The Cornubian Batholith: an Example of Magmatic Fractionation on a Crustal Scale

Abstract. The Cornubian Batholith comprises six major and several smaller bodies of S‐type granite in southwestern England. These late‐Variscan granites comprise two‐mica granites, and much less abundant Li‐mica granites that are restricted to one of the major bodies (St Austell) and smaller bodies. Some of these intrusive rocks are associated with major Sn mineralization. This paper is concerned with the geochemistry of the two‐mica granites, which are felsic, strongly peraluminous, and have a high total alkali content and low Na:K. Rocks with very similar compositions to these granites occur elsewhere, including the Variscan granites of continental Europe, and in southeastern Australia. In detail all of the major plutons of this batholith have distinctive compositions, except for Bodmin Moor and Carnmenellis which cannot be discriminated from each other compositionally. A comparison with experimental data shows that the granites attained their major element composition under conditions of crystal‐liquid equilibrium, with the final melt being saturated in H₂O, at temperatures close to 770d?C and pressures about 50 MPa. That temperature estimate is in good agreement with values obtained from zircon saturation thermometry. The specific minimum‐temperature composition excludes the possibility of widespread transfer of elements during hydrothermal alteration. Minor elements that are relatively very abundant are Li, B, Cs and U, while F, Ga, Ge, Rb, Sn, Ta, W and Tl are quite abundant and P is high for felsic rocks. Sr, Ba, and the trace transition metals Sc to Zn, are low, but not as low as they commonly are in very felsic granites. These trace element abundances, and the EL₂O‐saturation, resulted from the fractional crystallization of a melt derived by the partial melting of feldspathic greywackes in the crust. The Cornubian granites have compositions very similar to the more felsic rocks of the Koetong Suite of southeastern Australia, where a full range of granites formed at the various stages of magmatic fractionation postulated for the Cornubian granites, can be observed. The operation of fractional crystallization in the Cornubian granites is confirmed by the high P abundances in the feldspars, with P contents of the plagioclase crystals correlating with Ab‐con‐tent Most of the granites represent solidified melt compositions but within the Dartmoor pluton there is a significant component of granites that are cumulative, shown by their higher Ca contents. The Cornubian plutons define areas of high heat flow, of a magnitude which requires that fractionated magmas were transported laterally from their sources and concentrated in the exposed plutons. The generation of these granite plutons therefore involved magmatic fractionation during the stages of partial melting, removal of unmelted material from that melt, and fractional crystallization. During the later stages of those processes, movement of those magmas occurred on a crustal scale.     

阿拉善宗乃山岩体东南缘花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征

阿拉善宗乃山岩体东南缘分布多种类型的花岗岩,本文主要采用岩相学、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学等技术手段,对宗乃山岩体东南缘岩石类型、年代学、源岩特征以及构造背景进行了研究。结果表明:岩石类型主要为碱性-钙碱性准铝质花岗岩和闪长岩;单颗粒锆石分析获得黑云母斜长花岗岩年龄为236.8±1.9 Ma~249.7±2.6 Ma,片麻状花岗岩年龄为268.1±1.1 Ma,岩体成岩时期主要为华力西晚期和印支期早期,具有多期侵入的特征。该岩体岩石源岩为I型花岗岩,源于地壳火山弧区和同碰撞区,表明由于洋壳俯冲作用,在宗乃山东南缘形成了岛弧花岗岩侵入体。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年技术为洋壳俯冲提供了年代学约束,确定了研究区碰撞时间为早于236.8±1.9 Ma。     

The distribution of trace elements during strong fractionation of basic magma—a further study of the Skaergaard intrusion,East Greenland

