders and surrounding matrix yield a Rb-Sr whole rock isochron with a slope corresponding to an age of 3860 ± 240 m.y. (2 sigma error), but consideration of the initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio constrains the possible age of formation of 3710 ± 900 m.y. This is in general agreement with a published Pb/Pb age of 3760 ± 70 m.y. on Isua banded ironstones.Pb isotope compositions as well as highly fractionated, heavy element depleted, rare earth element abundance patterns for the boulders suggest that their igneous precursors were derived from a source region with a similar geochemical history to that of some components of the 3700–3800 m.y. old Ami?tsoq gneisses, involving fractionation of garnet during their evolution.A Pb/Pb whole-rock isochron for Ami?tsoq gneisses from Isua yields an age of 3800 ± 120 m.y. (2σ), in good agreement with previously published Rb-Sr age data on the same rocks. The rock leads are highly unradiogenic and demonstrate substantial U depletion at least 3800 ± 120 m.y. ago. A two-stage model for the U-Pb system yields an average²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb (μ₁) value of 9.3 ± 0.2 for the source region, which is significantly different from the published value of 9.9 ± 0.1 for the Isua iron formation. This indicates the existence of U-Pb heterogeneities between the source regions of plutonic and supracrustal rocks by about 3700–3800 m.y. ago. Attempts to apply U-Pb whole-rock dating to the Ami?tsoq gneisses were unsuccessful because of geologically recent U loss, possibly due to groundwater leaching.A Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron on a suite of Ami?tsoq gneiss samples from a different locality in the Isua region has yielded an age of 3780 ± 130 m.y.In contrast to the Godthaab area, there is no geochronological evidence at Isua for major rock-producing or tectonothermal events after about 3700 m.y. ago. The entire gneiss-supracrustal system developed within the approximate interval 3900–3700 m.y. ago.     

Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and decompressional P-T paths of eclogites and country rocks from Weihai, eastern China

Abstract Altered quartz-rich and nearly quartz-free eclogitic rocks and completely retrograde quartz-rich garnet amphibolites occur as blocks or lenses in gneisses at Weihai, northeastern tip of the Sulu ultrahigh-P belt. Eclogitic rocks with assemblage garnet ± clinopyroxene ± coesite + rutile have experienced three-stage metamorphic events including ultrahigh-pressure eclogite, granulite and amphibolite facies. Granulite metamorphic event is characterized by formation of the hypersthene + salite + plagioclase ± hornblende corona between garnet and quartz + clinopyroxene. P-T conditions for the three-stage recrystallization sequence are 840 ± 50°C, >28 kbar, about 760±50°C, 9 kbar, and ~650°C, <8 kbar respectively. Most country rock gneisses contain dominant amphibolite-facies assemblages; some garnet-bearing clinopyroxene gneisses recrystallized under granulite-facies conditions at about 740±50°C and 8.5 kbar; similar to granulite-facies retrograde metamorphism of the enclosed eclogitic blocks. Minor cale-silicate lenses within gneisses containing an assemblage grossular + salite + titanite + quartz with secondary zoisite and plagioclase may have formed within a large pressure range of 14-35 kbar. Eclogitic boudins and quartzo-feldspathic country rocks may have experienced coeval in situ UHP and subsequent retrograde metamorphism. The established nearly isothermal decompression P-T path suggests that this area may represent the interior portion of a relatively large subducted sialic block. The recognized UHP terrane may extend eastward across the Yellow Sea to the Korean Peninsula.     

Normative composition and classification of lunar igneous rocks and glasses,I. Lunar igneous rocks

