Distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian strata in the Yangtze Gorges area,South China

The distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium(Se) in the E-?1 strata in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China were obtained. The geochemical characteristics of the significantly and non-significantly enriched strata of Se were analyzed.The observed enrichment factor(EF, relative to the upper continental crust) and concentration coefficient(CC, relative to the similar lithology in Eastern China) both suggest that Se is the most enriched/concentrated(SeEF=26.97, SeCC=48.04) among the analyzed23 trace elements the E-?1 strata. The normalized enrichment factor(EF′, EF after Al or Th normalized) shows Se is secondly enriched(SeEF′=218.73), which is slightly lower than cadmium(CdEF′=288.46) but significantly higher than the third enriched trace element arsenic(AsEF′=97.49). Se concentrations in the E-?1 strata vary from 10.5 to 30.08 ppm with an arithmetic mean value of 1.35 ppm. Compared to the Nantuo Formation, Se increased 11.78 times in the whole E-?1 strata and the average EF values are displayed as Shuijingtuo(92.58)Yanjiahe(54.45)Doushantuo(24.72)Dengying(2.48)Shipai(1.95)lower Tianheban(1.24)Formations. Se concentrations in the E-?1 strata are best displayed on natural logarithm normal quantile-quantile(Q-Q) plots and shown as a positive-skewed distribution pattern. The Se significantly enriched(EF10) strata sequences mainly include the lower and upper Doushantuo member II(DST-II), top DST-III, DST-IV, the basal and upper Yanjiahe Formation, and lower and upper Shuijingtuo Formation. Geochemical characteristics indicate that Se concentrations in the significantly enriched strata were generally influenced by terrigenous detrital as well as the combined action of single or multiple factors, such as hydrotherm,volcanic debris and deep source. Moreover, pyrite and organic matter promoted the enrichment of Se in the upper DST-II, DST-IV,upper Shuijingtuo Formation and lower DST-II, upper Shuijingtuo Formation, respectively. The Se concentrations in the not significantly enriched strata(except for DST-I, middle Shuijingtuo Formation, Shipai Formation and lower Tianheban Formation)were also influenced by terrigenous detrital, but other enrichment activities(e.g., hydrothermal, volcanic debris, and deep source)were generally insignificant.     

Origin of seleniferous cherts in Yutangba Se deposit,southwest Enshi,Hubei Province

At the top of the Lower Permian Maokou Formation limestones are developed carbonaceous cherts(Plm3),which constitute the dominant seleniferous layer of the Yutangba Se deposit.The cherts contain as much Se as 1646×10?6 on average.In addition,they are rich in organic carbon,Al2O3,Si2O,but poor in S.In addition to Se,as well as Mo,Cd,V,and Co,etc are also highly enriched in the cherts.The chert samples are characterized by low ?REE,slight LREE enrichment,relatively heavy Si isotope enrichment,and insignificant variations in ? 30Si value within the range of 1.1‰-1.2‰.Generally,it can be judged from the major element,trace element and REE data and the Si isotopic characteristics that the Yutangba seleniferous cherts were formed in the shallow sea to semi-deep sea anoxic environments and their formation is controlled chiefly by bio-chemical processes.     

Spatial variability in selenium and mercury interactions in a key recreational fish species: Implications for human health and environmental monitoring

Selenium’s (Se) protective effects against mercury (Hg) toxicity have been demonstrated; however, this is seldom considered in health assessments, where dietary exposure is still evaluated by Hg concentration alone. Se:Hg ratios and selenium health benefit values (Se HBVs) offer a more comprehensive seafood safety model. Here we describe total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) and Se concentrations in fish from a Hg-polluted estuary. Spatial variation in THg, MeHg and Se was evident, though all regions maintained Se:Hg ratio values >1. Se HBV varied between regions and in one region mean negative values (−5.17) were evident. This study provides the first evidence that quoting a single all-encompassing Se HBV is not appropriate when species demonstrate strong site fidelity. It highlights the need for research into Se–Hg relationships in environments with established Hg pollution and reinforces the assertion that Se concentration be considered in assessments of human health risk to Hg exposure.     

