埃及西奈半岛西南部Um Bogma地区三水铝石体与铀矿化关系

埃及西奈半岛西南部Um Bogma地区是埃及著名的金属与非金属矿产区,区内盛产锰铁矿、铜矿、铀矿、高岭石和石英砂等矿产,铀矿化与三水铝石体关系密切.通过详细的野外地质调查和室内分析鉴定,从三水铝石体和铀矿(化)体的时空分布、结构构造、矿物组成、化学成分、稀土元素及微量元素特征等方面,分析探讨了该地区三水铝石体与铀矿(化)体的内在联系,认为该地区广泛发育于石炭系Um Bogma组中的三水铝石体是红土化作用的结果,铀矿化与三水铝石体的关系十分密切,富含三水铝石、高岭石、蒙脱石等粘土矿物的三水铝石体是铀的良好聚集剂,在长期的表生风化过程中,从岩石活化淋滤出来的铀以微粒及超显微颗粒逐渐被三水铝石体所吸附而形成铀矿(化)体.     

The geochemistry of a lenticular manganese-ore deposit (Um Bogma,Southern Sinai)

Trace element distributions and interrelationships in the lenticular Mn ore bodies of Um Bogma, Sinai, are utilized to establish physicochemical conditions of formation and diagenesis. The deposits are considered to be shallow marine in origin. Mineralogical and chemical data suggest that these ores were subjected to various diagenetic processes which resulted in the separation of manganese from iron, several ore types being recognized: a) a mixture of Fe and Mn considered to be the original one (mixed ore); b) Mn-rich types; c) Fe-rich types. In this investigation, chemical and mineralogical data and interrelationships are employed to evaluate environmental conditions prevailing during diagenesis.     

Gibbsite mineralization and its genetic implication for the Um Bogma manganese deposit,southwestern Sinai

Gibbsite mineralization is found in the Um Bogma region, southwestern Sinai, predominantly in the Um Bogma Formation, and to a lesser extent also in the Abu Thora Formation, at the base of a carboniferous sequence. This region is well known for the manganese ore lenses which occur in the dolomite beds at the base of the Um Bogma Formation. The gibbsite generally occurs in discordant veins and pockets within the dolomite. Most of the gibbsite bodies are associated with N-NW Tertiary faults or joints, and with dyke contacts and planes of weakness. The common associated minerals are clays, predominantly kaolinite, gypsum, halite, manganese and iron oxides. In the gibbsite, Pb, Zn and Cu are anomalously high, as is the fluoride content identified in the clay fraction. From stratigraphic, tectonic, petrographic and geochemical evidence it is concluded that the gibbsite mineralization took place during the Tertiary and is of hypogene origin. This hypogene activity also caused intensive leaching and alteration of the Um Bogma dolomites and remobilization of Mn + Fe ore bodies. This interpretation is reinforced by the geochemical similarities of the hot springs and trapped formation waters in the Nubian Sandstones along the Gulf of Suez.     

Assessment of hazardous mine waste transport in west central Sinai,using remote sensing and GIS approaches: a case study of Um Bogma area,Egypt

Um Bogma area is the most famous mineralized locality in Sinai, Egypt. It is characterized by the presence of manganese, iron, and copper deposits. Apart from the mill tailings and spoil heaps, the results indicated the decrease of soil contamination downstream. As a result of random manganese mining activity in Um Bogma area, many hazardous elements such as iron, copper, manganese, lead, and zinc as well as many others associating heavy metals such as arsenic, selenium, and sulfur are dispersed in the environment. This study assesses and monitors the environmental impacts of such mining activities in the west central Sinai, using multitemporal spectral remote-sensing sensors (MSS 1972, TM 1986, and ETM+7 2000). The results have shown the very high potential of temporal imagery in mining-related contamination either directly through mineral and rock mapping of the mining waste and residues and related contaminated areas.     