678 major element analyses and all available trace element determinations of lunar rocks with igneous textures were collected from the literature. Rittmann norms were calculated by an ALGOL program. The norm values, grouped according to increasing clinopyroxene contents, were plotted into quartz-plagioclase-orthopyroxene and olivine-plagioclase-orthopyroxene triangles, respectively. The plots indicate that all lunar rocks form a compositional continuum that starts from rocks very high in plagioclase and continues, with increasing clinopyroxene, to plagioclase-poorer and orthopyroxene-richer rocks containing partly quartz, partly olivine.According to apparent clusters in the plots, and taking into account lunar rock types defined by previous authors, the continuum of normative compositions was subdivided into five major rock groups (I to V). The averages of these groups can be characterized by clinopyroxene contents and plagioclase/orthopyroxene ratios (I: 3% cpx, plag/opx = 30; II: 4% cpx, plag/opx = 7; III: 8% cpx, plag/opx = 2; IV: 26% cpx, plag/opx = 0.8; V: 34% cpx, plag/opx = 1.8). According to the contents in K-feldspar, from groups III and V K-rich subgroups were separated. Average contents of major elements and trace elements were calculated for main groups and subgroups.For the normative groups of lunar igneous rocks, names are proposed which conform to the nomenclature of terrestrial rocks.     

Lewisian gneiss geochemistry and Archaean crustal development models

The geochemistry of Lewisian amphibolite-facies gneisses from northwest Scotland is described with particular reference to the rare earth elements (REE) and compared with the geochemistry of Lewisian granulite-facies gneisses. The results show that there are no significant differences between “Laxfordian” amphibolite-facies and “Scourian” granulite-facies gneisses in terms of REE and other immobile trace elements (at equivalent silica levels), although the mobile radioactive heat-producing elements, K, Rb, Th, U, are significantly lower in the granulites. In both types the basic gneisses have moderately fractionated REE patterns while the intermediate and acid gneisses have strongly fractionated REE patterns with low heavy REE abundances and decreasing levels of total REE with increasing SiO₂. The most silicic gneisses develop large positive europium anomalies.These gross chemical similarities between gneisses from intermediate (amphibolite-facies) and lower (granulite-facies) crustal levels constrain models for the evolution of the Archaean crust. The depletion of K, Rb, Cs, Th and U in granulites, but not other incompatible trace elements cannot be explained by magmatic processes. The positive Eu anomaly in the more siliceous gneisses of both facies is a function of the primary processes of crustal generation and not secondary processes such as intracrustal melting or fractional crystallisation. Fractionation of radioactive heat-producing elements from other trace elements is a result of granulite-facies metamorphism with these elements being removed by an active fluid phase. The apparent lack of partial melting in lower crustal granulites suggests a model for Archaean crustal growth largely through underplating by primary tonalitic magmas.     

Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt of West Greenland: a cryptic 1850 Ma suture between two Archaean continents—chemical and isotopic evidence

New chemical and isotopic data permit the recognition of a cryptic suture zone between two Archaean continental masses within the Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt of West Greenland. This discovery has important implications for Precambrian crustal evolution: suture zones may not always be identifiable from geological field observations, with the consequence that mobile belts in which undetected sutures exist may be mis-identified as ensialic, and thought to require special non-plate tectonic models to account for their development.The Nagssugtoqidian belt consists mainly of Archaean gneisses reworked during the Proterozoic, with metamorphic grade and degree of isotopic disturbance increasing towards the centre of the belt. At the centre of the belt the Nagssugtoqidian includes metasediments and calc-alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks of Proterozoic age, almost always strongly deformed and metamorphosed. From isotopic evidence (Sr_i ca. 0.703; model μ₁ values ca. 8.0; initial ε_Nd ca. 0) it is clear that the Proterozoic igneous rocks do not include any significant contributions derived from the Archaean crust, and the chemistry of the rocks, together with the isotope data, suggests that they were formed at a destructive plate margin. The Proterozoic rocks are found in a narrow zone (up to 30 km wide) between the Archaean gneisses to the north and south of Nordre Strømfjord, and are interpreted as reflecting the existence of a suture between two Archaean continental blocks. Zircon UPb data and other isotope evidence show that subduction started before ca. 1920 Ma ago, and lasted until ca. 1850 Ma when collision occurred, with consequent crustal thickening, high-grade metamorphism and local anatexis. Given the time-span for the operation of subduction, the existence of a wide Nagssugtoqidian ocean can be inferred, even for slow rates of plate motion.The Proterozoic and Archaean gneisses in the Nagssugtoqidian belt are very similar lithologically and chemically, and it has only been possible to distinguish between them using isotopic criteria. Suture zones of this kind are very difficult to detect, and may be present elsewhere within the reworked Archaean terrains of northern Greenland and Canada.     

