广西农业干旱动态评估模型

以自然条件下大气-作物-土壤系统的水量平衡方程为基础，结合广西干旱灾害特点，建立广西农业干旱评估模型。与广西历史农业旱情实况对比分析表明，该模型能够较客观、定量地对农业干旱的发生、发展过程进行逐日动态监测和灾中、灾后评估。     

陕西省干旱影响评估业务系统

在分析总结现有干旱评估指标模型和标准规定的基础上,结合陕西省干旱的时空分布特征、干旱风险图集、农业种植结构等,运用气象观测资料、卫星遥感资料、水文资料等建立一套集干旱灾前预评估、灾中动态评估和灾后损失评估于一体,并能够对农业、水文、生态、社会经济等干旱影响进行综合评估的业务系统。尤其是开发的农业干旱静态和动态评估模型．实现干旱对小麦、玉米在不同生长发育阶段所造成损失的定量评估。     

河南省冬小麦干旱评估业务服务系统研究

根据冬小麦干旱风险评估最新研究成果,对其中的风险评估、灾损评估等模型进行集成,开发了河南省冬小麦干旱评估业务服务系统。该系统主要由基本参数、数据导入、风险分析、动态评估、后期评估和作图等部分组成,能够提供河南全省的冬小麦干旱评估结果,为农业生产提供决策依据。     

干旱胁迫对夏玉米叶片光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

根据冬小麦干旱风险评估最新研究成果,对其中的风险评估、灾损评估等模型进行集成,开发了河南省冬小麦干旱评估业务服务系统.该系统主要由基本参数、数据导入、风险分析、动态评估、后期评估和作图等部分组成,能够提供河南全省的冬小麦干旱评估结果,为农业生产提供决策依据.     

广西甘蔗主产区产量灾损风险评估

根据风险分析原理,利用1978-2009年广西甘蔗产量资料,采用减产率、变异系数、灾损减产风险指数等指标,对广西甘蔗主产区产量灾损风险水平进行评估。结果表明,广西甘蔗主产区气象产量历年平均减产率0-25%,以轻度减产年型（减产率5%-10%）居多,且呈现一定的连片性;减产率变异系数0.75-4.00,崇左市和南宁市部分县区在1.00以下,说明这些地区甘蔗受气象灾害影响造成的大减产年份少;灾损减产风险指数0-0.48,按主产区各地市灾损减产风险指数从小到大排列,防城港市〈崇左市〈南宁市〈钦州市〈来宾市〈贵港市。综合考虑干旱、低温霜冻等气象灾害影响,气象灾害引起甘蔗产量波动风险程度以贵港市的最大,防城港市的最小。研究结果可为广西甘蔗稳产高产制定防灾减灾措施、农业保险制度推行等提供基础理论依据。     

东北地区农业气象灾害定量评估

利用1971-2008年东北地区农业生产资料及主要农业气象灾害资料,计算了干旱、洪涝、风雹和低温冷害的影响权重、成灾率及其变异值。在此基础上,分析了4类灾害对农业生产的影响程度,并进行了综合评估。结果表明：东北地区干旱影响权重最大,并呈增加趋势;黑龙江省各种灾害权重均大于吉林省、辽宁省;东北地区气象灾害以小灾和轻灾为主...     

水分盈亏指数及其在农业干旱监测中的应用

从广西农业生产特点和农业干旱监测业务实际需要出发,建立了综合考虑降雨量和同期作物需水量的基于作物水分盈亏原理的农业干旱监测模型,农业干旱监测等级指标,并用该指标分析了1961～2004年广西双季稻、甘蔗生育期间农业干旱的时空分布特征,用自治区农业厅同期旱情资料对2004年广西春旱发生情况进行监测验证.结果表明:水分盈亏指数模型能很好地反映旱情,是一种实时的干旱监测方法,能运用于广西农业干旱监测业务,在每季干旱发生频率的时空分布特征分析上得到的结果也与实际情况相符合.     

陕西省干旱监测预测评估业务平台

从实际需求和业务应用着眼,利用MODIS遥感资料和地面加密气象与土壤湿度观测资料,综合气候、植被、水文和地质环境等因素,对陕西省生态农业气候环境进行了区划。建立基于MODIS卫星遥感资料的干旱监测业务化方法和模型,开发了气象干旱和农业干旱预测模型及干旱综合影响评估模型,形成了干旱监测预测评估业务平台,实现了省、市、县干旱监测-预测预警-影响评估的系列化服务。     

基于GIS的定西市干旱灾害风险评估及区划

利用1981~2010年各类干旱统计资料,结合地形特征、人口密度、社会经济等资料,构建加权归一化回归模型,借助GIS强大的空间分析功能,对定西市干旱灾害孕灾环境的敏感性、致灾因子的危险性与承灾体的暴露度进行分析与评估,最后给出了基于孕灾环境、致灾因子与承灾体3个条件的干旱灾害风险区划。结果表明,定西市干旱灾害频率呈增加趋势,1999年后3县及以上区域的春旱每年均有发生;干旱灾害的高风险区在定西市北部到中部,大体上呈D字形分布,南部为干旱灾害低风险区。定西市中北部易受干旱威胁,在农作物结构布局上应以大秋作物为主,尽量使农作物在生长及需水关键期避开前半年的主要干旱时段。     

基于GIS的徐水县干旱灾害风险区划

以河北省保定市徐水县干旱灾害为例,对其干旱灾害风险区划进行研究。利用GIS技术,建立气象数据库,集成基础地理数据、气象观测数据和人口经济等资料;选择适当指标,实现干旱灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力栅格化的计算。通过建立干旱灾害风险评估模型,完成干旱灾害风险区划的绘制,并分析了徐水县干旱灾害风险区划的分布特点。结果表明,徐水县干旱灾害风险分布呈地区性差异,中部地区发生干旱灾害的风险较高,西南地区风险较低。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;