Paleozoic Tectono-Metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay Region, Central Asia

The research on Paleozoic tectonics and endogenic metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay region of Central Asia is an important and significant project. The Altay region, as a collision zone of the Early Paleozoic(500–397 Ma), and the Tianshan region, as a collision zone of the early period in the Late Paleozoic(Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, 385–323 Ma), are all the result of nearly N-S trending shortening and collision(according to recent magnetic orientation). In the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous period(385–323 Ma), regional NW trending faults displayed features of dextral strike-slip motion in the Altay and Junggar regions. In the Tianshan region, nearly EW-trending regional faults are motions of the thrusts. However, in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period(323–260 Ma), influenced by the long-distance effect induced from the Ural collision zone, those areas suffered weaker eastward compression, the existing NW trending faults converted into sinistral strike-slip in the Altay and Junggar regions, and the existing nearly E-W trending faults transferred into dextral strike-slip faults in the Tianshan region. The Rocks of those regions in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period(323–260 Ma) were moderately ruptured to a certain tension-shear, and thus formed a number of world famous giant endogenic metal ore deposits in the Tianshan-Altay region. As to the Central Asian continent, the most powerful collision period may not coincide with the most favorable endogenic metallogenic period. It should be treated to "the orogenic metallogeny hypothesis" with caution in that region.     

天山-阿尔泰地区古生代构造及相关的内生成矿作用

探讨天山-阿尔泰地区大地构造及其相关的内生成矿作用是一个重要而又有趣的研究课题.阿尔泰地区属于早古生代碰撞带,天山地区属于晚古生代早期(晚泥盆世一早石炭世)碰撞带,均为区域性近南北向缩短-碰撞作用的结果.在晚泥盆世一早石炭世,阿尔泰地区近NW向区域性断层呈现右行走滑的特征,天山地区近EW向的区域性断层表现为逆断层的活动.但在晚石炭世一早二叠世,受乌拉尔碰撞带挤压作用远程效应的影响,该地区受到较弱的向东挤压的作用,阿尔泰地区NW向断层转变成左行走滑断层,天山地区近EW向断层则转变为右行走滑断层,使该区岩石发生适度的破碎,以致形成大量世界著名的内生金属矿床.对于亚洲大陆来说,碰撞作用最强烈的时期并不一定是内生金属成矿作用最有利的阶段,应该审慎地对待所谓的“造山带成矿作用假说”.最后,笔者还对该区深部隐伏内生金属矿床的找寻提出了一些建议.     

Biostratigraphy of Paleozoic Tabulata and Heliolitida of Central Asia

In Soviet Central Asia (Tien Shan and Pamirs) corals are unknown in the Lower Ordovician, rare and unstudied in the Middle Ordovician. The tabulate coral record from the Upper Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian is excellent and numerous common and Key genera and species are enumerated for each stage or substage. Tabulata reached their peak development in the Wenlock, and had markedly decreased in numbers and variety by late Middle Devonian time. Tabulata are rare in Upper Devonian and later rocks but occur through the Carboniferous and into the Upper Permian. -- W. A. Oliver, Jr.     

中亚巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代岩浆活动与斑岩铜矿成矿时代

巴尔喀什成矿带是中亚成矿域重要的晚古生代斑岩铜钼成矿带。通过该成矿带科翁腊德、博尔雷和阿克斗卡地区与斑岩铜成矿作用密切相关的花岗斑岩类岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,主量、稀土和微量元素地球化学,Sr、Nd同位素示踪分析,进一步厘定了斑岩铜成矿作用的时代,并推测了板块构造环境。斑岩铜成矿时代分为两期：早期约为327 Ma,形成科翁腊德和阿克斗卡超大型斑岩铜矿床;晚期约为316 Ma,形成博尔雷大型斑岩铜矿床。与成矿有关的斑岩类主要为高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,可能为火山岛弧环境,部分具有埃达克岩特征和经典岛弧花岗岩类特征。斑岩类ε_Sr(t)和ε_Nd(t)的变化范围分别为-6.35~34.03和-0.46~5.53。其中,科翁腊德-博尔雷地区斑岩类来源于亏损地幔与大陆地壳表层物质（老地壳物质）的显著混染作用,而阿克斗卡地区斑岩类直接来自于亏损地幔。将巴尔喀什成矿带与我国西准噶尔成矿带进行了对比,认为可能属于同一个晚古生代斑岩铜钼成矿带。     

