Assessment of hazardous mine waste transport in west central Sinai,using remote sensing and GIS approaches: a case study of Um Bogma area,Egypt

Um Bogma area is the most famous mineralized locality in Sinai, Egypt. It is characterized by the presence of manganese, iron, and copper deposits. Apart from the mill tailings and spoil heaps, the results indicated the decrease of soil contamination downstream. As a result of random manganese mining activity in Um Bogma area, many hazardous elements such as iron, copper, manganese, lead, and zinc as well as many others associating heavy metals such as arsenic, selenium, and sulfur are dispersed in the environment. This study assesses and monitors the environmental impacts of such mining activities in the west central Sinai, using multitemporal spectral remote-sensing sensors (MSS 1972, TM 1986, and ETM+7 2000). The results have shown the very high potential of temporal imagery in mining-related contamination either directly through mineral and rock mapping of the mining waste and residues and related contaminated areas.     

Gibbsite mineralization and its genetic implication for the Um Bogma manganese deposit,southwestern Sinai

Gibbsite mineralization is found in the Um Bogma region, southwestern Sinai, predominantly in the Um Bogma Formation, and to a lesser extent also in the Abu Thora Formation, at the base of a carboniferous sequence. This region is well known for the manganese ore lenses which occur in the dolomite beds at the base of the Um Bogma Formation. The gibbsite generally occurs in discordant veins and pockets within the dolomite. Most of the gibbsite bodies are associated with N-NW Tertiary faults or joints, and with dyke contacts and planes of weakness. The common associated minerals are clays, predominantly kaolinite, gypsum, halite, manganese and iron oxides. In the gibbsite, Pb, Zn and Cu are anomalously high, as is the fluoride content identified in the clay fraction. From stratigraphic, tectonic, petrographic and geochemical evidence it is concluded that the gibbsite mineralization took place during the Tertiary and is of hypogene origin. This hypogene activity also caused intensive leaching and alteration of the Um Bogma dolomites and remobilization of Mn + Fe ore bodies. This interpretation is reinforced by the geochemical similarities of the hot springs and trapped formation waters in the Nubian Sandstones along the Gulf of Suez.     

Gold and Base Metals Associated with Uranium Mineralization in Some Lower Carboniferous Rock Units in the Wadi Abu El Mogheirat Area,Southwestern Sinai,Egypt

The Lower Carboniferous sediments at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat consist of four stratigraphic formations, from base upwards: Um Bogma, El Hashash, Magharet El Maiah and Abu Zarab formations. The most-concentrated radioactive anomalies at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat are in the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation. The gibbsitic marl in this formation shows the highest uranium contents (around 710 ppm). Gibbsitic marl and black gibbsite of the middle Um Bogma Formation show higher enrichment in Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, U, V, Ce and Th. Black gibbsite contains the highest total rare earth elements concentration, especially in terms of LREEs, while gibbsitic marl contains the highest content of HREEs. Anomalous contents of gold at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat are recorded for the first time in the gibbsitic marl (content: 10.4 ppm), black gibbsite (2.8 ppm) of the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation and in the siltstones of the El Hashash Formation (0.6 ppm). Gibbsitic marl shows the presence of uranothorite, celestite, zircon, atacamite, barite, xenotime and rutile. These characteristic demonstrate that the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation constitutes a potential source for gold. This conclusion is reinforced by the potential to exploit other metals such as Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, U, V, Th and Ce as by-products.     

埃及西奈半岛西南部Um Bogma地区三水铝石体与铀矿化关系

埃及西奈半岛西南部Um Bogma地区是埃及著名的金属与非金属矿产区,区内盛产锰铁矿、铜矿、铀矿、高岭石和石英砂等矿产,铀矿化与三水铝石体关系密切.通过详细的野外地质调查和室内分析鉴定,从三水铝石体和铀矿(化)体的时空分布、结构构造、矿物组成、化学成分、稀土元素及微量元素特征等方面,分析探讨了该地区三水铝石体与铀矿(化)体的内在联系,认为该地区广泛发育于石炭系Um Bogma组中的三水铝石体是红土化作用的结果,铀矿化与三水铝石体的关系十分密切,富含三水铝石、高岭石、蒙脱石等粘土矿物的三水铝石体是铀的良好聚集剂,在长期的表生风化过程中,从岩石活化淋滤出来的铀以微粒及超显微颗粒逐渐被三水铝石体所吸附而形成铀矿(化)体.     