Contaminants in molting long-tailed ducks and nesting common eiders in the Beaufort Sea

In 2000, we collected blood from long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) and blood and eggs from common eiders (Somateria mollissima) at near-shore islands in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and at a reference area east of Prudhoe Bay. Blood was analyzed for trace elements and egg contents were analyzed for trace elements, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Except for Se (mean=36.1 microg/g dry weight (dw) in common eiders and 48.8 microg/g dw in long-tailed ducks), concentrations of trace elements in blood were low and, although several trace elements differed between areas, they were not consistently higher at one location. In long-tailed ducks, Se in blood was positively correlated with activities of two serum enzymes, suggestive of an adverse effect of increasing Se levels on the liver. Although common eiders had high Se concentrations in their blood, Se residues in eggs were low (mean=2.28 microg/g dw). Strontium and Ni were higher in eggs near Prudhoe Bay than at the reference area, but none of the other trace elements or organic contaminants in eggs differed between locations. Concentrations of Ca, Sr, Mg, and Ni differed among eggs having no visible development, early-stage embryos, or late-stage embryos. Residues of 4,4'-DDE, cis-nonachlor, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor were found in 100% of the common eider eggs, but at low concentrations (means of 2.35-7.45 microg/kg wet weight (ww)). The mean total PCB concentration in eggs was 15.12 microg/kg ww. Of PAHs tested for, residues of 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and naphthalene were found in 100% of the eggs, at mean concentrations of 0.36-0.89 microg/kg ww.     

Removal of Selenium Species from Waters Using Various Surface‐Modified Natural Particles and Waste Materials

Waste red mud and natural pumice/volcanic slag particles were surface modified and their selenium adsorption from waters was investigated. Acid activation/heat treatment of original red mud (ORM) particles significantly increased their micropore and external surface area and cumulative volume of pores. Iron oxide coating of pumice/slags and acid activation of ORM decreased their pH_pzc values and increased surface acidity. Selenite/selenate adsorption on iron oxide surfaces and acid activated red mud (AARM) was very fast with approximately first‐order adsorption kinetics. Iron oxide coating of pumice/slag and acid activation of ORM particles significantly enhanced their selenite and selenate uptakes. Maximum Se adsorption capacities as high as 6.3 (mg Se/g adsorbent) were obtained by AARM. The extent of selenate uptakes by the surface modified particles was generally lower than those of selenite. Due to competition among Se species and other background water matrix for iron oxide adsorption sites, reduced selenite/selenate uptakes were found in natural water compared to single solute tests. Higher Se uptakes by iron oxide surfaces were found at pH 7.5 compared to pH 8.9, due to increased electrostatic repulsion among iron oxides and Se species at higher pH. The most effective adsorbents among the tested 17 different particles for Se uptake were AARM and iron oxide coated pumice. Se concentrations less than drinking water standards (5–10 µg/L) can be achieved by these particles. These low‐cost, natural, or recyclable waste particles appear to be promising adsorbents for Se removal after their surface modification.     

Selenium in a shore bird,the dunlin,from the Dutch Waddenzee

The hypothesis that Se is secreted by birds via the preen gland or salt glands, thus contaminating the feathers, has been investigated. It is concluded that the feather vanes show indirectly in this way the birds' e?posure to Se. Therefore they can be used as an indicator tissue for this element.     