Late Paleozoic faults of the Altai region, Central Asia: tectonic pattern and model of formation

The present kinematic and dynamic analysis of large-scale strike-slip faults, which enabled the formation of a collage of Altai terranes as a result of two collisional events. The Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous collision of the Gondwana-derived Altai-Mongolian terrane and the Siberian continent resulted in the formation of the Charysh–Terekta system of dextral strike-slip faults and later the Kurai and Kuznetsk–Teletsk–Bashkauss sinistral strike-slip faults. The Late Carboniferous–Permian collision of the Siberian and Kazakhstan continents resulted in the formation of the Chara, Irtysh and North-East sinistral strike-slip zones. The age of deformation of both collisional events becomes younger toward the inner areas of the Siberian continent. In the same direction the amount of displacement of strike-slip faulting decreases from several thousand to several hundred kilometers. The width of the Late Paleozoic zone of deformation reaches 1500 km. These events deformed the accretion-collision continental margins and their primary paleogeographic pattern.     

Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic rare-metal magmatism of Central Asia: Stages, provinces, and formation settings

Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic epochs in the formation history of the Central Asian Foldbelt are distinguished by high rare-metal productivity. A number of large REE, Ta, Nb, Zr, Be, Sn, Li, Mo, Re, and other deposits were formed at that time. As a rule, they are of the magmatic origin and related to the intrusions of highly evolved igneous rocks varying in composition from alkaline ultramafic with carbonatites to alkali and Li-F granites. In general, the occurrences of rare-metal magmatism are related to the rift zones of the Central Asian Rift System formed 310?C190 Ma ago and conjugated with a consecutive series of the Barguzin, Hangay, and Hentiy zonal igneous provinces characterized by the large batholiths in their centers and rift zones in the framework. Such a structure indicates that these provinces were formed above isometric mantle sources or plumes with participation of large-scale crustal anatexis. The evident links of rare-metal deposits to occurrences of mantle magmatism within the zonal igneous provinces show that plume sources played an important role in their formation.     

Early Paleozoic tectonics and geodynamics of Central Asia: role of mantle plumes

There were two key stages in the history of Paleozoids that formed in the place of the Paleoasian ocean, one in the Cambrian–Ordovician and the other in the Permian–Triassic. Both time spans were characterized by a combination of similar geodynamic, magmatic, and geomagnetic events: closure and opening of oceanic basins, intense plume magmatism associated with Earth's core cooling, and absence of geomagnetic reversals (superchrons). Three superchrons about 490–460, 260–300, and 124–86 Ma correlate with major events of plume magmatism. Plume reconstructions have to be updated for the period 490–460 Ma, which corresponded to the third superchron and was marked by ocean opening. The previous superplume, about 800–740 Ma, requires further justification but fits the global periodicity with 240 Ma major cycles and smaller ones of 120 (or also 30) Ma.In the Late Cambrian–Ordovician, large-scale accretion and collision events acted, in similar tectonic settings, upon the vast territory that currently extends from the Polar Urals to Lake Baikal (and was times larger in the past). As a result, Gondwanian microcontinents (Kokchetav, Altai–Mongolia, Tuva–Mongolia, etc.) and island arcs joined into the Kazakhstan–Tuva–Mongolia system. The formation of the Late Cambrian–Ordovician orogen in Central Asia was synchronous with opening of the Ural, Ob–Zaisan, Turkestan, and Paleotethys oceans. The plume pulses (520–500 and 490–460 Ma) may have been responsible for opening of new oceans, accelerated amalgamation of terranes, and synchronicity in geodynamic events from the Urals to Transbaikalia.     

