含电流变体的复合砂浆梁振动特性实验研究

本文开展了将电流变体智能材料直接理置在土木工程中常用的砂浆材料中的可行性、具体操作工艺及注意事项的研究,利用电流变体作为驱动元件与基体砂浆材料结合制成智能悬臂梁结构,调节施加在电流变体上的电压,用锤击法测定其在不同电场强度下的自振频率,观察分析频率随电场慢度的变化规律。实验结果表明,改变施加在电流变体上的电压确实可以改变复合梁的整体振动特性,尤其是对第一、二阶频率影响比较明显。本文的研究为电流变体在实际工程结构振动控制领域的应用奠定了实验基础。     

水饱和孔隙介质中平面震电波电磁特性的定量模拟

震电效应在地球物理测井和勘探领域拥有十分广阔的前景.为了研究孔隙介质中的震电效应,本文基于毛管模型中渗流场和电流场耦合理论,利用Pride震电理论对震电耦合波传播特性进行了定量模拟;对震电横波、震电快纵波、震电慢纵波的传播速度、衰减常数、电场强度、电流密度以及电荷密度进行了比较,定量分析了其随孔隙度、离子浓度、阳离子交换量的变化规律.分析结果表明:随着频率增大,三种震电耦合波波速、衰减常数以及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值增大,震电横波电场强度与固相速度比值的模值减小,震电快纵波、慢纵波电场模值增大.当频率相同时,震电快纵波波速最大、衰减常数最小,震电慢纵波波速最慢、衰减常数最大,震电横波的波速和衰减常数大小居于快、慢纵波之间;频率不变时,震电慢纵波电场强度与固相速度比值的模值最大,快纵波次之,横波最小;中低频时,震电横波电流密度与固相速度比值的模值略大于慢纵波;高频时,震电慢纵波略大于横波,快纵波一直最小.溶液浓度和阳离子交换量对三种震电波的波速和衰减常数影响很小;溶液浓度越大或阳离子交换量越小,三种震电波电场强度、电流密度与固相速度比值的模值越小,震电快纵波和慢纵波电荷密度与固相速度比值的模值也越小,但是相位几乎都不变.     

油水两相饱和储层中平面震电波场响应特性

现有的孔隙介质震电理论缺乏针对含油储层震电耦合的数学模型及定量模拟,制约了该方法在含油储层中的推广应用.本文将非饱和孔隙介质中弹性波动理论与含油储层中动电耦合理论及麦克斯韦电磁理论相结合,建立了描述油水两相饱和储层中震电耦合波的数学方法,定量模拟了含油储层中平面震电波场响应特性,并探讨了储层参数对震电波场响应的影响.研究结果表明:油水两相饱和储层中震电耦合产生四种震电耦合波,震电横波、震电纵波P1、P2和P3波;震电波场响应具有频散特性,频率增大,震电纵波P2和P3波传播速度显著增大,震电波衰减常数均增大;相同频率下,震电纵波P2波电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值相比其它三种震电波的均较大,说明其激发电场和电流能力较强;震电波场响应受到宏观储渗参数的影响,储层孔隙度增大,震电波的传播速度均减小,三种震电纵波的衰减常数均增大,且震电横波和震电纵波P1波的电场强度与固相速度比值的模值均增大,震电纵波P2和P3波的均减小;储层渗透率增大,震电波的传播速度均增大,震电横波的衰减常数、电场强度与固相速度比值的模值亦增大,而三种震电纵波的则相反;含水饱和度增大,震电横波、震电纵波P1(低频时)和P2波的传播速度均减小,衰减常数、电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值均增大,震电纵波P3波的则相反;震电波响应电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的相位在高频时出现频散现象,同样受到储层参数的影响.     

高压输电线路对嘉山地震台地电观测影响分析

淮南至上海特高压交流输电示范工程是我国首条百万伏输电线路工程,该工程部分勘测线路要经过嘉山地震台地电观测区外南侧。利用拟蒙特卡罗数值积分方法计算在输电线路两侧由线路工作电流激发的工频电场,将计算结果分别与地电场和地电阻率观测时允许的工频骚扰电场强度进行比较,得到不同电压等级、不同塔型的交流输电线路在典型工作电流下不影响嘉山地震台地电观测的最小允许距离。     

高压输电线路对嘉山地震台地电观测影响分析

淮南至上海特高压交流输电示范工程是我国首条百万伏输电线路工程,该工程部分勘测线路要经过嘉山地震台地电观测区外南侧。利用拟蒙特卡罗数值积分方法计算在输电线路两侧由线路工作电流激发的工频电场,将计算结果分别与地电场和地电阻率观测时允许的工频骚扰电场强度进行比较,得到不同电压等级、不同塔型的交流输电线路在典型工作电流下不影响嘉山地震台地电观测的最小允许距离。     