A number of trace elements have been determined spectrographically in the rocks and minerals of the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. The original basic magma from which the varied rocks of the complex were developed is shown to have had a normal trace element composition. The sorting out of the trace elements into the various mineral series produced by strong fractional crystallization of the original basic magma is traced in detail by means of analyses of the separated minerals. Certain of the trace elements (Cr, Ni) are shown to be strongly concentrated in the early rocks so that later fractions have little or none of them; other elements (P, V, Cu, Sc, Mn, S) reach maximum values in the middle, or late middle stages represented by certain olivine-free gabbros and ferrogabbros; other elements (Li, Zr, Y, La, Ba, Rb) tend to remain in the residual liquid during fractionation and are thus abundant in the latest granite fraction. Still other trace elements (Co, Sr, Ga, Mo) show only small changes in amount throughout the series. Of these Co is a little more abundant in the early and middle stages, Sr in the middle stages, Ga in the later stages and Mo in the early and later but not in the middle stages. The distribution of the trace elements in the rocks is considered in relation to the varying composition of the minerals produced by the fractional crystallization processes and an attempt is made to discuss the mineral compositions in terms of crystal chemical concepts.The Skaergaard sequence of differentiation from gabbros, through ferrogabbros, to granite is considered to be a common trend of fractionation of basic magma at high levels in the crust, and the observed changes in trace element composition are therefore regarded as having wide geochemical significance. The trace element composition of the intermediate Skaergaard differentiates is significantly different from that of diorites reported by other workers and suggests that diorites have had some other origin than by fractionation of basic magma. On the other hand the trace element composition of many granites resembles that of the granite fraction produced in the Skaergaard intrusion.     

拉萨地体南部早侏罗世岩浆岩的成因和构造意义

本文从拉萨地体南部原来被认为是前寒武纪变质基底的冈底斯岩群中厘定出了一套早侏罗世的岩浆岩.锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,这些岩浆岩侵位于202～ 180Ma.岩石类型包括辉长闪长岩、二长岩和花岗闪长岩,是一套中酸性、偏铝质钙碱性、Ⅰ型花岗岩类.微量元素表现出消减带富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素的特征,并具有岛弧花岗岩的亲缘性.锆石Hf同位素研究表明,加查地区中酸性岩石来自新生地壳物质的熔融,偏基性岩石来自于亏损地幔.而桑日地区的酸性岩石来自于古老地壳物质的重熔.本文认为包括研究区在内的南拉萨地体中的晚三叠世-早侏罗世岩浆岩为俯冲到南拉萨地体之下的松多洋壳断离或回卷,软流圈地幔上涌,地幔楔熔融并加热上覆地壳的产物.     

滇西马厂箐岩体暗色包体成因研究

滇西马厂箐岩体斑状花岗岩中发育大量暗色包体.对包体和寄主岩的主量、稀土、微量元素及Pb同位素进行分析.主量和微量元素研究表明,包体及寄主岩具有一定的成因联系.Pb同位素则反映两者可能分别起源于EMⅡ和下地壳.在此基础之上结合包体岩相学研究,认为暗色包体是岩浆混合作用的产物.暗色包体对于揭示富碱岩浆起源、深部作用过程以及其与成矿的关系等提供了可靠的地质依据,反映了马厂箐岩体可能是壳幔岩浆混合成因,幔源岩浆提供了成矿物质.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Triassic mineralized porphyries in the Geza of the Sanjiang orogenic belt,southwestern China

The Geza Andean-type arc is located in the southwestern Sanjiang tectonic belt (i.e. Jinsha, Lancang, and Nujiang River) of SW China, which is a product of the subduction of the Garzê–Litang oceanic crust beneath Zhongdian landmasses in the Late Triassic (235–204 Ma). The Geza Andean-type arc is an important belt of Cu-rich polymetallic mineralization that was recently discovered in China. Prolonged regional tectono-magmatic activity and several episodes of rich mineralization throughout the tectonic evolution of the Andean-type arc produced the super-large Pulang porphyry Cu deposits, the large Xuejiping porphyry Cu deposits, and the large Hongshan skarn-porphyry Cu polymetallic deposits. Here we report new LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of Songnuo and Qiansui intrusive rocks, and whole-rock major and trace element compositions of the Late Triassic mineralized porphyries from Geza in this region. Zircon U–Pb dating of the Qiansui quartz diorite porphyrite revealed a crystallization age of 220.3 ± 0.66 Ma, for the Songnuo quartz monzonite porphyry, a crystallization age of 204.7 ± 0.72 Ma. The Geza Andean-type arc granitic belt can be divided into three porphyry subzones based on the stage of Andean-type arc orogenic development and the distribution, composition, and geochemical characteristics of the intrusive rocks. Lithogeochemical characteristics show that the porphyry and Andean-type arc granite are of the same rock series (high-K calc-alkaline) and genetic type (I-type granite). The trace element geochemistry of these rocks is similar to that of Andean-type arc granite, which is enriched in Ba, Rb, La, Hf, chalcophile elements (Cu, Pb), and siderophile elements (Mo, Ni), and depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti. In the Geza Andean-type arc, similarities in the major element, REE, and trace element compositions between porphyry and local acidic volcanic rocks suggest that they have the same or similar magmatic source rocks. The petrological characteristics of granite in the Geza Andean-type arc are similar to those of adakitic rocks, and the formation of porphyry and porphyry-related deposits resulted from magmatic hydrothermal fluids that originated in the upper mantle and lower crust. The porphyry Cu mineralization was probably produced from the accumulation and migration of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids and the resultant alteration of host rocks.     