Late Paleozoic Granitic Magmatism in the West Junggar Metallogenic Belt (Xinjiang), Central Asia, and Its Tectonic Implication

Please refer to the attachment(s) for more details     

西准噶尔成矿带晚古生代花岗岩类岩浆活动及其构造意义

中亚造山带是晚古生代地壳显著生长与大规模成矿的重要地区。本文采集了中亚造山带西部的西准噶尔成矿带哈图-别鲁阿嘎希及其附近地区11个岩体共33件花岗岩类样品,对其开展了岩石地球化学与同位素示踪等研究,厘定了该地区晚古生代岩浆活动的特点与大地构造环境,并与哈萨克斯坦境内的巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代岩浆活动进行了对比。研究表明,哈图地区晚石炭世花岗岩类主要为后碰撞伸展构造环境的A型花岗岩类,别鲁阿嘎希等地区存在洋内俯冲与岛弧环境的埃达克岩,显示了西准噶尔晚古生代构造环境时空变化的复杂性。该地区花岗岩类εNd(t)值较高(+4.62~+7.53)、εSr(t)值为(-57.61~+18.21),具有中亚造山带花岗岩类的共同特征,为古生代增生的新生陆壳,其源区与亏损地幔组分具有亲缘关系,这与巴尔喀什成矿带东段的花岗岩类具有一致性。花岗岩的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值范围分别为18.2776~19.1677、15.5260~15.5796和38.2080~39.0821,为造山带花岗岩类。     

巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代地壳增生与构造演化

巴尔喀什成矿带是中亚成矿域重要的晚古生代斑岩铜钼成矿带。巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代花岗岩类(石炭-二叠纪)主要为高钾钙碱性系列,晚期出现钾玄岩系列岩石,主要为I型花岗岩类;石炭纪处在同碰撞和火山弧环境,二叠纪为后碰撞环境。分析表明,博尔雷属于经典的岛弧花岗岩区,科翁腊德、阿克斗卡和萨亚克属于埃达克岩(Adakite)区。巴尔喀什成矿带内花岗岩类εNd(t)值为(-5.87～+5.94),εSr(t)值为(-17.16～+51.10)。以巴尔喀什中央断裂为界,成矿带东、西分带,断裂两侧具有不同的地壳生长历史:断裂以东的萨亚克和阿克斗卡地区εNd(t)值较高,具有亏损地幔组分特征,为古生代增生的新生陆壳;以西的科翁腊德和博尔雷εNd(t)值较低,主要是壳幔岩浆混合的结果,反映了古老基底的存在,主要为新元古代增生地壳。成矿带花岗岩类206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值范围分别为18.3346～20.9929、15.5213～15.7321和38.2874～40.0209,为造山带花岗岩类,具有与天山、阿尔泰和准噶尔花岗岩类的亲缘性。     

西准噶尔晚古生代花岗岩类侵入体(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar热年代学

西准噶尔成矿带夹持在天山断裂与额尔齐斯断裂之间,是中亚成矿域西部的核心区域之一,广泛发育晚古生代深成岩浆活动、走滑断裂构造和斑岩铜矿、造山型金矿成矿作用。本文在西准噶尔成矿带包古图岩体、康德岩体、加曼岩体、库鲁木苏岩体、别鲁阿嘎希岩体、哈图岩体、阿克巴斯套岩体、庙尔沟岩体、克拉玛依岩体及红山岩体采集12个样品,通过黑云母和钾长石(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar阶段升温测年,给出了该地区(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar冷却年龄。其中,黑云母(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar年龄处在326~302 Ma范围内,钾长石(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar年龄为297~264 Ma,反映了西准噶尔地区晚石炭世-中二叠世的区域中温冷却历史。结合前人报道的锆石U-Pb、角闪石(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar、辉钼矿Re-Os、磷灰石裂变径迹等年龄数据,构建了西准噶尔成矿带晚古生代岩浆侵入,成矿作用与构造抬升,以及晚中生代剥露过程的整个热历史;并与区域左行走滑断裂活动的时间进行了对比,讨论了(40)~Ar/(39)~Ar冷却年龄的构造意义。     