Lu-Hf total-rock age for the Amîtsoq gneisses,West Greenland

Lu-Hf total-rock data for the Amîtsoq gneisses of West Greenland yield an age of 3.55±0.22Gy(2σ), based on the decay constant λ¹⁷⁶Lu=1.96×10^?11y^?1, and an initial¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratio of 0.280482±33. The result is in good agreement with Rb-Sr total-rock and U-Pb zircon ages. In spite of severe metamorphism of the area at 2.9 Gy, zircons from two of the samples have remained on the total-rock line, and define points close to the initial Hf ratio. The initial¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf lies close to a chondritic Hf isotopic evolution curve from 4.55 Gy to present. This is consistent with the igneous precursors to the Amîtsoq gneisses having been derived from the mantle at or shortly before 3.6 Gy. Anomalous relationships between Hf concentration and the¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratio may suggest that trace element abundances in the Amîtsoq gneisses are partly controlled by processes related to metamorphism.     

扬子克拉通太古代崆岭群角闪岩相与麻粒岩相岩石的岩石磁学研究

提供了扬子克拉通太古代基底崆岭群２０件代表性岩石样品的密度与磁性参数的测量结果．结果表明，变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ（英云闪长－奥长花岗－花岗间长质）片麻岩（１３个样品）的磁化率与饱和剩磁普遍大于斜长角闪岩和辉长岩．前者的磁化率与饱和剩磁平均值分别为１２１３×１０^－６ＳＩ与１９．９４Ａ／ｍ，而后者的则为８０２×１０^－６ＳＩ与１０．７７Ａ／ｍ．变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩呈明显的亚铁磁性状态；斜长角闪岩和辉长岩则以顺磁性或顺磁性与亚铁磁性混合状态分布为主．热磁分析结果表明，变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩的剩磁载体以磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿为主；斜长角门岩和辉长岩则明显含有磁黄铁矿与次要的磁铁矿．变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩的磁性具有很强的非均一性．推断崆岭群中的变碎屑岩为麻粒岩相变质级，视深度相当于大陆下地壳；而斜长角闪岩的变质级明显低于变碎屑岩，可能为角门岩相，视深度相当于中地壳．变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩磁性的强非均一性可能与该区后期广泛发生的混合岩化作用密切相关。     

Sm-Nd and zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of Huilanshan mafic granulite in the Dabie Mountains and its zircon trace element geochemistry

Granulites in the Dabie Mountains are mainly ob-served in northern Dabie complex zone. Huangtuling intermediate-acid granulites and Huilanshan mafic granulites in the Luotian dome are two famous out-crops (Fig. 1)[1]. It is important to know the genesis and metamorphic age of these granulites for under-standing tectonic evolution and exhumation history of the Dabie Mountains. Previous geochemical and geo-chronological work[2―8]1) on the Huangtuling granu-lites indicates that their protoli…     

Age relationships between greenstone belts and “granites” in the Rhodesian Archaean craton

Whole-rock Rb-Sr age measurements on rocks from the Rhodesian Archaean craton of Southern Africa demonstrate that (a) the Mashaba area gneisses, which are typical of the Rhodesian Basement Complex, are approximately 3600 m.y. old, (b) volcanic rocks from the main greenstone belts, assigned to the Bulawayan Group, were extruded approximately 2600–2700 m.y. ago, (c) a cross-cutting pluton, the Sesombi tonalite, was emplaced2690 ± 70 m.y. ago, (d) the Gwenoro Dam migmatites, which field evidence suggests could be older than the main greenstone belts, were emplaced2780 ± 30 m.y. ago.The initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of most of the rock units of groups b, c and d are in close agreement at about 0.701, suggesting that the later granitic (sensu lato) and andesitic rocks so far analysed were not produced by remelting of, or contamination with, ancient gneissic basement.     