Maastrichtian carbon cycle changes and planktonic foraminiferal bioevents at Gebel Matulla,west-central Sinai,Egypt

Comparison between the planktonic foraminiferal bioevents from different palaeolatitudes suggests that the biostratigraphic criteria used to identify the Maastrichtian stage boundaries are problematic. A new high-resolution calibration of planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphic, carbon-isotope, and sequence-stratigraphic criteria has been recorded for the first time from the Maastrichtian Sudr Formation at Gebel Matulla, west-central Sinai. The sedimentary successions allow the identification of prominent long-term carbon isotope events in the Maastrichtian, namely the negative excursion of the Campanian–Maastrichtian Boundary Event (CMBE), the positive excursion of the mid-Maastrichtian Event (MME), and the decline towards the Cretaceous-Palaeogene transition (KPgE). Termination of these well known δ¹³C events is associated with unconformities, created by eustatic sea-level changes, although the long duration argues for superimposed local tectonic control.     

Origin and geochemistry of Pan-African granitoid rocks in the Gabal Um Shomer area,Southwestern Sinai,Egypt

Geological, petrological and geochemical studies indicated that there are two distinct types of granitoid rocks: older quartz diorites to granodiorite assemblage and younger granitoids, the latter occurring in two phases. The older granitoids have a meta-aluminous chemistry and a calc-alkaline character, with high MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, P2O5, Sr and low SiO2, K2O, and Rb. Their major and trace elements data, together with low 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.7029±0.0008) are indicative of I-type affinities. The second-...     

Composition,radioactivity, and possible applications of kaolin deposits of Sinai,Egypt

This work discusses the composition, radioactivity, and possible utilization of the kaolin resources in Sinai which are hosted in thick sandstone sequences belonging to the Carboniferous (Wadi Khaboba) and Early Cretaceous (Wadi Iseila and Abansakar) ages. The characterization of kaolin was done by microscopic and SEM examination, supported by XRD and ICP-MS analyses. The studied kaolin resources consist of kaolinite, as the main constituent, associated with subsidiary dickite and halloysite, and minor contribution of smectite and illite. The most dominant non-clay mineral is quartz, besides minor gypsum, dolomite, and hematite. Ferrugination dominates, in most cases, at the upper boundaries of the kaolin lenses, suggesting possible supergene activity. The high Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio for the Cretaceous kaolin (0.54, in average) specifies its better grade relative to the Carboniferous kaolin (0.43, in average). The kaolin of the middle part of lens C in Wadi Iseila contains Si/Al molecular ratio of about unity, suggesting high-grade kaolin. The Carboniferous kaolin has enriched the radionuclides: U, Th, and Ra (at disequilibrium state due to leaching of eU relative to Ra) and the REE, relative to that of the Cretaceous age. The Carboniferous kaolin is characterized by a higher contribution of HREE (zircon signature), whereas LREE seems to be more influential for the Early Cretaceous kaolin (monazite signature). In spite of the very high CIA index (93 to 99), none of the analyzed kaolin deposits displays Ce abnormality. The high radioactivity of some Carboniferous kaolin can be a serious impediment for its utilization or its exportation. The kaolin of Sinai does not satisfy the international standards for paperwork industries and refractory manufacturing, but beneficiation may overcome this challenge. However, some lenses have high-grade kaolin with a low percentage of oxides of iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium and a low radioactivity, hence nominated for the local refractory industry. The high-grade kaolin of Sinai fulfills the standards required for ceramics manufacturing in the global market. Grade 3 kaolin (< 30%, Al₂O₃) can be used in the manufacturing of white Portland cement and red glaze manufacturing on both local and global markets.     

Late Maastrichtian litho- and ecocycles from hemipelagic deposits of eastern Sinai, Egypt

