Climate change 1992: The supplementary report to the IPCC impacts assessment: edited by W.J. McG. Tegart, G.W. Sheldon and J.H. Hellyer Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1993, 112 pp

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) completed its first round of assessments of the science, impacts and response to climate change in 1990. In 1992, the IPCC pulled together updates to the first round of reports (J. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums, eds, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; W.J. McG. Tegart, G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths, eds, Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1990). At the same time, the literature on the potential impacts of climate change has expanded enormously. Four volumes are reviewed here.     

云南一次持续性暴雨过程的非地转湿Q*

应用非地转湿Q^*,对2001年5月31日至6月2日发生在云南的持续性暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,非地转湿Q矢量辐合区是暴雨发生的有利区域;非地转湿Q矢量的垂直分布反映了次级环流的方向和强弱,云南的暴雨落区位于次级环流的上升支附近。     

运城盆地秋冬季PM2.5传输特征和源区分析

利用2017-2019年空气质量监测数据，采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT），对运城市秋冬季大气PM2.5传输路径、对应重污染的天气形势和潜在源区进行分析。结果表明：（1）运城近地层盛行偏东风时污染频率高，弱的偏东风和西南风时，污染物浓度较大。秋冬季PM2.5后向轨迹西北方向最多达53.53%，偏东方向最少为11.25%，偏西方向和西南方向介于两者之间，分别为16.61%和12.06%。（2）不同轨迹对应天气形势不同，西北和偏西轨迹下，500 hPa高度场上为两槽一脊或偏西气流，700～850 hPa受脊前西北气流影响，地面为高压前底部型或均压场型；西南轨迹下，500 hPa高度场上为偏西气流，700～850 hPa运城处于槽前西南气流，地面气压场为高压前底部（底部）或均压场。（3）运城PM2.5潜在源区主要位于陕西南部、四川东部和新疆东南、甘肃的东南部等地区，说明影响运城秋冬季PM2.5的浓度除了来自汾渭平原西南部的颗粒物区域输送，来自西北方向新疆、甘肃的远距离颗粒物传输也是重要来源。     

Sulfur (32S, 33S, 34S, 36S) and oxygen (16O,17O,18O) isotopic ratios of primary sulfate produced from combustion processes

The recent discovery of an anomalous enrichment in ¹⁷O isotope in atmospheric sulfate has opened a new way to investigate the oxidation pathways of sulfur in the atmosphere. From laboratory investigations, it has been suggested that the wet oxidation of sulfur in rain droplets was responsible for the excess ¹⁷O. In order to confirm this theory, sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of different primary sulfates produced during fossil fuel combustion have been investigated and are reported. None of these samples exhibits any anomalous oxygen or sulfur isotopic content, as compared to urban sulfate aerosols. These results, in agreement with the laboratory investigations, reinforce the idea of an aqueous origin for the oxygen-17 anomaly found in tropospheric sulfates.     

地形辐合线与华北平原雾空间分布的关系*

使用京津冀冬半年地面气象站雾的常规观测和自动站风的观测资料进行统计分析,得出太行山地形辐合线位置与华北平原雾的空间分布有一定对应关系,即：冬半年(10-2月)华北平原年平均雾日多发区对应地形辐合线的位置；以2013年1月21-22日华北平原雾为例,辐合线附近的能见度相对较低,即辐合线附近雾的浓度较强。为加强对雾天气的成因认识,提高雾天气的预报能力,在科学规划雾天气监测网时应充分考虑地形的影响(如地形辐合线的位置)。     

CO2浓度与土壤水分胁迫对红松和云杉苗木影响的试验研究

全球气候变化对植物影响研究的主要内容是由于大气中CO2 浓度升高导致的气温升高和土壤干旱化对植物的影响。文中利用人工气候室试验研究了高CO2 浓度和土壤水分胁迫对红松和云杉的影响 ,结果表明 :CO2 浓度升高使红松和云杉生长量的增长率提高 ,土壤水分胁迫使树木生长量的增长率下降 ,且CO2 浓度升高的正效应要小于土壤水分胁迫的负效应。CO2 浓度升高使树木叶水势增大 ,土壤水分胁迫使树木叶水势减小 ,这从植物生理的角度说明了CO2 浓度变化和土壤水分胁迫对树木的影响机理 ,且在轻度干旱的情况下 ,高CO2 浓度使树木叶水势增大 ,但随着土壤干旱程度的加重 ,树木的叶水势逐渐减小。同时 ,从实验结果还可以看出 ,虽然大气中CO2 浓度和土壤湿度变化对苗木的影响显著存在 ,但与农作物和牧草等植物相比 ,这种影响仍要小得多。     