辽宁本溪地区关门山岩体地球化学特征及构造环境

对辽宁本溪地区关门山岩体正长花岗岩主量元素特征的研究表明,其属于高钾钙碱性系列.球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式显示LREE相对富集,HREE相对亏损,具有中等亏损的负Eu异常,模式图总体呈“海鸥式”分布.微量元素蛛网图显示富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Th、K,贫高场强元素（HFSE）Ta、P、Ti.正长花岗岩微量元素组成表明本区的花岗岩岩浆形成压力小于1.0 GPa,源区物质存在于30~40 km的地壳深处,属于减薄型地壳.正长花岗岩的形成时代为早白垩世,当时辽东陆块处于陆内伸展环境.     

大兴安岭北部斯木科地区晚侏罗世斑状正长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其成因

对斯木科斑状花岗岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学特征研究。测年结果显示,该岩体年龄为(144±0.85)Ma,为晚侏罗世。岩石地球化学分析表明,斯木科斑状正长花岗岩为准铝质-过铝质岩石,属于高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素丰度总量较高,轻稀土富集且轻重稀土分馏较明显[(La_N/Yb_N=3.15~6.63)],表现为"右倾型"的稀土配分模式,岩石具有轻度的负Eu异常(δEu=0.54~0.66);微量元素以相对富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素为特征。斯木科斑状正长花岗岩具有高分异I型花岗岩的特征,来源于地壳中火山岩的部分熔融。对Nb-Y构造环境判别图解及构造环境讨论,结合其所具有的I型花岗岩的特征,斯木科斑状正长花岗岩应为伸展构造体制下的产物,形成于造山后伸展构造环境。     

赣南－粤北晚中生代双峰式火山岩地质特征及其意义

本文讨论了赣南—粤北晚中生代双峰式火山岩的地质时代、岩石组合、稀土元素及微量元素的特征,认为双峰式火山岩形成于板内环境,中基性火山岩和中酸性火山岩不是来源于同一个岩浆房,前者是由上地幔部分熔融形成的,后者是在前者诱发下地壳部分熔融而形成的。     

浙江花岗岩类地球化学与地壳演化——Ⅱ.元古宙花岗岩类

浙江元古宙花岗岩类包括神功期（1．8－1．9Ga）和晋宁晚期（0．6—0．9Ga）。研究了浙江元古宙花岗岩类的主元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Rb、Sr同位素组成特征及岩石成因，探讨了浙江地壳的演化。浙江地壳形成于太古亩和元古宙，地壳增生的时期为2．6－2．7、0．8-1．1和0.1－0.12Ga。随时间演化浙江地壳组成有变化，但分异演化不明显。沿江-绍断裂分布的晋宁晚期慢源和壳幔混合中酸性岩是普宁期俯冲碰撞的证据。加里乐和印支期是两次规模不大的构造运动。     

The provenance of low-calcic black shales

The elemental concentration of sedimentary rocks depends on the varying reactivity of each element as it goes from the source through weathering, deposition, diagenesis, lithification, and even low rank metamorphism. However, non-reactive components of detrital particles ideally are characteristic of the original igneous source and thus are useful in provenance studies. To determine the source of detrital granitic and volcanic components of low-calcic (<1% CaCO₃) marine black shales, the concentrations of apparently non-reactive (i.e. unaffected by diagenetic, redox and/or low-rank metamorphic processes) trace elements were examined using standard trace element discrimination diagrams developed for igneous rocks. The chemical data was obtained by neutron activation analyses of about 200 stratigraphically well-documented black shale samples from the Cambrian through the Jurassic. A La-Th-Sc ternary diagram distinguishes among contributions from the upper and bulk continental crust and the oceanic crust (Taylor and McLennan 1985). All the low-calcic black shales cluster within the region of the upper crust. Th-Hf-Co ternary diagrams also are commonly used to distinguish among the upper and bulk continental crust and the oceanic crust (Taylor and McLennan 1985). As Co is redox sensitive in black shale environments, it was necessary to substitute an immobile element (i.e. example Rb) in the diagram. With this substitution of black shales all cluster in the region of the upper continental crust. To determine the provenance of the granitic component (Pearce et al. 1984), plots of Ta vs Yb and Rb vs Yb + Ta shows a cluster at the junction of the boundaries separating the volcanic arc granite (VAG), syn-collision granite (syn-COLG), and within-plate granite (WPG) fields. The majority fall within the VAG field. There are no occurrences of ocean ridge granite (ORG). The minimal contribution of basalts to marine black shales is confirmed by the ternary Wood diagram Th-Hf/3-Ta (Wood et al. 1979). The black shales plot in a cluster in a high Th region outside the various basalt fields, which suggests contribution from the continental crust.     