A biostratigraphical and palaeoecological survey employing calcareous nannofossils and planktonic and benthonic foraminifera has been carried out in four sections of hemipelagic marls and chalks of the Late Maastrichtian Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone of eastern Sinai, in order to evaluate the mechanisms controlling the composition of the well preserved microfauna and nannoflora.The Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone in eastern Sinai can be easily identified by the wide occurrence of the index fossil A. mayaroensis and can be further subdivided by the first occurrences of Plummerita reicheli (ex. P. hantkeninoides) and Micula prinsii. Microfossil abundances and lithologies are characterised by pronounced repetitive distribution patterns. These include low and high frequency fluctuations of the planktonic/benthonic (P/B) foraminiferal ratio, repetitive changes in the abundance of calcareous nannofossils and benthonic foraminifera, as well as the development of chalk-marl couplets and thinning upward chalk packets. both microfossil distribution patterns and the occurrence of rhythmites are attributed to changes in primary palaeoproductivity. Semiquantitative investigations of calcareous nannofossils and a few selected benthonic foraminifera yield evidence of the presence of high (HP) and low (LP) productivity assemblages.The interpreted HP assemblage is dominated by Glaukolithus diplogrammus, Manvitella pemmatoidea, Microrhabdulus decoratus and Micula murus and the benthonic foraminifera Neoflabellina jarvisi; the LP assemblage is characterised by Lithraphidites quadratus and Bolivinoides draco. However, further quantitative studies are necessary to reconstruct the exact composition of these assemblages and to explain deviatory developments. The chalk-marl couplets, thinning-upward chalk packets and the high frequency P/B patterns are interpreted to reflect productivity changes related to orbital forcing. These hemipelagites were deposited during the latest phase of the southern Tethyan upwelling system, which was active from the Santonian to the Late Maastrichtian with a peak in the Campanian. Termination of upwelling just before the K/T boundary also provides a good explanation for the change towards a palaeobathymetric control on foraminiferal distribution, as observed for the Palaeocene of central east Sinai.     

The Tayiba Red Beds: Transitional marine-continental deposits in the precursor Suez Rift,Sinai, Egypt

The Tayiba Red Beds, exposed in the Abu Zenima area, west-central Sinai, have been intensively studied for their clay mineralogy and charophytes assemblages. Three surface sections exposed at Wadi El-Tayiba and Wadi Nukhul were studied. The Tayiba Formation uncomformably overlies the Middle Eocene Khaboba Formation at Wadi Nukhul and the Late Eocene Tanka Formation at Wadi El-Tayiba and commonly underlies the Early Miocene Nukhul Formation with unconformable relationships. The Tayiba Formation at Wadi Nukhul consists predominantly of continental coarse clastic sediments represented by polymictic conglomerates, alternating with red to pinkish mudstone, ferruginous sandstone and varicoloured mottled siltstone with plant remains. At Wadi El-Tayiba, the Tayiba Formation is represented by marine, yellow mudstone and red siltstone, alternating with greyish and reddish-yellow argillaceous to sandy limestone, highly fossiliferous with reworked Nummulites spp. and molluscan shell fragments.The mineralogical composition of the studied clay size fraction showed that most samples are dominated by illite, together with smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed layers. The relative proportion of these constituents shows wide variation. Smectite is more abundant than other constituents at Wadi El-Tayiba. The high content of smectite is usually accompanied by a terrigenous influx in the form of kaolinite and illite, reflecting deposition in an inner neritic shallow marine environment. The sediments of Wadi Nukhul are characterised by an appreciable proportion of illite, together with an illite/smectite mixed layer and minor amounts of kaolinite, suggesting deposition in fluviatile environments.The detailed investigation of charophytes (green algae) in the investigated sections showed that Wadi El-Tayiba is nearly barren of these microflorae, except for some benthic foraminifera from a shallow marine environment. In contrast, Wadi Nukhul yielded a high frequency and great diversity of charophytes, where 15 species have been identified, described and illustrated for the first time. The utilisation of the ranges of these species allowed the subdivision of the section into three charophyte zones, which are correlated with other zones recorded in Europe, as well as the standard mammal levels in the world. These biozones strongly assign the Tayiba Formation to the Late Eocene to Late Oligocene (Late Priabonian to Chattian). A depositional model was suggested for the Tayiba Formation in west-central Sinai.     