Concentration and subcellular distribution of trace elements in liver of small cetaceans incidentally caught along the Brazilian coast

Concentrations of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, T-Hg, Org-Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in liver samples of estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis; n = 20), Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei; n = 23), Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis; n = 2), common dolphin (Delphinus capensis; n = 1) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba; n = 1) incidentally caught along the coast of Sao Paulo State and Parana State, Brazil, from 1997 to 1999. The hepatic concentrations of trace elements in the Brazilian cetaceans were comparable to the data available in literature on marine mammals from Northern Hemisphere. Concentrations of V, Se, Mo, Cd, T-Hg and Org-Hg increased with increasing age in liver of both estuarine and Franciscana dolphins. Very high concentrations of Cu (range, 262-1970 microg/g dry wt.) and Zn (range, 242-369 microg/g dry wt.) were observed in liver of sucklings of estuarine dolphin. Hepatic concentrations of V, Se, T-Hg, Org-Hg and Pb were significantly higher in estuarine dolphin, whereas Franciscana dolphin showed higher concentrations of Mn, Co, As and Rb. Ratio of Org-Hg to T-Hg in liver was significantly higher in Franciscana dolphin than estuarine dolphin, suggesting that demethylation ability of methyl Hg might be lower in liver of Franciscana than estuarine dolphins. High hepatic concentrations of Ag were found in some specimens of Franciscana dolphin (maximum, 20 microg/g dry wt.), and 17% of Franciscana showed higher concentrations of Ag than Hg. These samples with high Ag concentration also exhibited elevated hepatic Se concentration, implying that Ag might be detoxified by Se in the liver. Higher correlation coefficient between (Hg+0.5 Ag) and Se than between Hg and Se and the large distribution of Ag in non-soluble fraction in nuclear and mitochondrial fraction of the liver also suggests that Ag might be detoxified by Se via formation of Ag2Se in the liver of Franciscana dolphin.     

Geochemical baselines of major, minor and trace elements in the tropical sediments of the Terengganu River basin, Malaysia

The geochemical baselines and distribution of 31 elements (Al, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Cr, Zr, Ni, Sr, Zn, Y, Li, Cu, Mo, Nb, Th, Co, Ga, W, Ta, Be, Ti, Ge, Se, Bi, Te, Sc and Re) and physico-chemical parameters of the tropical surface sediments of the Terengganu River basin, Malaysia, are reported. Sediments are sandy loam to sand in texture consisting of mostly quartz, low organic matter content (average-2.68%), low CEC (average-2.02 cmol(+)/kg) and mildly acidic pH1:5 (average-5.91). Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ba, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and Se were measured to be above the environmental sediment quality criteria at various locations. Lake sediments registered significantly higher Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Ca, Mn, Te and Sc concentrations as compared to the river sediments. Most of the elements investigated showed an association with silt size fraction (2-63 μm). Among the investigated metals, Mo and Fe concentrations showed an increasing (5-fold) and decreasing (3-fold) trend, respectively, along the river path from the upstream to the downstream depending on the stream pH-redox conditions. The enrichment factor values (EF 5) of Cr, Ni, Mo and Se indicated enrichment from anthropogenic activities. Alkali and alkali earth metals registered a significant depletion (EF values 0.7) as compared to the Earth's crust. Principal component analysis of the two main components (PC1, 87.4% and PC2, 8.7%) revealed a well-defined group of estuary sediments. Lake and river sediment sampling locations did not form defined groups revealing heterogeneity in the origin of geologic material and the in-stream geochemical processes. However, Cr, Ni, Mo and Se formed a separate group with elevated concentrations (e.g. Cr1,000 mg/kg) indicating contamination of sediments. This work presents the geochemical baselines of the tropical sediments as industrial development and urbanization along the north east coast of Peninsular Malaysia are advancing rapidly.     