新疆北部暖季短时强降水的时空分布特征

基于2013—2019年暖季新疆北部518个自动站逐时降水资料,运用常规统计、归一化及其偏离程度、降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)等方法,研究该区短时强降水(Flash Heavy Rain,FHR)时空分布和统计特征。结果表明:(1)近7 a新疆北部FHR发生频次年变化大,2016年最多,2014年最少,前者是后者的3.9倍。(2)FHR集中发生在6—7月,6月下旬为峰值,且日变化呈明显的单峰型,峰值主要在17:00—19:00。(3)FHR发生频次集中在山脉的迎风坡和喇叭口地形附近。(4)FHR PCD呈现由南向北、由西向东逐渐集中,阿勒泰地区最集中;PCP自伊犁河谷至天山北坡,从克拉玛依向西、向北逐渐推迟,阿勒泰地区最晚。(5)PCD伊犁河谷、天山北坡年变化呈增大的趋势,其它区域呈减小的趋势。PCP阿勒泰地区、博州、天山北坡年变化呈增大趋势,其它区域呈减小的趋势。     

Behaviour of H2O2, NH3, and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds during CIME

We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H₂O₂, NH₃ and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H₂O₂ and NH₃ are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H₂O₂ is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH₃ uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH₄⁺ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H₂O₂–SO₂ reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming.     

乌鲁木齐气温与城市热岛强度日内和季节变化特征

运用2013-2014年28个自动气象站的逐小时气温观测资料,分析了乌鲁木齐地区气温的日变化特征及季节特征。结果表明：1)城郊日最高气温出现频率最大的时次均为北京时间17时,出现频率在20%以上。日最低气温出现频率最大的时次为8时,频率在30%以上;2)年平均城郊气温差异即城市热岛强度在夜晚较大,早上7时左右达到最大,在1.5℃以上,白天较小,16时左右最小,仅有0.3℃左右;3)城郊日最高气温出现时间基本一致,但日最低气温出现时间有差别,冬季郊区最低气温出现滞后城区1小时,其他季节保持一致;4)城区逐小时城市热岛强度日内变化可分为三个阶段：8点到17点为下降时期,17点到22点为迅速上升时期,22点到第二天8点为稳定的强热岛时期;5)侯平均城市热岛强度年内变化,最大值发生在年终的第72候,为1.53℃,最小值发生在第秋末第67候,为0.33℃;6)综合来看,各季代表月平均城市热岛强度春季(4月)夜晚较强,夏季(7月)夜晚和白天都相对较弱,秋季(9月)夜晚最强,但白天最弱,甚至白天部分时刻(15到18点)出现了负值。冬季白天和晚上都比较强,是四季代表月份平均热岛强度最强的季节。     

Occurrence of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. spores in Western, Northern and Central-Eastern Poland in 2004–2006 and relation to some meteorological factors

The concentration of airborne spores of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. has been investigated at three monitoring stations situated along the west-north and central-east transect in Poland (Szczecin, Olsztyn, Warszawa,) i.e. from a height of 100 m to 149 m above sea level. The aerobiological monitoring of fungal spores was performed by means of three Lanzoni volumetric spore traps.Cladosporium spp. spores were dominant at all the stations. The highest Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. numbers of spores were observed at all the cities in July and August.Statistically significant correlations have been found between the Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. concentration in the air and the mean air temperature, amount of precipitation, air pressure and relative air humidity. The spore count of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. is determined by the diversity of local flora and weather conditions, especially by the air temperature. The identification of factors, which influence and shape spore concentrations, may significantly improve the current methods of allergy prevention.     