A-type volcanics in Central Eastern Sinai, Egypt

Alkaline rhyolitic and minor trachytic volcanics were erupted 580–530 Ma ago. They occur with their A-type intrusive equivalents in Sinai, southern Negev and southwestern Jordan. At Taba-Nuweiba district, these volcanics outcrop in three areas, namely, Wadi El-Mahash, Wadi Khileifiya and Gebel El-Homra. Mineralogically, they comprise alkali feldspars, iron-rich biotite and arfvedsonite together with rare ferro-eckermannite. Geochemically, the older rhyolitic volcanics are highly evolved, enriched in HFSE including REE and depleted in Ca, Mg, Sr and Eu. The rhyolitic rocks of Wadi El-Mahash and Gebel El-Homra are enriched in K₂O content (5.3–10.1 wt.%) and depleted in Na₂O content (0.08–2.97 wt.%), while the rhyolites of Wadi Khileifiya have normal contents of alkalis. Their REE patterns are uniform, parallel to subparallel, fractionated [(La/Yb)_n = 5.4] and show prominent negative Eu-anomalies. They are classified as alkali rhyolites with minor comendites. The younger volcanics are classified as trachyandesite and quartz trachyte (56.6–62.9 wt.% SiO₂). Both older and younger volcanics represent two separate magmatic suites. The overall mineralogical and chemical characteristics of these volcanics are consistent with within plate tectonic setting. It is suggested that partial melting of crustal rocks yielded the source magma. Lithospheric extension and crustal rupture occurred prior to the eruption of these volcanics. The rather thin continental crust (35 km) as well as the continental upheaval and extensive erosion that preceded their emplacement favoured pressure release and increasing mantle contribution. The volatiles of the upper mantle were important agents for heat transfer, and sufficient for the anatexis of the crustal rocks. A petrogenetic hypothesis is proposed for the genesis of the recorded potassic and ultrapotassic rhyolitic rocks through the action of dissolved volatiles and their accumulation in the uppermost part of the magma chamber.     

Integrated geophysical study to explore the groundwater in the tectonic plain between Wadi El Mahash and Wadi Um Markhah,Southwest Sinai,Egypt

South Sinai Governorate acts as one of the most vital regions in Egypt for its location and natural resources. This governorate has a special economic importance to increase the national income due to its tourism expansion and petroleum. The fresh water is transferred from Cairo through pipelines to cover the demands of local inhabitants in the north Sinai governorate and the capital city of south Sinai governorate. The groundwater exploration and exploitation in this area have a great importance to cover the need of water for the different activities (tourism, petroleum, and agriculture) and to achieve a maximum development in this region. Therefore, the present study deals with using the different geophysical exploration techniques (magnetic, geoelectrical resistivity and shallow refraction seismic) to detect the groundwater aquifer or aquifers in the area between latitudes 27°52′ and 28°05′?N and longitudes 33°55′ and 34°05′?E. in southwestern Sinai—Egypt. The main results of these tools are the maximum depth to the basement surface 180 m and structure elements which affected on this area are represented by a number of normal faults have a trends (NNW–SSE and ENE–WSW) making two grabens isolated by one horst. Tariff Sandstone bed recorded as water-bearing formation and the basement ridge gates in the gulf direction are not capable to pass the ground water from the study area to the Gulf of Suez. Finally, the best locations for drilling groundwater wells were selected from the decision map which generated by using the GIS technique.     

A Pan-African core complex in the Sinai,Egypt

In the late Precambrian history of the Wadi Kid area in the Sinai, Egypt, two deformation phases are clearly recognized. The first phase, D₁ (pre-620 Ma), produced a steep regional foliation, axial planar to upright F₁ folds, in rocks of a lower-greenschist grade. This compressional phase of deformation is interpreted in terms of subduction in an island-arc setting. The second phase, D₁ (post-620 Ma), is mainly expressed by the widespread development of sub-horizontal mylonitic zones with a total thickness of 1.5 km. Shear sense indicators give a consistent regional transport direction to the northwest, with local indications of reversal to the southeast. This event is associated with regional LP/HT metamorphism, indicative of high thermal gradients. Because of the LP/HT metamorphism, the change in geochemical nature of the granitoids, and the orientation of the dykes, we interpret the mylonitic zones as low-angle normal shear zones related to core-complex development during an extensional event with the transport reversal being induced by doming. We postulate that orogenic collapse was responsible for the transition from the D₁ compressional phase to the D₁ extensional phase.     