A reappraisal of the Rb-Sr systematics of early Archaean gneisses from Hebron,Labrador

A re-investigation of the Rb-Sr isotope systematics of early Archaean granodiorite gneisses from Hebron, northern Labrador, confirms the existence of early Archaean crust in that area, but has failed to corroborate both the high degree of coherence and the high initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr reported by Barton [1]. Instead, marked geological scatter is observed in the data for both slabbed gneisses and large bulk samples, a scatter unequivocally due to the development of secondary whole-rock isochrons at ～ 1800 Ma.Regression analysis of the new data gives very large uncertainties in the age and initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr because of this secondary disturbance, viz. 3645_?470⁺⁸⁷⁵ Ma and 0.702_+0.005^?0.009. We interpret the previous indications of high initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr at 3600 Ma as due to chance.The Hebron data cannot be distinguished from similar populations of geologically-disturbed Rb-Sr results from the Uivak I gneisses to the north [5] and the Amîtsoq grey gneisses [6]. This supports a field-based contention that the so-called “Hebron gneisses” are both lithologic and stratigraphic equivalents of the Uivak I gneisses.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In-situ</Emphasis> trace element analyses and Pb-Pb dating of zircons in granulite from Huangtuling,Dabieshan by LAM-ICP-MS

It is revealed by CL images that there are multi-stage growth internal structures of zircons in the Huangtuling granulite, including the inherited zircons, protolith zircons, sector and planar zone zircons and retrograde zircons. In-situ trace element compositions and Pb-Pb ages have been analyzed by LAM-ICP-MS. The sector and the planar zone domains show typical trace element characteristics of granulite zircon (low Th, U, Th/U, total REEs, clear negative Eu anomalies, relatively depleted HREE and small differential degree between MREE and HREE, etc.), indicating that they formed during granulite-facies metamorphism. The protolith zircons have trace element characteristics of crustal zircon (high Th, U, Th/U, total REEs and enriched HREEs, etc.). 12 analyzed spots on granulite-facies domains give a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of (2154±26) Ma (MSWD = 3.8), which is the best estimated age of granulite-facies metamorphism of this sample. The weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 5 analyzed spots on protolith zircon domains is (2714 ± 22) Ma (MSWD = 1.4), which represents the protolith forming time. The discovery of ca. 3.4 Ga inherited zircon indicates that there are Palaeoarchean continental materials in this area. The interpretation of formation conditions and the ages of zircons can be constrained by simultaneous in-situ analysis of trace elements and ages.     

The influence of pressure,temperature and bulk composition on the appearance of garnet in orthogneisses — an example from South Harris,Scotland

Granulite facies metamorphism of the igneous complex of South Harris has produced garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase assemblages from olivine-normative rocks and 2 pyroxene-plagioclase-quartz assemblages from quartz-normative rocks. The appearance of garnet can be considered in terms of two complex reactions:Olivine + plagioclase₁ → (Ca, Mg, Fe) garnet + plagioclase₂(olivine-normative) (A)Orthopyroxene + plagioclase₁ → (Ca, Mg, Fe) garnet + plagioclase₂ + quartz (quartz-normative) (B)For bulk compositions of the South Harris rocks the equilibrium pressure for reaction (A) has been exceeded whereas that for reaction (B) was not reached. Estimated physical conditions of metamorphism bracketed by these and other reactions are: 800–860°C and 10–13 kbar. These estimates, based on experimental data on simple systems combined with thermodynamic models of the solid solutions involved are in good agreement with extrapolated pressures for the experimentally determined appearance of garnet in basaltic compositions (Green and Ringwood, 1967). The latter give 9–12 kbar in the temperature range of interest. The calculations are also consistent with the occurrence of kyanite in associated metapelites and with the stability of spinel-lherzolite during the granulite metamorphism.     

In-situ trace element analyses and Pb-Pb dating of zircons in granulite from Huangtuling, Dabieshan by LAM-ICP-MS

Zircon is an accessory mineral occurring in many types of rocks. For the rich content of U and low content of common Pb, it is the principal mineral used for U-Th-Pb dating. It can be sur-vived during weathering, transiting, high-grade metamorphism and ev…     

Further U-Pb dates on zircons from the early Precambrian rocks of the Godthaabsfjord area,West Greenland

U-Pb analyses of zircons from the Godthaabsfjord area in West Greenland yield dates of 2530 ± 30 m.y. for the Qo?rqut granite, 2820 ± 50 m.y. for the Nu?k gneiss, 2600–2900 m.y. for Malene-type supracrustal rocks, and >3800 m.y. for Isua supracrustal rocks. The zircon data are in accord with the stratigraphic sequence except for the Malene supracrustal zircons, which appear to have been variably affected by later metamorphism that did not reset the Nu?k or Amîtsoq zircons in the same area.     

