双多普勒天气雷达风场探测的可靠性研究

从双多普勒天气雷达风场探测原理和多普勒天气雷达数据处理技术出发，分析了影响双勒天气雷达风场反演可靠性的内在因素。即两部雷达观测同一点的非一致性 (空间和时间上的非一致性) 和空间各测量点观测时间及照射体积的非统一性，以及微波在大气中的非直线传播和地球表面的非几何平面引起的坐标、定位等问题都严重影响了双多普勒天气雷达风场反演可靠性。该文提出一些解决办法，但在应用双多普勒天气雷达风场反演数据时，还必须进行可靠性分析。     

双多普勒天气雷达反演大气三维风场的个例研究

根据笛卡尔坐标系下双多普勒天气雷达反演大气三维风场的理论，以2003年7月5日发生在安徽省的一次强降水过程为例，反演大气三维风场。结果表明：利用双多普勒天气雷达反演大气风场能够更加详细地反映出大气风场的三维结构。     

一次局地大暴雨三维风场的双多普勒雷达探测研究

使用地基双多普勒天气雷达综合和连续调整技术 (MUSCAT), 对2001年7月13日安徽省合肥、马鞍山双多普勒雷达同步探测到的暴雨系统进行三维风场反演.其暴雨系统的流场特点是在低层存在切变线和辐合线, 高层气流辐散, 有明显的垂直环流; 低层的水平辐合区与高层的水平速度的辐散区相匹配, 对应着上升运动; 下沉气流在近地面层形成的向外流出的辐散气流促使暴雨系统前方低层暖湿空气上升; 南北强回波单体在全椒附近合并, 单体合并首先从低层开始, 然后扩展到中高层, 造成全椒地区的局地强降水; 中低层的切变线和辐合线是强回波单体合并的动力因素; 流场特征是在其上空形成中尺度涡旋.最后, 给出了这次暴雨的概念流场模型.     

多部多普勒雷达同步探测三维风场反演系统

“我国重大气候和天气灾害的形成机理与预测理论研究”项目首次启用双多普勒雷达组网同步观测，如何从同步观测的暴雨资料中反演三维场，具有重要的理论和现实意义，根据项目需要，建立了国内首套多部多普勒天气雷达同步探测三维风场反演软件系统，并反演出2001年7月13日由双多普勒雷达同步观测到的一个中β尺度暴雨系统的三维风场，结果显示，该三维风场结构合理，系统能满足外场试验的要求。     

用双多普勒天气雷达资料研究暴雨三维风场结构

使用双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术对2005年6月11-12日梅州和汕头多普勒天气雷达探测到的华南暴雨资料进行了三维风场反演,对暴雨系统的中尺度三维动力结构进行了详细分析.结果表明:此次暴雨主要是由中低层的中β尺度辐合线、中β尺度切变线和嵌于其中的中γ尺度涡旋共同作用引发的.低层辐合、高层辐散的动力结构,有利于暴雨系统的触发、维持和发展.最后,综合分析结果给出了此次暴雨的三维动力结构模型.     

笛卡儿坐标系的双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术

文中研究了笛卡尔坐标系下双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术 ,提出了包括雷达原始资料的预处理 ,空间插值以及可靠性检验的新方法 ,提高了反演结果的可信度和精确度。使用模拟的双多普勒雷达体扫资料进行了反演试验 ,结果表明 :本文的方法能够比较真实地反映风场的三维结构 ,可以用于真实风场的反演。     

一次暴雨过程多普勒天气雷达风场资料分析

通过对１９９御７月１４日的大－暴雨天气过程所获取的３８２４多普勒天气雷达平均径向风场资料的分析，发现边界层急流与较强的降水相伴。表明多普勒天气雷达对中小尺度天气系统和灾害性天气预报有预警作用。     

利用多普勒天气雷达探测强对流天气过程初探(摘要)

介绍了使用多普勒天气雷达对3月20日强对流天气过程进行连续监测的情况,并对使用多普勒天气雷达产品的过程和体会加以总结,认为利用多普勒天气雷达监测灾害性天气,用垂直积分液态水、组合反射率和基本反射率及基本速度、反射率垂直剖面和回波顶几个产品来判别和预报效果会较好.     

利用多普勒天气雷达探测强对流天气过程初探

介绍了使用多普勒天气雷达对3月20日强对流天气过程进行连续监测的情况,并对使用多普勒天气雷达产品的过程和体会加以总结,以便为以后使用该雷达探测灾害性天气提供相关参考。     

双多普勒雷达风场反演资料的同化应用试验

利用合肥、马鞍山2部多普勒雷达联合观测资料及多部多普勒雷达合成和连续调整技术（MUSCAT）,在笛卡尔坐标下反演得到三维风场。将得到的风场通过由CAPS（center for analysis and prediction of storm）研发的ARPS（advancedregional prediction systemv5．2．4）模式及数据处理系统ADAS（ARPS data analysissystem）进行同化试验。结果表明,反演风场信息可以改善短时模拟场、特别是风场的状况;但由于对湿度场等的改进较小,致使预报的3h降水量与实况有出入。     

ERROR COMPARISON OF WIND FIELD RETRIEVAL FROM SINGLE AND DUAL-DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The error distributions of the wind fields retrieved from single and dual-Doppler radar observations are given inthis paper.The results indicate that the error of dual-Doppler retrieval depends on the position in the scan region of thedual-Doppler radar.The error of single-Doppler retrieval by using velocity azimuth processing(VAP)technique de-pends on the angle between the directions of wind and the radar beam.Generally,the winds retrieved from single Doppl-er radar are close to those retrieved from dual-Doppler radar.But,the error distribution of the single-Doppler retrievalis different from the dual-Doppler retrieval.We simulate the retrievals of single Doppler observation by the use of theoutput wind data from a 3-D numerical model of severe convection.The comparison of the simulated single-anddual-Doppler retrievals shows that the VAP may be a suitable technique for the operational analysis of mesoscale windfields.It can also be used as a supplement to wind field retrieval in the field experiment.     