高压直流输电对大柏舍台地电场观测干扰的分析

在分析高压直流输电对地电场观测产生干扰原因的基础上, 应用大柏舍台近年来受高压直流输电干扰的地电场数据分析受高压直流干扰时的地电场变化、 入地电流、 换流站接地极与台址关系, 计算了高压直流输电干扰时台址岩体裂隙优势方位。 结果表明: 地电场变化形态仅在高压输电入地电流开始注入和停止注入时产生大幅度的跃变; 高压直流输电干扰时电场强度与入地电流大小成正比, 与台址到换流站接地极的距离的平方成反比; 应用地电场潮汐变化前10阶谐波振幅计算台址岩体裂隙优势方位的方法有甄别高压直流输电干扰的效果。     

鲇鱼 Parilurus otus 坛形电感受器的传入特性

本文用电生理方法研究了电感受器的自发和诱发活动,结果是:(1)18尾鱼的126个感官的自发发放率自15——85脉冲/秒,众值为50脉冲/秒.(2)分析了正弦电刺激下反应的周期直方图和脉冲间隔直方图,确定了频率特性.频率响应曲线呈带通型,带宽为5——30Hz,最适频率在15Hz 附近.(3)向坛内注入正弦电流测量了47个感官的反应阈值,其中35个感官(占74%)的反应阈值低于0.1nA,9个感官(占19%)低于0.01nA,分别相当于水中电场强度61V/cm 和6.1V/cm.      

瞬变电磁接收装置对浅层探测的畸变分析与数值剔除

从理论上对瞬变电磁系统的接收装置频率特性进行分析,得出了瞬变信号在早期发生畸变的根本原因,揭示出接收装置在发射电流关断期间和电流关断后对一次场和二次场的影响关系,给出基于导电球体模型下接收装置的谐振频率与最小取样时间的关系图,进而讨论了接收装置对浅层目标体探测的影响.当瞬变电磁测量系统在电流关断开始时刻记录全程瞬变响应和发射电流波形时,如果接收装置的位置和谐振频率已知,就可以通过数值计算方法从根本上剔除接收装置对早期瞬变信号的影响,即使接收装置存在过渡过程,也同样可以实现近地表浅层的探测,从而缩短瞬变电磁法的浅层勘探盲区,提高近地表的探测分辨率和精度.     

利用电磁台站观测数据推算汶川MS8.0地震等效电偶矩

本文利用地下电偶极子产生的电磁场模型, 尝试模拟和推算地震前地面电磁台站观测数据所需震源深度处等效电偶矩。 结果显示, 在观测频率为1 Hz, 地下平均电导率取7.0×10^-4 S/m 时, 2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前电磁异常高潮期, 距离震中1440 km 的高碑店台NS测向观测到1.3 mV/m的电场强度所需震源深度处等效电偶矩量级为10¹³A·m; 若考虑地震主破裂长度150 km, 则产生的地电流量级为10⁸ A。 同时, 这一等效电偶源在地面产生电场的2D分布图显示出很强的方向性(或不均匀性); 信号强度和电流源方向存在着密切的关系, 且电磁场值随观测距离增大而衰减迅速。 这部分地解释了地震相关电磁异常信号的方向性(或不均匀性)的观测事实; 如果观测点位于非强信号区, 即使在有效的探测范围内也可能记录不到异常信息, 这对地震监测台网仪器选址和布置提出了要求, 具有现实的指导意义。     

含黄铁矿泥质砂岩电阻率频散规律实验研究与校正方法（英文）

含黄铁矿泥质岩石的频散特性使得地层的电阻率测井响应值在高频电阻率测井中会出现失真现象,导致储层的饱和度计算存在较大的难度。为了更好的消除岩石中黄铁矿和泥质的电阻率频散影响,同时弥补天然岩心中各种物质成分、含量,以及分布形式等因素无法人工控制的不足,本文设计并在高温高压下制作了12块含分散状黄铁矿颗粒和粘土颗粒的人造固结岩样,分析岩样在多种电流频率条件下,不同地层水矿化度以及饱和度的岩电实验数据,得出频率对含黄铁矿泥质砂岩导电规律的影响:分散状黄铁矿和粘土颗粒都具有频散特性;随着电流频率的增大,岩样复电阻率实部减小。基于有效介质对称导电理论,结合实验研究成果,考虑黄铁矿含量和泥质含量变化对岩石频散规律的影响,建立了黄铁矿泥质砂岩有效介质复电阻率实部频散模型。理论模拟表明当电流频率、黄铁矿及分散泥质含量变化时,模型预测的黄铁矿泥质砂岩频散规律与实验规律相一致。利用岩电实验数据,验证了该模型可以准确地描述含黄铁矿泥质砂岩储层的频散特征。通过选取多种电测井中应用的电流频率,建立了黄铁矿电导率为0.062 S/m,泥质电导率为0.031 S/m的电阻率频率影响校正图版,给出了运用该图版进行高频电阻率测井响应校正的具体方法,为获取地层的真实电阻率值提供了保障。     