The chemical Th-U-total Pb isochron ages of Jiaodong and Jiaonan metamorphic rocks in the Shandong Peninsula, eastern China

Abstract The chemical Th-U-total Pb isochron method (CHIME) was applied to determine the age of monazite and thorite in five gneisses and zircon in an ultra high-pressure (UHP) phengite schist from the Su-Lu region, eastern China. The CHIME ages and isotopic ages reported in the literature show that gneisses in the Su-Lu region are divided into middle Proterozoic (1500–1720 Ma) and Mesozoic (100–250 Ma) groups. The Proterozoic group includes paragneiss and orthogneiss of the amphibolite-granulite facies, and their protolith age is late Archean-early Proterozoic. The Mesozoic group is mainly composed of orthogneiss of the greenschist-epidote amphibolite facies, and the protolith age is Middle Paleozoic-Early Proterozoic. The Proterozoic and Mesozoic gneisses occupy northern and southern areas of the Su-Lu region, respectively, which are divided by a major Wulian-Qingdao-Yantai fault. Ultra high-pressure metamorphic rocks occur as blocks in the Mesozoic gneisses, and form a UHP complex.
The UHP phengite schist in the Mesozoic orthogneiss contains detrital zircons with late Proterozoic CHIME age ( ca 860 Ma). Age of the UHP metamorphism is late Proterozoic or younger, and protolith age of the UHP metamorphic rocks is probably different from that of the surrounding Mesozoic gneisses.     

The isotopic and chemical evolution of Mount St. Helens

Isotopic and major and trace element analysis of nine samples of eruptive products spanning the history of the Mt. St. Helens volcano suggest three different episodes; (1) 40,000–2500 years ago: eruptions of dacite with ε_Nd = +5, ε_Sr = ?10, variable δ¹⁸O,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ～ 18.76, Ca/Sr ～ 60, Rb/Ba ～ 0.1, La/Yb ～ 18, (2) 2500-1000 years ago: eruptions of basalt, andesite and dacite with ε_Nd = +4 to +8, ε_Sr = ?7 to ?22, variable δ¹⁸O (thought to represent melting of differing mantle-crust reservoirs), ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb= 18.81?18.87, variable Ca/Sr, Rb/Ba, La/Yb and high Zr, (3) 1000 years ago to present day: eruptions of andesite and dacite with ε_Nd = +6, ε_Sr = ?13, δ¹⁸O～6‰, variable²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Ca/Sr ～ 77, Rb/Ba= 0.1, La/Yb ～ 11. None of the products exhibit Eu anomalies and all are LREE enriched. There is a strong correlation between⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and differentiation indices. These data are interpreted in terms of a mantle heat source melting young crust bearing zircon and garnet, but not feldspar, followed by intrusion of this crustal reservoir by mantle-derived magma which caused further crustal melting and contaminated the crustal magma system with mafic components. Since 1000 years ago all the eruptions have been from the same reservoir which has displayed a much more gradual re-equilibration of Pb isotopic compositions than other components suggesting that Pb is being transported via a fluid phase. The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions lie along the mantle array and suggest that the mantle underneath Mt. St. Helens is not as depleted as MORB sources. There is no indication of seawater involvement in the source region.     

Sm-Nd studies of Archaean metasediments and metavolcanics from West Greenland and their implications for the Earth's early history

Metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks from the Archaean of West Greenland have been examined for evidence of crustal components greater than 3.8 Ga in age and for their compatibility with the presently adopted bulk Earth Sm-Nd parameters. Sm-Nd isotopic data have been obtained for the garbenschiefer metagabbro unit, metasediments from the Isua supracrustal belt, gneisses interior to the Isua belt and metasediments from the Malene supracrustal belt.Using estimates of emplacement age (T) of between 3.77 and 3.67 Ga for the parental volcanics to the garbenschiefer unit, initial¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios yield positiveε_Nd^T values between +1.0 and +3.1 (relative to the CHUR parameters) for seven out of eight samples. Model Sm-Nd ages for the Isua gneisses and metasediments are only compatible with their estimated stratigraphic ages if their sources were ca.+2ε_Nd relative to CHUR at those times. Similarly, model Sm-Nd ages for the Malene samples are only compatible with stratigraphic age constraints when based on a source evolution with positiveε_Nd^T. Implications of these results for the early development of the Earth's mantle are discussed.     