古岩溶和古岩溶地球化学概念与研究展望

古岩溶地球化学是古岩溶与地球化学相结合的产物。本文在详细评述了有关古岩溶研究现状（包括概念、研究进展、存在问题等）的基础上,初步提出了古岩溶地球化学的概念与研究方法,认为岩溶岩是其研究的主要对象。通过岩溶岩地球化学信息来解释和恢复古岩溶发育环境是其概念的基本内涵。研究方法是以数理统计为基础,定性与定量相结合,以定量分析、综合解释为主。最后对古岩溶和古岩溶地球化学的研究前景进行了展望。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类、期次及勘探思路

奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩已成为塔里木盆地最重要的勘探开发层系,岩溶作用则是形成优质碳酸盐岩储集层的关键因素之一。针对塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩岩溶分类方案不统一、岩溶术语界定不清楚、生产应用难度大的现状,作者分析了奥陶系不同地区、不同层位、不同时期岩溶储集层特征及岩溶发育程度的差异性,依据岩溶成因及主控因素提出了塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类,划分出风化岩溶、礁滩体岩溶和埋藏岩溶3大类,其中风化岩溶又分为潜山岩溶和层间岩溶2个亚类。研究指出礁滩体岩溶、层间岩溶、潜山岩溶是塔里木盆地的重要勘探岩溶类型,并以构造运动为主线将奥陶系岩溶划分为5期,开展了不同类型岩溶特征及分布规律研究,指出了3种重要类型岩溶的勘探思路。此次研究统一了塔里木盆地奥陶系岩溶分类及期次,对勘探开发生产和研究工作具有较强的指导性,具有重要的理论指导及实践应用意义。     

黔中—渝南岩溶型铝土矿含矿岩系特征、控制条件及生成发展模式

早石炭世九架炉组与晚石炭世大竹园组,皆属黔中—渝南岩溶型铝土矿含矿岩系。按岩溶形态组合特征,主要可分为溶蚀洼地型和岩溶湖泊型,两种类型的含矿岩系下段,皆以铁质黏土岩、绿泥石黏土岩为主,间夹赤铁矿层,时夹白云岩、石灰岩透镜体,二者均为永久性、低能、浅水、海源湖泊沉积产物。溶蚀洼地型含矿岩系上段的铝土矿、铝土岩和黏土岩等,皆产于陆地上各种形态的溶蚀洼地中。岩溶湖泊型含矿岩系上段的各种铝土矿、铝土岩和黏土岩等,皆为间歇性、洪控、高能、浅水、陆源湖泊中沉积而成的。因距海较近,在海泛和强风暴潮的影响下,含矿岩系上段的陆相沉积物中时显海相、过渡相沉积特征。在赤道附近有利的地质、气候、水文、植物等条件下,母岩经红土化形成的风化壳物质,被流水短距离搬运到溶蚀洼地和岩溶湖泊中,沉积形成的岩溶型铝土矿含矿岩系,是在同一时间段内连续发生、发展和演化的过程, 其间没有明显的间断时期。     

黔中—渝南岩溶型铝土矿含矿岩系特征、控制条件及生成发展模式

早石炭世九架炉组与晚石炭世大竹园组,皆属黔中—渝南岩溶型铝土矿含矿岩系。按岩溶形态组合特征,主要可分为溶蚀洼地型和岩溶湖泊型,两种类型的含矿岩系下段,皆以铁质黏土岩、绿泥石黏土岩为主,间夹赤铁矿层,时夹白云岩、石灰岩透镜体,二者均为永久性、低能、浅水、海源湖泊沉积产物。溶蚀洼地型含矿岩系上段的铝土矿、铝土岩和黏土岩等,皆产于陆地上各种形态的溶蚀洼地中。岩溶湖泊型含矿岩系上段的各种铝土矿、铝土岩和黏土岩等,皆为间歇性、洪控、高能、浅水、陆源湖泊中沉积而成的。因距海较近,在海泛和强风暴潮的影响下,含矿岩系上段的陆相沉积物中时显海相、过渡相沉积特征。在赤道附近有利的地质、气候、水文、植物等条件下,母岩经红土化形成的风化壳物质,被流水短距离搬运到溶蚀洼地和岩溶湖泊中,沉积形成的岩溶型铝土矿含矿岩系,是在同一时间段内连续发生、发展和演化的过程, 其间没有明显的间断时期。     