利用双多普勒雷达研究强飑线过程的三维风场结构

山东齐河CINRAD/SA和滨州CINRAD/SC雷达相距125.5 km,组成了双多普勒雷达观测网,利用2004年6月21-22日的一次强飑线过程的多普勒天气雷达探测资料,分析了双雷达观测资料的质量控制结果,并根据双多普勒雷达反演的三维风场研究了飑线的三维结构.结果表明,两部雷达探测的回波在水平位置上有2.0 km的差别,回波强度滨州雷达低5.2 dBz,回波结构也有一定的差别,径向速度在可比较的区域一致性很好.飑线不同位置的水平风场结构有很大不同,在飑线北端,低层是气旋性辐合风场,飑线南端是反气旋性辐合风场,而中部沿强对流窄带的前部是偏西和东南风的风场辐合.中高层云中风逐渐转为西北风,强对流回波带上空对应辐散风场;垂直于强对流带方向的风场垂直结构表明成熟阶段,强对流窄带前部的低层是入流气流,即东风气流,它与对流带后部的西风相遇后向上倾斜上升,在中高层向前流出形成飑前砧状云.减弱阶段,低层的西风分量增强并向前穿过强对流回波带,导致前面的入流气流风速减弱、下边界抬高,这一垂直风场结构和演变特征与美国中纬度飑线的结构基本一致.     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actualwind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptualmodel of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly fromthe single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generatedconvective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equationsbased on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properlytreated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of theapproach proposed in this paper.     

WIND SHEAR IDENTIFICATION WITH THE RETRIEVED WIND OF DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR

Wind shear reflects that the wind field is not uniform, which is one of the primary factors which make the retrieval of the wind field difficult. Based on volume velocity process(VVP) wind field retrieval technique, the intensity of wind shear is identified in this paper. After analyzing the traditional techniques that rely on the difference of radial velocity to identify wind shear, a fixed difference among radial velocities that may cause false identification in a uniform wind field was found. Because of the non-uniformity in wind shear areas, the difference of retrieved results between surrounding analysis volumes can be used as a measurement to show how strong the wind shear is. According to the analysis of a severe convective weather process that occurred in Guangzhou, it can be found that the areas of wind shear appeared with the strength significantly larger than in other regions and the magnitude generally larger than4.5 m/(s·km). Besides, by comparing the variation of wind shear strength during the convection, it can be found that new cells will be more likely to generate when the strength is above 3.0 m/(s·km). Therefore, the analysis of strong wind shear's movement and development is helpful to forecasting severe convections.     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS*

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actual wind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptual model of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly from the single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generated convective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equations based on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properly treated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of the approach proposed in this paper.     

“6.12”华南局地暴雨中β和γ结构的双多普勒雷达反演试验

使用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术对2005年6月12～13日广东省梅州和汕头多普勒天气雷达探测到的华南局地暴雨资料进行了三维风场反演,对暴雨系统的中尺度三维动力结构进行了分析。此次暴雨主要是由中低层的中β和中γ尺度辐合线造成的,强回波带与速度辐合带有较好的对应关系。辐合线对暴雨的触发、维持、持续具有重要作用,随着辐合线的减弱消散,强回波带也逐渐减弱,地面降水也随之减弱。最后,给出了此次暴雨的三维动力结构模型。     

登陆台风的多普勒雷达资料质量控制和水平风场反演

消除噪音和速度模糊、进行水平风场的反演并检验是正确使用和充分利用多普勒雷达探测资料的前提.对2005年8月山东烟台多普勒雷达探测到的0509号台风"麦莎"的存在速度模糊的径向速度资料首先进行噪音和速度模糊消除处理,检验结果表明对资料的退模糊处理是成功的;其次进行了水平风场的反演,并对反演的风场从雷达径向速度的特征、大尺度环境风场特征、与卫星云图云带的对比和以台风中心为圆心计算的径向风垂直剖面特征等方面进行检验.结果表明,利用单多普勒雷达探测资料得到的水平风场能够清晰地给出登陆热带气旋内部存在的中小尺度系统,及其水平和垂直结构,并表明与台风外围雨带强降水区域相对应的是明显的中尺度水平风场的切变与辐合区.反演风场也可以为进一步利用单多普勒雷达探测资料分析和研究登陆台风内部的中尺度结构提供高分辨率的可靠的分析资料.同时证明,使用的退速度模糊方法能够有效地应用于较完整资料的速度模糊的自动消除,以及VAP方法对于中小尺度风场分析的实用性.     

QUALITY CONTROL OF SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR DATA AND RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND FOR A LANDING TYPHOON

The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field.     

线性和非线性风应力对海-气耦合波的影响

在略去Ｒｅｙｌｅｉｇｈ摩擦和Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ冷却的条件下，采用定常的线性大气模式和半地转近似的非线性海洋模式，讨论了线性和非线性风应力对海－气耦合Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的影响，结果表明，当耦合波处于非线性不稳定的情况下，线性和非线性风应力均可产生孤立波，不同之处在于，非线性风应力所产笺波图像具有间断特点，波能的急剧聚集有可能使波的性质发生变化。