临安冬夏季SO2、NO2和O3体积分数特征及与气象条件的关系

对临安大气本底站2003-2004年冬、夏季二氧化氮(NO2)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)进行了分析.结果表明:冬季NO2和SO2平均体积分数分别为19.48×10-9和35.74 x10-9,而夏季的平均体积分数分别为4.81×10-9和8.12×10-9,冬季高于夏季;O3在夏季的平均体积分数为33.55×10-9,略高于冬季的25.44×10-9;夜间NO2和SO2体积分数比白天高,并且NO2呈明显的单峰单谷型分布,O3也呈单峰型但峰值出现在白天.NO2、SO2体积分数存在着明显的“假日效应”,假日比非假日低,周五高于假日和非假日;但O3体积分数没有明显的假日效应.降水对SO2有明显的清除作用,但对NO2的清除作用不明显.与风向对比发现,夏季高体积分数的NO2、SO2都受到NW、WNW风的影响,冬季则分别受NE和SW、SSW风的影响;而O3受风向的影响较复杂,与局地光化学反应有关.     

WINTER QINGHAI-XIZANG TBB FEATURES IN RELATION TO ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERN AND ASIAN-AUSTRALIAN MONSOONS*

Predominantly in the context of Japan GMS-derived T_BB data,study is undertaken of the relationship between the winter thermal conditions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)and anomaly in Asian-Australian monsoons during northern summer.Evidence suggests that anti-correlation of cold air activity of East Asia with that of Mid Asia is responsible for the counterpart of the ground thermal characteristics anomaly on an interannual basis between the SW and NEQXP;the winter thermal pattern bears a closer correlativity with the subsequent summertime Asian-Australian monsoons anomaly;as the thermal distribution is reversed,so are the convection features over North and South China,maritime continent,the NW and SW Pacific at tropical and equatorial latitudes,resulting in vast difference between East-Asian summer and Indonesian-North Australian winter monsoons;the subtropical monsoon-associated rainbelt over the mid-lower Changjiang basins exhibits the discrepancy in vigor and northerly shift timing.Besides,part of the results has been further borne out through analysis of temperature and precipitation records of the eastern portion of the country in monsoon climate.     

Modelling the formation of H2SO4–H2O particles in rural, urban and marine conditions

The factors which affect the formation of new sulphuric acid particles in different atmospheric conditions are investigated. An atmospheric chemistry gas phase box model coupled to a three mode integral aerosol dynamics model is used. The simulations show the dependence of the concentration of nucleation mode particles on initial pre-existing particles, the intensity of UV radiation, the emissions of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and the ratio of emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and NO_x present in the atmosphere. Eight different basic cases are simulated in urban, rural and marine conditions. The effects of pre-existing particles as a sink of sulphuric acid are clearly seen. The increased UV radiation is also seen to enhance particle formation via sulphuric acid route significantly.     

氟利昂C2Cl2F4分子的光谱及解离动力学研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP理论对氟利昂C₂Cl₂F₄ (F-114)在6-31G++(d,p)基组水平上进行分子结构优化、红外光谱计算,理论计算所得结果与实验结果基本吻合.此外又通过从头算CIS方法计算了C₂Cl₂F₄及其离子的低激发态,将所得分子低激发态的键长、键角及二面角等参数进行了对比分析,并得到了C₂Cl₂F₄分子的UV-Vis光谱和分子前线轨道,最后对C₂Cl₂F₄⁺离子的低激发态光解离动力学进行了分析.     

Vertical profiles of biospheric and fossil fuel-derived CO2 and fossil fuel CO2 : CO ratios from airborne measurements of Δ14C, CO2 and CO above Colorado, USA

Measurements of  Δ¹⁴C  in atmospheric CO₂ are an effective method of separating CO₂ additions from fossil fuel and biospheric sources or sinks of CO₂. We illustrate this technique with vertical profiles of CO₂ and  Δ¹⁴C  analysed in whole air flask samples collected above Colorado, USA in May and July 2004. Comparison of lower tropospheric composition to cleaner air at higher altitudes (>5 km) revealed considerable additions from respiration in the morning in both urban and rural locations. Afternoon concentrations were mainly governed by fossil fuel emissions and boundary layer depth, also showing net biospheric CO₂ uptake in some cases. We estimate local industrial CO₂:CO emission ratios using in situ measurements of CO concentration. Ratios are found to vary by 100% and average 57 mole CO₂:1 mole CO, higher than expected from emissions inventories. Uncertainty in CO₂ from different sources was ±1.1 to ±4.1 ppm for addition or uptake of −4.6 to 55.8 ppm, limited by  Δ¹⁴C  measurement precision and uncertainty in background  Δ¹⁴C  and CO₂ levels.