Exploration of copper deposits in Wadi El Regeita area, Southern Sinai, Egypt, with contribution of remote sensing and geophysical data

Three types of hydrothermal alterations are recorded in Wadi El Regeita area, argillic, phyllic, and propylitic. Whole-rock analysis of representative samples of the alteration halo (1) shows a Cu, Au, and Ag content up to 1.7 wt.%, 1.6 g/t, and 4 g/t, respectively; in the alteration halo (2), these metal contents are up to 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 g/t, and 3 g/t, following the same order. The integrated remote sensing and geophysical data, as well as geological field verification, show that Wadi El Regeita area includes promising Cu ores within two hydrothermal alteration haloes. Spatial data analyses of lineaments from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) band ratio image (7/5, 5/4, 3/1) reveal the presence of alteration haloes that potentially may host Cu mineralization at south and north of El Regita Cu mine. Gravity interpretation indicates that the surveyed area is dissected by NE–SW fault zones in the central part, near Wadi El Regeita Cu mine. Ground magnetic survey data revealed that the surveyed area includes six magnetic bodies at depths ranging from 32 to 90 m, possibly recording the presence of mineralized and hydrothermally altered andesitic dykes. The half length of these dykes ranges from 600 to 1,070 m; their half thickness from 30 to 123 m and their half width from 48 to 531 m. Dyke locations coincide with surface alteration haloes (1) and (2) as indicated by the ETM band ratio image processing. The final assessment of the area, however, needs more detailed geological and geophysical studies with contributions of remote sensing techniques.     

Paleoclimate record in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer,Sinai Peninsula,Egypt

Sixteen groundwater samples collected from production wells tapping Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone and fractured basement aquifers in Sinai were analyzed for their stable isotopic compositions, dissolved noble gas concentrations (recharge temperatures), tritium activities, and ¹⁴C abundances. Results define two groups of samples: Group I has older ages, lower recharge temperatures, and depleted isotopic compositions (adjusted ¹⁴C model age: 24,000–31,000 yr BP; δ¹⁸O: − 9.59‰ to − 6.53‰; δ²H: − 72.9‰ to − 42.9‰; < 1 TU; and recharge T: 17.5–22.0°C) compared to Group II (adjusted ¹⁴C model age: 700–4700 yr BP; δ¹⁸O: − 5.89‰ to − 4.84‰; δ²H: − 34.5‰ to − 24.1‰; < 1 to 2.78 TU; and recharge T: 20.6–26.2°C). Group II samples have isotopic compositions similar to those of average modern rainfall, with larger d-excess values than Group I waters, and locally measurable tritium activity (up to 2.8 TU). These observations are consistent with (1) the Nubian Aquifer being largely recharged prior to and/or during the Last Glacial Maximum (represented by Group I), possibly through the intensification of paleowesterlies; and (2) continued sporadic recharge during the relatively dry and warmer interglacial period (represented by Group II) under conditions similar to those of the present.     

Gold and Base Metals Associated with Uranium Mineralization in Some Lower Carboniferous Rock Units in the Wadi Abu El Mogheirat Area,Southwestern Sinai,Egypt

The Lower Carboniferous sediments at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat consist of four stratigraphic formations, from base upwards: Um Bogma, El Hashash, Magharet El Maiah and Abu Zarab formations. The most-concentrated radioactive anomalies at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat are in the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation. The gibbsitic marl in this formation shows the highest uranium contents (around 710 ppm). Gibbsitic marl and black gibbsite of the middle Um Bogma Formation show higher enrichment in Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, U, V, Ce and Th. Black gibbsite contains the highest total rare earth elements concentration, especially in terms of LREEs, while gibbsitic marl contains the highest content of HREEs. Anomalous contents of gold at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat are recorded for the first time in the gibbsitic marl (content: 10.4 ppm), black gibbsite (2.8 ppm) of the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation and in the siltstones of the El Hashash Formation (0.6 ppm). Gibbsitic marl shows the presence of uranothorite, celestite, zircon, atacamite, barite, xenotime and rutile. These characteristic demonstrate that the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation constitutes a potential source for gold. This conclusion is reinforced by the potential to exploit other metals such as Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, U, V, Th and Ce as by-products.     