Le réseau de fracturation,facteur initial de la karstification des craies dans les collines du Perche: l'exemple du site de la Mansonnière (Bellou-sur-Huisne,Orne, France)

Tectonics has been known to be the initial factor of karstification for a long time, but this has never been demonstrated because of the progressive nature of karstification, which destroys evidence of the preliminary phases. Because of its dual hydrological quality, chalk limestone has conserved a great variety of specific forms illustrating various steps in evolution, from the initial primokarst to the classic well-developed drain.In the Perche hills, very recent research has shown specific endokarstic galleries, filled up by sands and clays. Physical, chemical and X-ray analyses have shown that such infillings result not from a classical fluviatile deposit process, but on the contrary, from an alteration process, underlining the progress of a weathering front into the limestone mass down to the watertable. The infillings are not sedimentary deposits, but represent a kind of “shadow rock”, a chemical in situ transformation of limestone, without any transport of the solid fraction.The genesis results from the progression of weathering fronts located on the tectonic pattern into the input karst. When the weathering front crosses the watertable, the resulting water mixing produces a chemical reaction capable of opening the original joint. This results in infilled galleries, similar to classical karst drains, which have never known fluviatile drainage. This illustrates the first step in normal karstic evolution, just before a water flux drains the gallery, resulting in a new karstification step: the drained passage. The specificity of the region of the Perche hills is this karst evolution stopped in the first step, illustrating the “primorkarst” modelling by the researcher, which has never been described before.The conditions for this genesis are a well-developed tectonic pattern, an absence of thick superficial layers, a high soil permeability, and an absence of superficial drainage (lack of sinkholes).     

Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of sedimentary kaolin deposits,Egypt: Paleoclimatic implications

The clay fractions of sedimentary kaolin deposits representing different ages (Carboniferous and Cretaceous), types (pisolitic flint and plastic), and localities (Sinai and Aswan) from Egypt were analyzed for their H and O isotopic compositions to examine the paleoclimate conditions during their formation. The δD values of the Carboniferous deposits in Sinai range between −67‰ and −88‰, while the values for the Cretaceous deposits in Sinai range between −59‰ and −75‰. The δ¹⁸O values of the Carboniferous deposits range from 17.9‰ to 19.4‰ and the values for the Cretaceous deposits range between 19.2‰ and 20.4‰. The relatively low δD and δ¹⁸O values of the Carboniferous deposit at the Abu Natash area (−67‰ and 17.9‰, respectively) compared to other Carboniferous deposits (averages of −83.3‰, and 18.8‰ for δD and δ¹⁸O, respectively) could be due to isotopic exchange between this deposit and the adjacent dolomite and/or the enclosed hydrothermally-formed Mn ores of the Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of the Cretaceous pisolitic flint kaolin deposit from Aswan (averages of −65‰ and 20.3‰, respectively) and plastic kaolin from the same area (averages of −66‰ and 19.5‰, respectively) are almost identical. The differences in the δ¹⁸O values between the clay fractions of the pisolitic flint kaolin (20.3‰) and the previously analyzed bulk kaolin of the same deposit (average of 17.5‰) suggest a significant effect of non-clay minerals on the isotopic compositions of the kaolin deposits.The H and O isotopic compositions plot close to the kaolinite line that marks the isotopic composition of kaolinite in equilibrium with meteoric water at 20 °C. This indicates that the kaolinite from both the Carboniferous and Cretaceous deposits in Egypt formed by meteoric water weathering of the source rock(s). The δD and δ¹⁸O values also suggest that kaolinite of these deposits formed under warm-temperate to tropical conditions. The slight deviations of some samples from the kaolinite line suggest post-depositional modifications of the isotopic compositions of studied deposits probably due to the interaction between earlier-formed kaolinite and downward percolating meteoric water.The δD and δ¹⁸O values of the Cretaceous and Carboniferous deposits from all localities suggest that both deposits formed under similar climatic conditions due to the location of Egypt at almost the same distance from the equator either to the south during the Carboniferous or to the north during the Cretaceous.     

