加强海洋生志环境保护 促进海水养殖业可持续发展——关于江苏省东台市海洋环境保护工作的调查报告

为了进一步贯彻落实《海域使用管理法》，全面提高对海域的综合管理能力，推进海洋事业在国民经济和社会发展中的地位与作用，国家海洋局海域管理司与《海洋开发与管理》杂志社联合开展“海域使用管理”有奖征文活动。从本期开始，征文将陆续在本刊“海域使用管理专栏”中刊登。     

建立科学的海域使用管理新机制 推动海洋经济可持续发展

为了进一步贯彻落实《海域使用管理法》，全面提高对海域的综合管理能力，推进海洋事业在国民经济和社会发展中的地位与作用，国家海洋局海域管理司与《海洋开发与管理》杂志社联合开展“海域使用管理”有奖征文活动。从2005年第4期开始，征文已陆续在本刊“海域使用管理专栏”中刊登。[编者按]     

海洋管理中的海洋区域划分方案探讨

“海洋”是地球上与“大陆”相对应的巨大水体及其底土,而“海”是大陆边缘区较浅的“洋”,也是沿海国家海洋权益保障和海洋资源开发的主要区域。由于海洋自然条件的差异性十分明显,因此海洋管理和海洋科学研究中,常以“近海” “近岸海域”“浅海海域”等概念表示特定的海洋区域,尤其是在海洋管理中,这些特定的海洋区域往往指向有针对性的管理政策和管理目标,如《全国海洋功能区划（２０１１—２０２０年）》的主要量化目标即是针对“近岸海域”。然而,在海洋管理中,目前尚没有公认的海洋的区域划分方案,这也对管理政策的制定和落实构成了阻碍。文章以海洋地理学和海洋地质学中的海洋区域划分方法为基础,结合国际海洋法规和国内海洋管理实践的研究,尝试提出一个兼顾自然科学和管理科学的海洋区域划分方案。     

我国海域使用管理和海洋环境保护的依据──海洋功能区划

海洋功能区划是我国海洋管理部门在２０世纪 ８０年代末期提出并组织开展的一项海洋管理的基 础性工作,其目的在于加强海洋综合管理,协调解 决海洋开发利用和环境保护工作中出现的问题, 促进海洋经济持续、快速、健康发展。该项工作自 提出以来,已得到全国人大、国务院和有关部门的 高度重视,已经颁布实施的《中华人民共和国海洋 环境保护法》（以下简称《海洋环境保护法》）、《国 家海域使用管理暂行规定》和《中国２１世纪议程》 等一系列政策法规,明确了其在海洋管理工作中 的地位和作用。与此同时,国家海洋局会同沿海地 方人民…     

整治陆源污染净化海洋环境

为了进一步贯彻落实《海域使用管理法》,全面提高对海域的综合管理能力,推进海洋事业在国民经济和社会发展中的地位与作用,国家海洋局海域管理司与《海洋开发与管理》杂志社联合开展“海域使用管理”有奖征文活动。从2005年第4期开始,征文已陆续在本刊“海域使用管理专栏”中刊登。     

国家海洋局发布《全国海洋功能区划》

国家海洋局９月１０日在北京发布《全国海洋功能区划》。经国务院批复同意、由国家海洋局发布的《全国海洋功能区划》的范围包括“我国管辖的内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架及其他海域”。国务院强调指出，海洋功能区划是我国海域使用管理和海洋环境保护的依据，具有法定效力，必须严格执行。海洋功能区划是根据海域工作中得到有效应用，成为各级政府监督管理海域使用和海洋环境保护的依据。国家海洋局提供的情况表明，我国海洋资源开发利用活动自２０世纪８０年代末期，出现了复杂化、多元化情况。由于缺乏统筹协调机制，各个部门…     

高度重视海洋法制建设

《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》自2002年1月1日施行以来,已经五年了。今天,全国人大环境与资源保护委员会、国务院法制办公室、国家海洋局联合召开“纪念《海域使用管理法》实施5周年”座谈会,邀请有关部门、用海企业、大学和新闻媒体,共同回顾总结这部法律施行五年来的主要成绩和经验,意义重大。希望以此为契机,深入宣传贯彻《海域使用管理法》,为进一步规范海洋开发秩序、维护国家海域所有权和海域使用权人的合法权益,保障海洋经济持续健康发展创造良好的氛围和环境。     

经略我们的“海上家园”——写在《全国海洋功能区划》发布实施之际

国家海洋局近日在北京发布,经国务院正式批复,由国家海洋局布实施的《全国海洋功能区划》适用范围为“我国管辖的内水领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架及其他海域”。有关方面负责人强调指出,《海洋功能区划》是我国海域使用管理和海洋环境保护的依据,具有法定效力,必须严格执行。     

依法加强海域使用管理为海洋经济可持续发展保驾护航

今年是《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》（以下简称《海域法》）实施的第一年，我愿就依法加强海洋管理特别是海域使用管理的问题，从主管部门的角度谈点意见，同大家一起探讨。一、加强海洋管理已成为当今时代潮流自《联合国海洋法公约》生效以来，联合国对国际海洋事务越来越重视。１９９３年第４８届联大决议，敦促沿海国把海洋综合管理列入国家发展议程；从１９９７年以来，联合国秘书长每年都向联大作海洋事务报约》协调各国与海洋有关的利益关系，联合国成立了国际海底管理局、国际海洋法法庭、大陆架界线委员会等一系列专门海洋机构…     

海洋功能区划制度在浙江的实践与思考

海洋功能区划是根据沿海海域自然条件、环境状况、地理位置等自然属性和经济社会发展需求,按照国家有关划分海洋功能区的标准,将海域划分成不同类型且具有特定主导功能或有一定功能顺序的海洋功能区。海洋功能区划作为《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》和《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》规定的一项基本制度,具有法律效力,是海域使用管理的基础依据。《浙江省海洋功能区划(修编)》已于 2006 年 10 月 24 日由国务院批复实施。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.