CFRP composite retrofitting effect on the dynamic characteristics of arch dams

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of retrofitting dynamic characteristics of a damaged laboratory arch dam model, subsequently repaired with high-strength structural mortar and strengthened with composite carbon fiber reinforced polymer. This study constructed in laboratory conditions is a prototype arch dam–reservoir–foundation model. Five test cases of ambient vibration on the arch dam model illustrate the changes in dynamic characteristics: natural frequency, mode shape, and damping ratio, before and after retrofitting. The ambient vibration tests collected data from the dam body during vibrations by natural excitations which provided small impacts and response signals from sensitivity accelerometers placed at crest points. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition Method in the frequency domain extracts the experimental dynamic characteristics. At the end of the study, experimentally identified dynamic characteristics obtained from all test cases have been compared with each other. Apparently, after the retrofitting, the natural frequencies of the dam body increased considerably, demonstrating that the retrofitting, including repairing and strengthening is very effective on the flashback of initial dynamic characteristics.     

ER智能材料在结构振动控制中的应用

ＥＲ智能材料是一种可控流体,它能在电场的作用下可从牛顿流体变为剪切屈服应力较高的粘塑性体,且这种转变连续,可逆,迅速,因此,可用它来制作可调阻尼器,实现对工程结构风振和地震反应半主动控制,本文在简要地介绍了ＥＲ智能材料电流变效应的基本原理和影响因素之后,建立了适用于土木工程结构控制用的二种类型的ＥＲ可调阻尼器的工作原理和力学模型,并在介绍了ＥＲ可控阻尼器对工程结构风振和地震反应半主动控制的实施原则     

Traffic‐induced variability in dynamic properties of cable‐stayed bridge

The traffic‐induced variability in the dynamic properties of a cable‐stayed bridge is investigated using ambient vibration measurements. Under a relatively steady wind and temperature environment, the ambient vibration test was conducted on the bridge with normal traffic conditions and totally 24 h acceleration response time histories were recorded. These data are divided into 12 sections with each data section containing 2 h measurements. Thereby the modal variability due to changing traffic loading is investigated through post‐processing of the data in each section in both amplitude and frequency domains. The result indicates that the natural frequencies of the global modes can exhibit as much as 1% variation within a day. The modal amplitudes of each mode as well as the modal deflection at each measurement position vary insignificantly. The damping ratios however are sensitive to the vibration intensity, especially when the deck vibration exceeds a certain level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

振动频率对饱和砂土液化强度的影响

采用“土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪”对饱和砂土进行了一系列动三轴实验,探讨了振动频率对液化强度数值的影响程度。在1．0、1．5固结比和0．05、0．10、1．00Hz振动频率条件下,针对相对密实度分别为70％、28％的密砂和松砂进行了100、200、300kPa围压和100kPa围压条件下的液化强度实验。实验结果表明,饱和密砂和松砂在各种固结条件下,液化强度随着振动频率的增大而增大,相同破坏振次时,各种实验条件下的液化强度与振动频率的关系在双对数坐标上均符合线性关系;振动频率由0．05Hz变化到1．00Hz时,液化强度相差达25％以上;动强度指标翰值随振动频率的增大而增大,最大相差12．2％;随着振动频率的增大,砂土达到液化破坏所需的时间明显缩短;振动频率对松砂液化强度的影响比对密砂的影响更为显著。     

Determination of scoured bridge natural frequencies with soil–structure interaction

This study developed a finite element method with the effect of soil–fluid–structure interaction to calculate bridge natural frequencies. The finite element model includes bridge girders, piers, foundations, soil, and water. The effective mass above the soil surface was then used to find the first natural frequency in each direction. A field experiment was performed to validate that the natural frequencies calculated using the proposed finite element method had acceptable accuracy. The calculated natural frequencies with the fluid–structure interaction effect are always smaller than those without this effect. However, the frequency change due to the fluid effect is not obvious, so using the soil–structure interaction model is accurate enough in the bridge natural frequency analysis. The trend of the frequency decreases with the increase of the scour depth, but the curve is not smooth because of non-uniform foundation sections and layered soils. However, when the scour depth is such that pile cap is exposed, the changes in natural frequency with the scour depth are more obvious, and this is useful for measurement of the depth using bridge natural frequencies.     