Removal of Selenium by Adsorption onto Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)

The present work involves the study of Se(IV) adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC). The adsorbents are coated with ferric chloride solution for the effective removal of selenium. The physico-chemical characterization of the adsorbents is carried out using standard methods, e. g., proximate analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), etc. The FTIR spectra of the GAC and PAC indicate the presence of various types of functional groups, e. g., free and hydrogen bonded OH groups, silanol groups (Si-OH), alkenes, and CO group stretching from aldehydes and ketones on the surface of adsorbents. Batch experiments are carried out to determine the effect of various factors such as adsorbent dose (w), initial pH, contact time (t), and temperature (T) on the adsorption process. The optimum GAC and PAC dosage is found to be 10 g/L and 8 g/L, respectively, for Se(IV) removal with C₀ = 100 mg/L. The percent removal of Se(IV) increases with increasing adsorbent concentration, while removal per unit weight of adsorbent increases with decreasing adsorbent concentration. Se(IV) adsorption onto both the GAC and PAC adsorbents is high at low pH values, and decreases with increased initial pH. The results obtained are analyzed by various kinetic models. The parameters of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetics, and Weber-Morris intra particle kinetics are determined. It is seen that the sorption kinetics of Se(IV) onto GAC and PAC can be best represented by the pseudo-second order kinetic model.     

Biofilm mediated uptake of selenium in streams with mountaintop coal mine drainage

Selenium (Se) may cause reproductive toxicity, yet the characteristics of Se bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs are understudied. Stream biofilms were grown in two reaches of Mud River, West Virginia (WV), including one downstream of a coal mine complex and an adjacent, unmined watershed. Mined stream biofilms contained significantly higher Se concentrations compared to unmined biofilms. An inverse relationship between water Se concentrations and biofilm accumulation factors was observed; mined-stream biofilms had an average bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 688 ± 350 fold while unmined-stream biofilms had an average BCF of 14505 ± 2700 fold.     

Bioaccumulation from food and water of cadmium, selenium and zinc in an estuarine fish, Ambassis jacksoniensis

The glassfish, Ambassis jacksoniensis, is a key, mid-level species in an estuarine food web on the east coast of Australia. Estuaries are subject to contamination from urban and industrial activities. The biokinetics of Cd, Se and Zn accumulation by glassfish from water and food were assessed using radioisotopes. Metal uptake from water was not regulated over the range of water metal concentrations examined. Metal uptake from food was assessed using brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) fed radio-labelled algae. The assimilation efficiency from food was 9.5 ± 2.5%, 23 ± 2.2% and 4.6 ± 0.6% for Cd, Se and Zn, respectively. The potential for biomagnification was low for all metals. Food is the main metal uptake pathway for glassfish, with 97%, 99% and 98% of the uptake of Cd, Se and Zn, respectively, estimated to be from food.     

The vertical distribution and oxidation states of dissolved selenium in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and their relationship to biological processes

A total of 200 measurements of Se^IV and total Se have been made in two areas of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. The similarity of the profiles with those of dissolved silicate and phosphate indicates that the distribution of this element is probably dominated by biological processes.The difference between the fractions total Se and Se^IV reflects mainly Se^VI. in accordance with thermodynamic predictions. Se^IV while thermodynamically not favoured is found in deep water where probably due to kinetic stability it persists as the product of the vertical transport and biological reduction of Se^VI.     

Stable isotope and trace element status of subsistence-hunted bowhead and beluga whales in Alaska and gray whales in Chukotka

Tissues of bowhead, beluga, and gray whales were analyzed for Ag, Cd, Cu, Se, Zn, THg and MeHg (belugas only). Delta15N and delta13C in muscle were used to estimate trophic position and feeding habitat, respectively. Trace element concentrations in tissues were significantly different among whale species. Hepatic Ag was higher in belugas than bowheads and gray whales. Gray whales had lower Cd concentrations in liver and kidney than bowhead and belugas and a sigmoid correlation of Cd with length was noted for all whales. Renal and hepatic Se and THg were higher in belugas than in baleen whales. The hepatic molar ratio of Se:THg exceeded 1:1 in all species and was negatively correlated to body length. Hepatic and renal Zn in subsistence-harvested gray whales was lower than concentrations for stranded whales. Se:THg molar ratios and tissue concentrations of Zn may show promise as potential indicators of immune status and animal health.     