黔东南凯里—麻江—丹寨地区奥陶系红花园组古岩溶储层特征

黔东南凯里—麻江—丹寨地区(构造上位于黔南坳陷东北部)下奥陶统红花园组为一套生物碎屑灰岩。该区已发现的麻江古油藏尚未取得油气勘探进展。对区内多处露头剖面中—下奥陶统进行了宏观勘查和采样以及岩样微观薄片分析,证实该套地层曾发生古岩溶作用,并可识别出埋藏岩溶和风化壳岩溶两类古岩溶作用。基于这些岩溶剖面的对比分析,发现古风化壳岩溶受早中奥陶世古隆起及剥蚀时间控制,主要发育于古隆起区麻江古油藏一带,而其它地区为埋藏岩溶。认为古风化壳岩溶形成大量溶蚀孔洞缝,为红花园组提供了优质储层条件。此外在中—下奥陶统大湾组碎屑岩覆盖下的红花园组碳酸盐岩也可以发生埋藏岩溶并形成较好的岩溶型储层。红花园组在黔南坳陷东北部的油藏大多有过暴露或破坏。认为在坳陷西南部寻找古隆起区附近的上述两类储层应是油气勘探方向。     

川中灯影组碳酸盐岩岩溶地层测井响应特征

川中磨溪-高石地区震旦系灯影组受桐湾运动Ⅰ幕和Ⅱ幕的影响,致使灯二段及灯四段顶部遭受风化剥蚀,区内大规模发育的溶蚀孔洞在测井曲线上具有明显的响应特征。通过对研究区的钻井、常规测井及FMI成像等资料分析,将研究区岩溶剖面从上而下分为地表岩溶带、垂直渗流岩溶带、水平潜流岩溶带及深部缓流岩溶带。研究表明,地表岩溶带由风化残余物杂乱堆积而成,水平潜流岩溶带顺层孔洞发育,二者是研究区储层最为发育层位;渗流岩溶带储层较发育,深部潜流带储层不发育。从区域上看,研究区位于古岩溶斜坡带,从南西向北东方向,岩溶作用逐渐增强。     

Provenance of iron,bauxite and clay deposits of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in southern margin of North China Craton: An example from Da'an bauxite and clay deposit of Sanmenxia area,Henan Province

During the Middle Ordovician to Late Carboniferous period,the North China Craton(NCC)was exposed and experienced prolonged weathering that resulted in the formation of large-scale iron,clay and bauxite deposits. The source of ore-forming material has always been a research focus,in particular,whether the sources of the iron ore and the Fe-bearing clay at the bottom of Benxi Formation are the same as the upper bauxite and clay deposit is still unclear. In this study,the Da'an bauxite and clay deposit at the southern margin of the NCC was chosen to carry out a detailed analysis of the micro-region mineral composition and elemental geochemical characteristics for further exploring the sources of iron,bauxite and clay deposits. The composition of the ore-bearing rocks in the Da'an bauxite deposit from the bottom to top includes Fe-bearing clay(locally iron ore),bauxite,and bauxitic clay;locally,in karstic uplift,bauxitic clay layer is directly overlying on the Fe-bearing clay. The Fe-bearing clay is dominated by siderite,pyrite,and illite in the karstic depression,and hematite,illite,and kaolinite in the uplift. Bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore,illite,and anatase,while bauxitic clay is mainly composed of illite. Mineral microanalysis revealed the development of large amounts of moissanite and small amounts of natural silica,silicalite,and chromite at the bottom of bauxitic clay layer. Regional comparison and correlation reveal that the ophiolite in the Shangdan suture zone and Erlangping Group in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQOB)likely provides source materials for bauxite and clay deposits. The obvious differences in immobile element ratios (e.g., Zr/TiO₂,Hf/TiO₂,Nb/TiO₂,Ta/TiO₂)between the bottom Fe-bearing clay layer and the upper bauxite and clay layer in Da'an deposit,revealing that they are from different sources. The bottom Fe-bearing clay and iron ore layers are the products of in-situ weathering of underlying carbonates,while the top bauxite and clay are allochthonous. The regional uplift of the NQOB during the Late Carboniferous period provided important ore-forming materials for the formation of the NCC bauxite and clay deposits.     