黑龙江省张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗岩暗色微粒包体成因研究

黑龙江省张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗岩具有明显的岩浆混合特征。岩体中暗色微粒包体发育,主要为细粒闪长质岩浆包体,包体形态多样,与寄主岩呈截然、过渡关系。包体的矿物组合明显不平衡,如矿物具有定向排列的特点,斜长石发育自形环带并存在新、老两个世代,发育针状磷灰石。由电子探针对斜长石、角闪石和黑云母等矿物分析结果可知,寄主花岗岩和包体中各主要矿物含量基本一致。岩石地球化学特征研究显示,包体与寄主花岗岩关系密切,两者在稀土元素和微量元素方面也表现为明显的地球化学亲缘关系。这表明张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗质岩石具有壳幔混合成因特征,暗色微粒包体是由较基性的地幔岩浆进入寄主岩浆中淬火结晶而成,花岗质岩浆的源区主要为新生的地壳物质。     

辽东五龙地区燕山期侵入岩类同源岩浆演化微量元素、同位素证据与金矿成矿

辽东五龙地区中生代燕山期侵入岩类在时空上与金矿关系密切。该类侵入岩具有接近的微量元素Th／U、Zr／Hf、Nb／Ta值。随着不同岩石类型中的SiO2、MgO的含量的变化，(^87Sr／^66Sr)i和(^143Nd／^144Nd)i值保持不变，说明岩浆在侵位过程中没有明显受到围岩物质混染，且该类侵入岩有着相同的岩浆源区。Sr、Nd同位素组成表明成岩物质以下地壳为主。三股流花岗岩和矿石有相似的Pb同位家组成，结合含金石英脉(矿体)切穿已固结三股流花岗岩的地质事实，暗示了三股流花岗岩不太可能是直接的矿质提供者，推测成矿物质与成岩物质主体来自深部的同一岩浆源区，金矿成矿是同一岩浆源区岩浆演化不同阶段的产物。     

千里山花岗岩体地质地球化学及与成矿关系

千里山花岗岩由似斑状黑云母花岗岩、等粒黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成。前两期岩体分别与两期钨多金属矿化有关，后一期与铅锌银成矿密切相联。两套花岗岩虽然均来自地壳，但取于不同源地。该岩体既为富Ｆ、Ｌｉ，Ｒｂ，Ｂｅ，Ｇａ的ＢＥＬＩＦ花岗岩，又是富Ｕ，Ｔｈ的高热花岗岩。     

滇西北雪鸡坪铜矿区岩浆岩大地构造环境及成矿意义

雪鸡坪矿区岩浆岩包括火成岩及侵入岩两类,该区矿体主要产出于侵入岩(斑岩)体的中—东部,该岩体由石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩和二长花岗斑岩等组成。矿区岩浆岩SiO2质量分数为56.61%~66.18%,A/NCK值小于1.1;里特曼指数大多小于4,在化学成分上为高钾钙碱性系列,在岩石成因分类上为I型花岗岩。矿区斑岩体主要富集Rb、Ba、La、Hf、Ta和亲铜元素Cu、Pb等元素,亏损Th、U、P、Ti,在双变量协变图解上投点均落入火山弧花岗岩(VAG);微量元素、S-Pb同位素、Sr同位素初始比值均表明雪鸡坪矿区斑岩体为壳幔混合来源。结合区域地质背景认为甘孜—理塘洋壳俯冲的造山作用机制是雪鸡坪矿区岩浆岩体演化的构造背景。     