Experimental measurements of the streaming potential and seismoelectric conversion in Berea sandstone

The streaming potential across a porous medium is induced by a fluid flow due to an electric double layer between a solid and a fluid. When an acoustic wave propagates through a porous medium, the wave pressure generates a relative movement between the solid and the fluid. The moving charge in the fluid induces an electric field and seismoelectric conversion. In order to investigate the streaming potential and the seismoelectric conversion in the same rock sample, we conduct measurements with Berea sandstone saturated by NaCl solutions with different conductivities. We measure the electric voltage (streaming potential) across a cylindrical sample in NaCl solutions with different conductivities and under different pressures to determine the DC coupling coefficients. We also measure the seismoelectric signals induced by acoustic waves with a Berea sandstone plate at different frequencies and solution conductivities. The pressures of the acoustic waves are calibrated with a standard hydrophone (Brüel & 8103) at different frequencies (15–120 kHz). We calculate the quantitative coupling coefficients of the seismoelectric conversion at DC and at high frequencies with samples saturated by solutions with different conductivities. When the Berea sandstone sample is saturated by the NaCl solution with 0.32 mS/m in conductivity, for example, the DC and seismoelectric coupling coefficients at 15 kHz are 0.024 μV/Pa and 0.019 μV/Pa, respectively. The seismoelectric coupling coefficient is an important and helpful parameter for designing a seismoelectric tool. More experimental measurements of seismoelectric coupling coefficients in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 15 kHz are needed in the future.     

变截面修正Timoshenko梁自振频率的回传射线矩阵法分析

考虑剪切变形对转动惯量的影响,对经典Timoshenko梁理论进行修正,并基于回传射线矩阵法,将横截面线性变化的圆台均匀分为多段分段等截面等效梁,推导并求解三种经典边界(两端简支、两端固支、一端固支一端自由)条件下变截面修正Timoshenko梁的自振频率,进一步分析分段数目和梁长度的变化对变截面修正Timoshenko梁自振频率的影响;将计算结果与相同边界条件下经典Timoshenko梁的相应结果进行对比。研究表明：回传射线矩阵法用于分析变截面梁的自振频率时具有良好的计算精度和收敛性;相同边界条件下修正Timoshenko梁的自振频率小于经典Timoshenko梁,且梁越短粗,修正造成的影响(剪切变形对转动惯量的影响)就越大。     

Remanent Magnetization in Portland-Cement-Based Materials

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the possibility of applying one geophysical method to studying untraditional systems as is the case with Portland-cement-based materials. The research demonstrates how conventional paleomagnetic methodology can be employed in studying the mode of magnetic recording in present-day industrial materials. Portland-cement admixtures such as fly ashes and furnace slags should be discriminated, because those particles interact in soils and sediments in nature. Moreover, a better undertanding of magnetic remanent acquisition in model materials can serve to improve the interpretation of magnetic remanent acquisition in natural rocks formed a long time ago. The magnetic constituents of Portland-cement paste and mortar acquire a magnetic remanence due to their alignment with the earth's magnetic field at the casting place. This magnetization can be measured using ordinary paleomagnetic techniques. The alignment of the individual magnetic particles accounts for the intensity of the magnetic remanence, which can be increased by adding water and by vibration before setting and hardening. Blast furnace slag admixtures also add to the enhancement of the intensity of remanence. The magnetization of Portland-cement-based materials shows a near linear relationship with the water /cement (w/c) ratios employed in the experimental work; the w/c ratios range between 0.2 – 0.6 in pastes and 0.3 – 0.6 in mortar. Stable remanent magnetization was obtained during the first seven days of setting and hardening, a period necessary for magnetic particles to become locked parallel to the earth's magnetic field. The stability of magnetic remanence predicts the usefulness of the methodology in studying the properties of Portland cement and particularly in the control of iron-bearing admixtures.     

单级弹簧主动隔振系统建模与分析

主动隔振系统具有隔振频带宽,能够在低频处取得较好隔振效果的优点,因而成为研究的热点。基于单级弹簧主动隔振系统建立数学模型,着重分析了系统位移反馈、速度反馈和加速度反馈3种反馈量对系统隔振性能的影响。结果表明:位移反馈使系统固有角频率提高,低频处隔振效果增强,而高频处隔振效果略有降低;速度反馈使系统在固有角频率附近的隔振效果有很好的改善,但是在其他频段的隔振效果基本没有变化;加速度反馈使得系统固有角频率减小,并且在高频段的隔振效果增加。这对主动隔振系统控制器的设计具有实际指导意义。