经典测量平差中基本模型和通用模型的参数估计及相互转换

对经典平差模型中参数的估计，往往是一种模型进行一次公式推导，为了克服这种推导方法所产生的不必要的麻烦，本文以条件平差和间接平差这两个经典测量平差的基本模型出发，推导了带有参数的条件平差和附有约束条件的间接平差模型的参数估计公式，总结出经典测量平差的通用函数模型，推导出该模型的参数估计公式。利用某一水准网数据，进行了条件平差和间接平差结果一致性的检验。结果表明：经典测量平差模型是通用平差模型的特殊情况，而通用平差模型是经典平差模型的总结和概括。     

GPS网参数约束平差法研究

简要介绍了参数约束平差的模型,与常规平差方法比较,参数约束平差数据处理简单,易于程序实现,以一GPS网为算例,用参数约束平差法获得了经典自由网平差、秩亏自由网平差、符合网平差的结果。     

适于多种函模型的测量平差软件

本文给出了平差概括模型以及其它平差函数模型之间的关系，并根据概括平差模型编制了测量平差软件，该软件能完成，间接平差，条件平差，附有参数的条件平差，附有限制条件的间接平差，通过算例，证明该具有一定的实用性。     

导线网坐标差观测值相关平差方法研究

提出了利用普通间接平差和相关间接平差两种平差方法相结合,进行以坐标差作为观测值进行导线网相关平差的方法.在该平差方法中,利用普通的简介平差原理推求出坐标差观测值的相关协因数阵,并以此作为已知数据进行以坐标差观测值作为观测值的导线网的相关平差.     

测量平差中各种模型的等价转换关系

基于测量平差中各种平差方法其函数模型的表达，文中重点论证了各种平差方法之间的等价转换及其相互关系，得到的结果有利于各种平差方法的理解与渗透，对测量数据数据理论的分析和应用具有一定的参考价值。     

各种平差方法的统一与特性

本文选取了一个能概括各种平差方法的函数模型,即附有限制条件的条件平差模型,详细推导了该平差法的计算公式和精度评定公式,证明了其平差结果的统计性质。该方法的计算公式和精度评定公式可以应用于所有经典平差法和广义平差法,因此,可以称为平差的通用公式。为了说明由通用公式可以很方便地引出其他各种方法的公式的具体形式,本文又以经典条件平差、经典间接平差和广义平差中的滤波推估为例,从通用公式引出了这些方法的相应公式。     

经典平差模型解算方法统一性研究

针对5种经典平差模型公式繁多、易于混淆的问题,本文通过设置参数的系数矩阵、等式转换、参数向量的分组消元等方法分别实现了附有参数的条件平差与其余平差模型之间的转换。同时,在等式转换过程中打破了附有参数的条件平差与间接平差模型之间参数选择的约束,完成了二者的转换,为实现附有参数的条件平差对附有限制条件的间接平差的统一奠定了基础。最后通过实例验证了上述方法的正确性。     

某水利工程施工控制网平差计算

平差计算的目的是为控制网提供精度可靠的数据。经典测量平差方法包括四种平差模型,每种平差模型虽各有其自身的特点,但计算结果是一致的。为了检验平差计算过程的正确性,采用条件平差和间接平差两种平差方法进行计算并比较计算结果,确保平差计算结果正确可靠。     

条件平差和间接平差模型应满足的两个等式关系

条件平差和间接平差法是两种最基本的测量数据处理的方法,在整个工科数据处理中得到了广泛应用.但是,实践中,一些工程人员对这两种平差方法的区别与联系并不十分了解.本文基于最小二乘准则解的本质,推导出了条件平差法与间接平差法系数阵和常数项间应满足的两个等式关系,有助于广大工程人员理解这两种测量平差的本质与联系.     

GPS技术在龙过岗—九峰公路控制网中的应用

本文主要介绍GPS技术在公路勘测中控制网的布设方案、外业观测、平差计算及精度分析,重点讨论了平差计算中基线平差、三维无约束平差、约束平差精度成果问题。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。