塔北哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层特征及成因模式

塔里木盆地北部哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系岩溶型储层油气勘探近年来获得了重大突破,其主要勘探目的层系为鹰山组—一间房组碳酸盐岩,进一步深化碳酸盐岩岩溶储层认识对于加快塔里木盆地海相油气勘探具有重要意义。在分析区域地质背景的基础上,结合钻井、岩心、测井、地震等资料,对研究区鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层特征以及储层发育主控因素和成因演化模式进行了深入研究。研究认为,鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层基质孔渗条件差,基质孔隙不能单独成为有利的油气储集空间,储层储集空间主要为溶蚀孔洞以及裂缝系统。储层经历的岩溶作用类型主要有(准)同生岩溶作用、风化岩溶作用以及埋藏热液岩溶作用等,各种岩溶作用的多期叠加改造使得鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层极为发育。通过对储层成因过程的研究分析,认为构造隆升为岩溶储层的发育提供了有利条件并控制了储层发育格局;多期岩溶作用是形成岩溶储层的关键因素;断裂及裂缝的发育促进了岩溶储层的形成并改善了储层的储集性能。     

华北克拉通南缘石炭系本溪组铁-铝黏土矿物质来源: 以河南三门峡大安铝黏土矿床为例*

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世期间一直出露地表,经历了长期的风化作用,形成大规模的铁-铝黏土矿,其成矿物源一直是研究的热点,尤其是本溪组底部铁矿和铁质黏土矿与上部铝黏土矿是否为同一来源尚未查清。本研究选取克拉通南缘大安铝黏土矿床作为研究对象,展开微区矿物及元素地球化学组成分析,进一步探讨铁-铝黏土矿物质来源。大安矿床内含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质黏土岩、铝土矿、铝质黏土矿;局部喀斯特高地缺失铝土矿,铝质黏土矿直接覆盖于铁质黏土岩之上。铁质黏土岩在洼地以菱铁矿、黄铁矿和伊利石为主,在隆起区以赤铁矿、伊利石和高岭石为主。铝土矿以硬水铝石、伊利石和锐钛矿为主;铝质黏土矿主要矿物为伊利石。矿物微区分析在黏土矿底部发现大量的碳化硅和少量自然硅、硅铁矿、铬铁矿;区域对比揭示北秦岭造山带内商丹缝合带和二郎坪群中的蛇绿岩为铝黏土矿形成提供了成矿物质。本溪组底部铁质黏土与上部铝黏土矿稳定元素比率(例如Zr/TiO₂、Hf/TiO₂、Nb/TiO₂、Ta/TiO₂)存在明显差异,揭示二者为不同来源: 底部铁质黏土岩和铁矿层为底板碳酸盐岩原地风化的产物;而上部铝黏土矿是异地搬运物,北秦岭造山带在晚石炭世的整体抬升为华北铝黏土矿形成提供了重要的成矿物质。     

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区碳酸盐岩油气地质特征与富集成藏研究

塔里木盆地塔北隆起哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系由于现今构造位置低,埋深在6500~8000m,长期以来一直将其作为塔北隆起的一个次级凹陷单元,并认为是一个海相油气的生烃凹陷,制约了哈拉哈塘的油气勘探。本文通过对哈拉哈塘构造解析和沉降演化过程恢复,发现哈拉哈塘地区是从石炭纪才开始转为负向构造单元,加里东-早海西期,它属于轮南大型古潜山的西斜坡部位;奥陶系鹰山组-一间房组碳酸盐岩经历了多期岩溶的叠加改造,风化岩溶缝洞体储层发育。通过最新钻井资料及油气地球化学分析数据,证实哈拉哈塘奥陶系沉积时期不是生烃凹陷,不发育烃源岩,哈拉哈塘及其以北地区的油气是来自南部满西地区的中、上奥陶统烃源岩。油气藏解剖表明,哈拉哈塘地区在晚海西期成藏;三叠系沉积前北部构造抬升,导致奥陶系油藏遭受局部破坏和降解。自三叠纪沉积以来,奥陶系油藏一直处于持续深埋过程,盖层不断加厚,油藏基本保持了晚海西期成藏时的形态,因此,哈拉哈塘地区是一个古老的油气系统。油气成藏条件分析表明,哈拉哈塘地区油气成藏条件优越,生储盖条件配置良好,奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层广泛分布,并处在油气向古隆起高部位运移的有利路径上,具有大面积、准层状富集油气的特征。     

塔河油田中下奥陶统顶面岩溶古水系对接现象及其意义

塔河油田中下奥陶统,从加里东中期到海西期,经历多期构造运动及其引起的多期岩溶作用的叠加改造,岩溶缝洞系统非常发育。岩溶作用的发生,除地层的可溶性,主要依赖于岩溶水补给-径流-排泄过程中对岩石的溶解作用和侵蚀作用。因此,判断岩溶水的运动轨迹是一种非常重要的研究方法。基于三维地震资料,利用第三代相干体技术,刻画中下奥陶统顶面的岩溶古水系,发现上奥陶统覆盖区下部依然有许多地表水系存在,并且大多与上奥陶统缺失区的古水系对接。根据现代岩溶理论,划分奥陶系岩溶层组,厘定水文地质条件,分析两种不同时期岩溶古水系的形成和消亡过程,这对恢复古岩溶发育环境,划分古岩溶发育阶段,揭示古岩溶的发育规律具有重要的意义。     