扬子地台西缘淌塘花岗岩的地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb定年

淌塘花岗岩岩体位于扬子地台西缘,岩石类型为钾长花岗岩.为了揭示其成因意义,本文对淌塘花岗岩体进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究.地球化学及岩石学研究的结果显示淌塘花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2=72.70％～77.95％)、高碱(ALK=5.68％ ～7.32％)、过铝质(ASI =1.41～ 1.78)的特征,K2O/Na2O平均值为1.18,CaO、MgO含量偏低,其岩石系列为高钾钙碱性系列,属于强过铝质S型花岗岩,其稀土元素含量偏低且轻重稀土元素差异较大(LREE/HREE=2.71 ～4.09),部分微量元素的含量显著区别于地壳平均值.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果获得其成岩年龄为1 063.2±6.9 Ma,属于格林威尔造山期运动产物.地球化学研究表明该花岗岩是由地壳中的泥质岩经过部分熔融形成的,其双峰式的岩浆岩组合模式和Al2O3 - SiO2构造环境判别图的投图结果均显示该花岗岩的形成与裂谷环境密切相关,这与1.0Ga时扬子地台西缘的大地构造背景相呼应,其形成也对应了Rodinia超大陆的汇聚事件.     

内蒙古北山地区小红山钒钛磁铁矿区双峰式侵入岩——岩石学、年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

对内蒙古北山地区小红山钒钛磁铁矿区内侵入岩的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩地球化学资研究显示,该岩体岩性为辉长岩和花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明成岩年龄分别为431.1±2.4 Ma和424.9±2.3 Ma,形成时代相近,属同一构造岩浆作用事件. 该套侵入岩的SiO₂含量呈双峰式,稀土、微量元素特征表明它们具有岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征,其源区可能受到了俯冲流体交代作用的影响. 地球化学特征指示小红山花岗岩源于下地壳物质在高温条件下的部分熔融,辉长岩为富集地幔部分熔融的产物. 结合区域地质背景及构造判别,认为小红山中晚志留世双峰式岩浆组合是北山洋南向俯冲诱导大陆边缘伸展环境下的产物.     

个旧花岗岩的成因、演化及其找矿意义

个旧地区的花岗岩,从其时空分布和矿物学,岩石化学、微量地素、稀土元素、以及同位素特征看,具有一定的继承和演化关系.研究表明,本区花岗岩的形成经历了两次岩浆活动.其中龙岔河岩体是燕山早期岩浆活动的产物.而马松岩体.神仙水岩体、白沙冲岩体以及老卡岩体则为燕山晚期岩浆活动不同阶段的产物.从成因上看,上述各岩体可能皆属陆壳改造型(S型)花岗岩.但是早期龙岔河岩体在一定程度上又表现出同熔型(Ⅰ型)花岗岩的特征,各种地质和地球化学特征的对比表明.这些岩体可能具有相似的源岩物质(组成).从晚期各岩体表现的特征看,它们可能都属于含锡花岗岩体.由此,个旧地区大面积分布砂锡矿的成因和来源问题便可以得到较为圆满的解释.通过对神仙水、白冲岩体为含锅花岗岩的认定,结合本区原生锅矿的分布规律.笔者认为.神仙水岩体东南以及白沙冲岩体周围.可能与马松岩体和老卡岩体周围一样,是一个潜在的找矿远景区.     

川西北碧口地块老河沟岩体和筛子岩岩体地球化学特征及其构造环境

老河沟岩体和筛子岩岩体位于碧口地块西南部。岩体的SiO2(69.89%～71.69%)和Al2O3(15.01%～16.25%)含量均很高,A/CNK在1.04～1.12之间,为硅和铝过饱和类型,属典型的强过铝质花岗岩。稀土元素总量(∑REE)为33.13×10-6～150.42×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具有弱的负铕异常。高场强元素(Ta、Nb、Ti等)具有明显的负异常,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等)具有明显的正异常。岩体可能是以杂砂岩成分为主的沉积岩部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆上升侵位过程中形成的,是一种典型的壳源成因类型。老河沟岩体和筛子岩岩体具有后碰撞岩浆活动的特征,是印支期华北和扬子地块碰撞导致地壳加厚环境下下地壳部分熔融的产物,形成于同碰撞(挤压环境)向碰撞后(伸展环境)转化阶段,为后造山花岗岩类。     

皖南姚村岩体花岗岩风化壳稀土元素赋存特征

皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127.9±1.4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱风化层（C3）和基岩（D）五层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=15.6），但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过百分之五十，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。