Optimizing the ratio of the spike to sample for isotope dilution analysis:a case study with selenium isotopes

Isotope dilution(ID)method has been widely applied to studies of elemental speciation and certification of the concentrations of geological reference materials.One of the key factors restricting the application of the ID method is the difficulty in identifying the optimal ratios of the isotope tracer(spike)to sample(S/N)and in estimating the error propagation.Here,using Se isotope as an example and employing a Monte Carlo method,we found that the optimal choice of spike and S/N are⁷⁷Se(spike)and 0.7,respectively.The S/N in the range from 0.1 to 4 can produce sufficiently low errors(<0.4%).Extending this method to other elements such as Cr,Fe,Ni,Sr,Cd and etc.,their optimal spike and S/N were also presented.According to the optimized parameters of Se,we determined the Se concentrations of geological reference materials(GRMs)by thiol cotton fiber(TCF)-hydride generation ID-MC-ICP-MS.The relative standard deviation is<5%,and the detection limit is reduced to0.1 ng/g.Most of the measured concentrations are consistent with those recommended by IGGE or reported previously.For some GRMs,discrepancies(e.g.6.90%for GSS-5)exist between our measurements and previous ones,which can be explained by the inhomogeneity of GRMs and/or the different digestion,purification and measurement methods among laboratories.     

First experiments on the maternal transfer of metals in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis

The aim of this study was to provide a first insight on the incorporation of eight metals in the eggs of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis via maternal transfer, using radiotracer techniques ((110m)Ag, (241)Am, (109)Cd, (60)Co, (134)Cs, (54)Mn, (75)Se and (65)Zn). The cuttlefish was fed daily with radiolabelled crabs for two weeks; it then started to spawn every three days. Among the eight tracers, only (110m)Ag, (75)Se and (65)Zn were significantly transferred to the eggs. The radiotracer distribution among the egg compartments showed that (75)Se and (65)Zn were accumulated mainly in the vitellus whereas (110m)Ag was found in similar proportion in the vitellus and the eggshell. During the embryonic development, (75)Se and (65)Zn contained in the vitellus were progressively transferred to the embryo, likely to supply its metabolic needs in these essential elements. Although it has no known biological functions, Ag contained in both vitellus and eggshell was also transferred to the embryo. Overall, our results showed that transfer of Ag, Se, and Zn does actually occur from a female cuttlefish to its eggs, at least during the last two weeks before spawning.     

三峡大坝上下游水质时空变化特征

为探索三峡大坝上下游（坝上99.9 km、坝下63.0 km、全长162.9 km）水质时空变化特征,运用主成分分析和方差分析对2016年近坝段水质时空变化特征进行了分析.主成分分析表明,水文因子流量（Q）、气温（T）、水位（Z）和水质因子（水温（WT）、pH、电导率（EC）、溶解氧（DO）、悬浮物（SS）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）、硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）、氟化物（F^-）、总硬度（T-Hard）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、总氮（TN）和硒（Se））的变化主导着研究区域水质变化;各采样点主成分得分和双因素方差分析结果显示研究区域水质因子时间变化主要呈现出季节和不同水库运行时期的差异.消落期（2-5月）,T-Hard、F^-、SO₄^2-和EC是影响河流水质变化的主导因子;汛期（7-8月）,Q、SS、COD_Mn、NO₃^--N、TN和Se是影响河流水质变化的主导因子;T和WT主导着汛末（9月）河流水质变化,并引起了DO等理化特性的变化;高水位运行期（12月）,Cl^-是影响河流水质变化的主导因子.现阶段,DO、有机污染物（COD_Mn）、无机盐（SO₄^2-和F^-）、营养盐类（NO₃^--N和TN）、类金属元素（Se）和水体的矿化程度（T-Hard）的变化主导着区域水质的变化,是三峡大坝近坝段水域水质的控制因子.方差分析表明,河流的理化特性（DO、pH和SS）、营养盐组分构成（NH₃-N和NO₃^--N）、无机盐类（EC和Cl^-）、石油类有机污染物及粪大肠菌群（FC）等指标在坝上与坝下断面存在显著性差异.气温、水温、降雨、含沙量的季节性影响因素和水库调度运行模式是影响近坝段水质时间差异的主要因子;空间差异主要受城区污染排放和三峡水库调度引起的坝上和坝下水文和水动力学条件差异影响.因此控制研究区域因人类活动等造成的外源性污染,并针对不同类污染物质的季节变化特征实施合理的水库运行方式是近坝段水质提升的关键.     

Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter

The particulate concentrations of 17 trace metals, Al, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Sb, Au, Hg, Pb and Th have been measured in the marine atmosphere (58 samples) and in the deep waters (35 samples) of the Tropical North Atlantic. For oceanic suspended matter, our results are similar to those in samples from the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans collected during the GEOSECS Program. Based on these results, we have made a flux balance for the mixed layer between input via the atmosphere and removal through small and large particles. These data show that the primary flux of suspended aluminosilicates in the Tropical North Atlantic is attributable to the atmospheric input. Elements Sc, Th, Fe, V, Mn, Co and Cr show high correlation with Al in the marine atmosphere. Of these elements, Fe, Mn, V, Co and Cr are influenced by additional processes such as biological, in the marine environment. For elements Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Sb, Au, Hg and Pb, we observe high enrichments (relative to average crustal material) in the marine atmosphere which may be due, at least partially, to the influence of anthropogenic sources. These metals also show similar enrichments in deep ocean suspended matter. Model calculations indicate that the atmospheric flux may not control the deep ocean particulate chemistry of Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sb, Au and Hg. Hence it is likely that, for these elements, the enrichment in the ocean is due to processes within the marine regime, for example their involvement in the biological cycle of the ocean. For Se and Pb, the atmospheric source looks to be the dominant contribution to their particulate concentration in seawater. In the deep North Atlantic, particulate Pb appears to be mostly of anthropogenic origin, which is not the case for Se.     

Accumulation features of trace elements in mass-stranded harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the North Sea coast in 2002: the body distribution and association with growth and nutrition status

Body distribution and growth- and nutritional status-dependent accumulation of 21 trace elements were investigated in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) stranded in the North Sea coast in 2002. Higher concentrations and burdens of Mn, Se, Mo, Ag, Sn, Hg, and Bi in the liver, Cd in the kidney, As in the blubber, and Co, Sr, and Ba in the bone were observed. Significant positive correlations of hepatic Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, Tl, and Bi with standard body length were found, while significant negative relationships were detected for Mn, As, Rb, Sr, and Sb in the liver. Concentrations of Co, Se, Sr, Sn, Hg, and Bi in the liver, V, Sr, Ag, Sn, and Hg in the kidney, V, Mn, Co, Rb, Sr, Sn, Ba, and Pb in the blubber increased with decreasing blubber thickness of harbor seals, indicating enrichment of these elements in the target tissue by emaciation.     

Interelement relationships and age-related variation of trace element concentrations in liver of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Japanese coastal waters

Concentrations of 19 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Tl, Hg, and Pb) were determined in the liver of the striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) collected around Japan during 1977-1982 to examine the sex difference, age dependence, and interrelationships among trace elements. Tissue distribution of trace elements was also investigated in one adult and one fetus specimens. Generally, concentrations of Se, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hg, and Pb were higher in the tissues of adult than those of fetus, whereas the opposite trend was observed for Cr and Tl. There were no significant sex differences in the trace element levels in the liver. Significant positive correlations between age (0-26.5 years) and hepatic concentrations were found for Ag, Se, Hg, V, Fe, Pb, and Sr, suggesting their age-dependent accumulation in the liver. In contrast, hepatic concentrations of Mn and Zn decreased with age. Significant positive relationships were observed between Se, and Hg, Ag, V, Fe, and Sr in the liver.