Inherited isotope systems and the source region pre-history of early Caledonian granites in the Dalradian Series of Scotland

RbSr and UPb isotope analyses are reported for two pre-metamorphic Caledonian granites which intrude Dalradian rocks in the Central Highlands of Scotland. These data indicate that the origin of the granitic magmas involved partial fusion of old crustal material.UPb systems of zircon size and magnetic fractions from the Ben Vuirich granite are strongly discordant. However, U/Pb isotopic ratios precisely define a chord which intersects concordia at 514_?7⁺⁶ m.y. and 1316_?25⁺²⁶ m.y. Geological constraints suggest that the lower intersection records the post-F₂, pre-M₃ emplacement age of the granite. The upper intersection reflects the presence of old zircon xenocrysts incorporated into the granite magma without complete isotopic resetting. The ultimate source of these xenocrysts is probably a metamorphic basement complex which formed about 1320 m.y. ago, but the immediate source region of the granites could have been Dalradian sediments derived therefrom.RbSr whole-rock systems of the Ben Vuirich granite are also strongly discordant, although 8 out of 13 data points scatter about an “errorchron” of 564 ± 24 m.y. with an initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of about 0.716. This is interpreted as a spurious result due to incomplete homogenization of Sr isotopes in the source region during partial fusion. Initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios at the time of emplacement indicated by the zircon data ranged from 0.7173 to 0.7191. Whole-rock samples from the Dunfallandy Hill granite have Rb/Sr ratios 2–3 times higher than those from Ben Vuirich and define a reasonably good isochron age of 491 ± 15 m.y. with an initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.7185 ± 0.0008. This may date granite emplacement or subsequent resetting of the high Rb/Sr rocks during Caledonian metamorphism. RbSr systematics indicate that the crustal source regions of these and other Caledonian granites separated from the upper mantle at least ca. 800 m.y. ago and probably ca. 1300 m.y. ago, thus confirming the interpretation of the upper intersection age of the zircon UPb data.     

Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism

The 1960 Kapoho lavas of Kilauea’s east rift zone contain 1–10 cm xenoliths of olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, and gabbro norite. Textures are poikilitic (ol+sp+cpx in pl) and intergranular (cpx+pl±ol±opx). Poikilitic xenoliths, which we interpret as cumulates, have the most primitive mineral compositions, Fo_82.5, cpx Mg# 86.5, and An_80.5. Many granular xenoliths (ol and noritic gabbro) contain abundant vesicular glass that gives them intersertal, hyaloophitic, and overall ‘open’ textures to suggest that they represent ‘mush’ and ‘crust’ of a magma crystallization environment. Their phase compositions are more evolved (Fo_80–70, cpx Mg# 82–75, and An_73–63) than those of the poikilitic xenoliths. Associated glass is basaltic, but evolved (MgO 5 wt%; TiO₂ 3.7–5.8 wt%). The gabbroic xenolith mineral compositions fit existing fractional crystallization models that relate the origins of various Kilauea lavas to one another. FeO/MgO crystal–liquid partitioning is consistent with the poikilitic ol-gabbro assemblage forming as a crystallization product from Kilauea summit magma with ∼8 wt% MgO that was parental to evolved lavas on the east rift zone. For example, least squares calculations link summit magmas to early 1955 rift-zone lavas (∼5 wt% MgO) through ∼28–34% crystallization of the ol+sp+cpx+pl that comprise the poikilitic ol-gabbros. The other ol-gabbro assemblages and the olivine gabbro-norite assemblages crystallized from evolved liquids, such as represented by the early 1955 and late 1955 lavas (∼6.5 wt% MgO) of the east rift zone. The eruption of 1960 Kapoho magmas, then, scoured the rift-zone reservoir system to entrain portions of cumulate and solidification zones that had coated reservoir margins during crystallization of prior east rift-zone magmas. Received: January 7, 1993/Accepted: November 23, 1993