Geological,geochemical, and mineralogical characteristics of the Mandan and Deh-now bauxite deposits,Zagros Fold Belt,Iran

The Mandan and Deh-now bauxite deposits are located 40 km northeast of the Dehdasht city in the Zagros simply fold belt. These deposits occur in eroded major NW–SE trending anticlines and occupy karst cavities near or at the boundary between the Sarvak and Ilam Formations. Local uplifts at the end of the Cenomanian and the mid-Turonian caused erosion and karstification of the Sarvak Formation. These unconformities in the Upper Cretaceous favoured the formation and enrichment of bauxite deposits in the Zagros fold belt. The bauxite sequence in the Mandan deposit consists of white, gray, black, pisolitic, red, and yellow bauxites. This sequence was repeated in the Deh-Now area, but without gray and black bauxites. The present mineralogical studies of the Sarvak Formation and the Mandan and Deh-now bauxite deposits indicate oxidizing to reducing conditions during the Upper Cretaceous in the Zagros fold belt, which had a significant effect on the compositions of the bauxites. At least two phases of bauxitization can be distinguished in the study area: (i) an oxidizing phase represented by boehmite, diaspore, hematite and kaolinite; and (ii) a reducing phase represented by pyrite and chlorite. Geochemical data show that trace elements, like Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th, and U, were enriched during bauxitization. The bauxite deposits and carbonate rocks show similar REE patterns, namely they are enriched in REEs although the LREEs are more enriched than the HREEs. Mass change calculations demonstrate that Mg, Mn, Ca, K, and P₂O₅ were leached out of the weathered system whereas Al, Fe, and Si become concentrated in the residual system. This study indicates that the Mandan and Deh-now deposits are karst-type bauxites formed by karstification and weathering of the Sarvak Formation.     

川东邻水-渝北地区石炭系古岩溶储层稀土元素地球化学特征

石炭系黄龙组岩溶岩系是川东邻水-渝北地区天然气藏最重要的储层类型之一,依据岩溶岩的结构特征,将黄龙组岩溶岩系划分为弱溶蚀岩溶岩、中等溶蚀多孔状岩溶岩、强溶蚀角砾状岩溶岩和强溶蚀交代次生灰质岩溶岩等4种类型.岩溶岩中发育有淡水方解石和淡水白云石2种胶结物类型,以及再埋藏期沉淀的热液异形白云石.稀土元素分析结果表明,不同岩石结构、成分和不同溶蚀强度的岩溶岩及其胶结物的地球化学特征有显著差异,证明稀土元素的迁移、配分、富集和异常效应不仅可以判别岩溶过程中的流体性质和古水文条件,同时也可作为评价和预测古岩溶储层的重要标志之一.     

准噶尔盆地东部双井子地区上石炭统泥岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

准噶尔盆地东部石钱滩凹陷石炭系巴塔玛依内山组火山岩之后发育一套连续稳定的碎屑岩沉积。笔者等通过XRD、主微量元素分析等手段针对其中的细粒沉积岩开展元素地球化学研究,其结果对恢复准东地区晚石炭世源区风化特征、古气候、判断其源岩性质及源区构造背景具有重要意义。研究表明,巴山组—石钱滩组泥岩具有低石英含量特点,其中巴山组泥岩黏土含量稍高,而石钱滩组泥岩中长石含量高,两者黏土成份均为蒙脱石（>99%）,反映了干燥、寒冷的气候特征且沉积介质长期为碱性;CIA结果显示巴山组—石钱滩组时期经历了中等—弱化学风化作用,并具有干湿交替气候变化特征;主微量元素及相关判别图解显示巴山组—石钱滩组泥岩的源岩多以偏中性的长英质火山岩为主,少量中基性及少量偏酸性的火山岩物源,并且多数为未分异的弧;泥岩的地球化学特征反映了沉积物源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧背景,结合石钱滩组碎屑锆石峰值年龄及主要物源区分析认为,野马泉地体与其南部的准噶尔地体东北缘于335 Ma左右开始由俯冲转变为碰撞造山。