Deformation bands in normal fault damage zones,Southwestern Sinai,Suez rift,Egypt

The present study provides evidence that the NW-SE normal faults in Nubian Sandstone reservoirs (Malha and Naqus formations) are surrounded by damage zones in which the rocks are affected by cataclastic deformation bands and small scale faults. The paleostress analysis of the small faults indicates that σ3 has NE-SW direction while σ1 is sub-vertical. The thickness of the bands is ranging from 3 mm to 1 cm. The density and thickness of the bands increase toward the faults and decrease backward. The deformation bands form two prominent sets. The first set is running in the NW-SE direction parallel to the main faults and dip towards the northeast and southwest, i.e. synthetic and antithetic conjugate sets. The second set has NE-SW direction and dip mainly in the NW in the Malha Formation and in the SE in Naqus Formation. The two sets of deformation bands mutually crosscut each other, suggesting that both sets developed during the same deformation event. The deformation bands are planar features and occur singly or form braided clusters. The microscopic studies indicate that the host rock is mainly quartz arenite and composed of fine to very fine, well sorted quartz grains which weakly fractured and cemented by calcite. The microscopic studies of the bands indicate that they composed of strong grain crushing (cataclasis) and clay minerals. This composition is probably causes reduction of porosity and permeability within the deformation bands. The reservoir rocks in the damage zones of the normal faults are divided into polygonal areas by the deformation bands.     

Fluid Inclusions in the Gold—Bearing Quartz Veins at Um Rus Area,Eastern Desert,Egypt

Fluid inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins at the Um Rus area are of three types: H₂O, H₂O−CO₂ and CO₂ inclusions. H₂O inclusions are the most abundant, they include two phases which exhibit low and high homogenization temperatures ranging from 150 to 200°C and 175 to 250°C, respectively. The salinity of aqueous inclusions, based on ice melting, varies between 6.1 and 8 equiv. wt% NaCl. On the other hand, H₂O−CO₂ fluid inclusions include three phases. Their total homogenization temperatures range from 270 to 325°C, and their salinity, based on clathrate melting, ranges between 0.8 and 3.8 equiv. wt% NaCl. CO₂ fluid inclusions homogenize to a liquid phase and exhibit a low density range from 0.52 to 0.66 g/cm³. The partial mixing of H₂O−CO₂ and salt H₂O−NaCl fluid inclusions is the main source of fluids from which the other types of inclusions were derived. The gold-bearing quartz veins are believed to be of medium temperature hydrothermal convective origin.     

Contact metamorphism and metasomatism at a dolerite-limestone contact in the Gebel Yelleq area, Northern Sinai, Egypt

Summary At the northeastern flank of Gebel Yelleq, northern Sinai, pure limestones of Upper Cretaceous age were subjected to a thermal overprint, caused by a c. 80m thick Tertiary olivine dolerite sill. Metasomatic supply of Si, Al, Fe, Mg and Ti was greater to the c. 7m wide upper than to the c. 25m wide lower thermal aureole. The greater width of the lower aureole is possibly due to a longer duration of the thermal overprint at this contact. Mineral assemblages in both aureoles are (from the contact outward):(i) clinopyroxene + garnet ± wollastonite + calcite(ii) garnet ± wollastonite + calcite;(iii) wollastonite + calcite.In places, late stage xenoblasts of apophyllite and witherite overgrow these assemblages. Garnets are grandites to melanites with Grs_56–86Adr_14–42Sch_0–2Sps_0–0.2Prp₀ in the lower, and Grs_29–94Adr_5–64Sch_0–12Sps_0–0.2Prp_0–1.7 in the upper aureole. Close to the upper contact, clinopyroxene is virtually pure diopside with X _Mg = Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) = 0.97–1.0, whereas clinopyroxenes farther away from the upper contact and in the lower aureole have X _Mg-values of 0.49 and 0.53, respectively.The minimum temperatures reached during contact metamorphism in the upper and lower aureole are defined by the lower stability limit of wollastonite. The temperatures are inferred with a calculated T-X(CO₂) projection in the system CMASCH and are estimated at c. 290 °C and 380 °C for X(CO₂) values of 0.05 and 0.25, respectively. A pressure of roughly 100 bar is estimated for the lower dolerite-limestone contact. As indicated by one-dimensional thermal modelling, a maximum temperature of 695 °C was attained at this contact, assuming a magma temperature of 1150 °C. Further modelling results indicate (i) wollastonite, which occurs first 13 m away from the lower contact, formed at a maximum temperature of c. 575 °C, (ii) there, wollastonite formation lasted for approximately 170 years and, (iii) at the outer rim of the lower aureole, the maximum temperature reached was 480 °C, and temperatures sufficient for wollastonite formation lasted for about 140 years.