灾后救灾防病重建工作中应有精神救助

最近在北京召开的“灾难、精神卫生与媒体”研讨会上 ,北大精神卫生研究所的汪向东教授指出 :目前国内还没有一家医院设有灾难心理危机干预的门诊 ,但也没有人因遇到重大灾难后感觉不好后而主动看心理医生的。他说这并不意味着人们就没有需求 ,而是没有这方面的意识。提起救灾 ,人们常常是着眼于住处、食品、卫生和传染病防预等基本需要 ,而各种自然灾害和人为灾难给人带来的心理创伤和痛苦 ,大家都知道 ,但却往往被忽视掉。国外有调查表明 ,在灾难发生后的地区 ,自杀率会升高。而更多的人会出现心慌、失眠、做噩梦、感觉木然 ,注意力不集中…     

趣味地震学(4):人为失误的头号地质灾难

国际地球年启动之时,联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)[1]于2008 年2 月12 日公布了《工程师和地质学家错误引发的灾难警示录》(Cautionary Tales Caused by the Failure of Engineers and Geologists),共有5 个最严重事件。除1985 年哥伦比亚火山泥流、2002 年北奥塞梯的冰川坍塌、2004 年印度洋海啸、全球洪水外,位居首位的是意大利瓦依昂水库的滑坡(图1)。研究该工程的奥地利地质学家Müller L 沉重地讲:“这是人类的错误、科学的错误,也是缺乏知识的结果”[2]。我们需要认真地了解,错误出在何处?     

自然灾害只有同人类发生冲突时才成为灾难

我们正在为我们在这个美丽而又危险的星球上的生活方式而付出昂贵的代价。去年 ,在这个世界上 ,土耳其、台湾、哥伦比亚和希腊等国家和地区经历了致命的地震 ;委内瑞拉发生了洪水和破坏性滑坡 ;大西洋沿岸的飓风使数百万人被迫撤离 ;此外还发生了许多较小的自然灾害。纵观过去的整个 2 0世纪 ,这种破坏性事件屡见不鲜。2 0世纪是从美国发生最严重的自然灾害开始的 :1 90 0年 ,一场飓风袭击了得克萨斯州的加尔维斯顿 ,造成至少 6 0 0 0人死亡 ;1 90 2年马提尼克岛上的皮利火山 (Mount Pelee)喷发 ,摧毁了首都 ,致使 3万余人丧生 ;1 976年中…     

重要信息系统的灾难恢复刍议

现代社会和生活越来越依赖于IT系统,信息系统遭到灾难和毁灭性打击将是社会公众的灾难和噩梦。美国“9.11”事件中纽约交易所成功实施了信息服务灾难恢复计划,使得全球对于“业务连续和灾难恢复”有了重新的认识。在我国,信息安全也日益成为政府部门管理层、企业和公众关注的重要话题。企业的弹性、系统的健壮性,信息系统的抗毁性与灾难恢复日益深入人心,风险管理越来越为业界所重视。地震部门在政府应急联动系统中具有重要作用,其本身的信息系统安全已逐步引起重视。     

印度洋海啸引起的防震思考——一个退休的老地质工作者的思考

2004年12月26日发生在印尼苏门答腊岛北端附近海域的里氏8.9级地震,引发了一场波及印度洋沿岸多个国家的大海啸,造成了一次空前的世界性灾难.倾刻之间,高达数十米的巨浪扑向印尼、斯里兰卡、印度南部、泰国、马尔代夫等国的海岸,近30万人丧生,伤者数十万,数百万人流离失所,全世界上百个国家,上万个家庭从圣诞节的欢乐中顿时堕人悲痛的渊薮.一个多月过去了,不仅受灾国家,全世界人民的心,依然处在巨大的震惊、恐惧和悲痛的阴影中.     

在科学研究的实践中学习和进步——纪念海原大地震90周年,为地震预测和防震减灾事业而努力

1920年12月16日20时06分09秒发生于中国宁夏海原地区的8.5级大地震是中国3个最大的8.5级地震之一,死亡人数当时估计为23万余人,最近重新估计达27万余人,其灾难之重,惨绝人寰.海原地震研究开辟了中国首次地震实地科学调查、利用现代科学方法观测地震的先河.20世纪中叶海原地震研究获得了突破性进展,发现了长达2...     

中国古籍中的地震海啸记录

2004年12月26日的印度洋地震海啸波及10国，造成20余万人死亡和失踪、50万人受伤、100万人流离失所的浩劫，引发了人们对海洋地震灾害的关注。建立海啸预警系统的呼声也日趋强烈。我国海岸线长达32000km，我国的经济重心又相对集中在沿海地区，产业发达，人烟稠密，人们自然会对海啸表示相当的关注。本文在查阅大量地震史料的基础上，发现我国也有地震海啸发生，但除台湾外，其他地区并不严重，概率较低。为防患于未然，对我国自身的地震预警系统也应适当予以关注。     

南印度洋副热带偶极模在ENSO事件中的作用

南印度洋副热带偶极模（Subtropical Dipole Pattern,SDP）是印度洋存在的另一种很明显的偶极型海温差异现象,在年际和年代际尺度上均有十分明显的表现.而目前有关印度洋海气相互作用的研究主要集中在赤道印度洋地区,针对南印度洋地区的工作还比较少,特别是有关南印度洋海温与ENSO（El NiDo-Southern Oscillation）事件关系的研究.本文初步探讨了年际尺度上南印度洋副热带偶极型海温变化差异与ENSO事件的关系,发现SDP与ENSO事件有密切的联系,SDP事件就像连接正负ENSO位相转换的一个中间环节,SDP事件前后期ENSO的位相刚好完全相反.进一步,本文通过分析SDP事件前后期海温、高低层风、低层辐合辐散、高空云量和辐射等的变化特征研究了南印度洋偶极型海温异常在ENSO事件中的作用,结果表明：SDP在ENSO事件中的作用不仅涉及海气相互作用的正负反馈过程,还与热带和副热带大气环流之间的相互作用有关,特别是与东南印度洋海温变化所引起的异常纬向风由赤道印度洋向赤道太平洋传播的过程等有十分直接的关系;同时,SDP对ENSO事件的影响在很大程度上还依赖于大尺度平均气流随季节的变换.     

用海底地震仪研究印度洋罗德里格斯岛三脊交汇地区远震P波的走时残差

我们使用布设在９０ｋｍ见方区域上的１８台海底地震仪对印度洋罗德里格斯岛三脊并泡地区进行了为期三周的地震观测，检测到了６个远震事件，并在远震Ｐ波的相对走时残差中取得了显著的异常，在东南印度洋中脊的北部，以及在中印度洋中脊的东侧残差为正，而在西南印度洋中脊上及周围地区残差为负，表明这三脊交汇地区以及在东南印度洋中脊地区北部的地壳下存在有相对较热的地幔，沿着东南印度洋脊的地幔温度存在的轴向变化，因而西南     

人类面对的生物灾害与省思

当我们开疆拓土,围海造陆,毁林造田,自以为是时,却迎来了蓝藻泛滥、洪水肆虐、沙漠化扩大、沙尘暴席卷等灾害局面,由此又诱发了严重的生物灾害,给人类带来无穷的痛苦和悲哀。我们不要过分陶醉于我们人类对自然界的胜利。对于每一次这样的胜利,自然界都对我们进行报复。——恩格斯2020年伊始,一场突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情使武汉乃至整个湖北地区陷入了深深的社会灾难和痛苦中,其影响波及了全国所有省份。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.