Unraveling the mosaic of Paleozoic crustal blocks in Southeast Asia

Parts of Southeast Asia show evidence of having Paleozoic or older continental crust. These include small fragments in the Philippine and Indonesian archipelagoes, New Guinea and adjoining shelves, and (the main area) a large mass consisting of nearly all of mainland Southeast Asia, most of Sumatra, southwestern Borneo, and parts of the bordering and intervening seas. Ophiolite belts, probable sutures, and contrasting geology across them indicate that this main mass is a mosaic of different fragments or blocks.Since a comprehensive review of the origins and histories of these blocks a decade ago, new information has appeared. Some inferred sutures have been reinterpreted, though the main area of old continental crust is still seen as consisting of at least two and possibly three separate blocks. Recent paleomagnetic determinations for the Paleozoic suggest a position in moderately high (probably southern) latitudes (43 for NW Malaya) for part of Southeast Asia in early Paleozoic, and the possibility of a southern temperate position (24 for central Thailand) in Late Paleozoic. New data on Late Paleozoic floras establish more firmly that Cathaysian floras were widespread on the edge of the Gondwana continent in the Arabian shield region, and the floral data can be seen now as supporting former attachment of part of Southeast Asia to Gondwana. A prominent zone of Carboniferous pebbly mudstones, now recognized to extend over 2000 km from Sumatra to Burma, has been reinterpreted to be of probable glacial marine, rather than slump, origin. The interpretation of these rocks is of critical significance: if the pebbly mudstones are submarine slump deposits, western Southeast Asia probably rifted off some unknown continent during Late Paleozoic; if they are glacial marine sediments, then western Southeast Asia was almost certainly attached to Gondwana and the rifting and separation took place later, probably during the later Mesozoic.

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Zusammenfassung Teile Südost-Asiens besitzen offenbar paläozoische oder ältere kontinentale Erdkruste. Diese umfassen kleine Fragmente in den Archipelen der Philippinen und Indonesiens, Neuguinea mit anliegenden Schelfen, und (das Hauptgebiet) eine große Masse, die fast das ganze Festland Südost-Asiens, den Hauptteil Sumatras, das südwestliche Borneo und Teile des angrenzenden und dazwischenliegenden Meeres einschließt. Ophiolitgürtel, die wahrscheinlich Suturlinien darstellen und darüberhinweg sehr gegensätzliche Geologie deuten an, daß diese Hauptmasse ein Mosaik aus verschiedenen Fragmenten oder Blöcken ist.Nachdem seit einem Jahrzehnt eine umfassende Durchsicht der Herkunft und Geschichte dieser Blöcke erfolgt ist, liegen neue Kenntnisse vor. Einige herausgearbeitete Suturlinien wurden zwar neu interpretiert, doch wird das Hauptgebiet der alten kontinentalen Erdkruste immer noch als aus mindestens zwei und vielleicht drei verschiedenen Blöcken bestehend verstanden. Neue paläomagnetische Messungen für das Paläozoikum deuten auf eine Lage in mittelhohen (wahrscheinlich südlichen) Breitengraden (43 für NW-Malaya) für einen Teil Südost-Asiens im früheren Paläozoikum hin und für das spätere Paläozoikum auf die Möglichkeit einer mittleren südlichen Lage (24 für Zentral-Thailand). Neue Daten aus spätpaläozoischen Floren bestätigen mehr, daß Kathaysischen Floren auf dem Rand des Gondwanakontinents auf dem Arabischen Schild weit verbreitet waren und die floristischen Daten können jetzt verstanden werden im Sinne einer früheren Anbindung von Teilen Südost-Asiens an Gondwana. Eine auffallende Zone von geröllführenden Schlammsteinen des Karbons, die jetzt in einer Verbreitung von 2000 km von Sumatra bis Burma bekannt ist, wurde neu interpretiert als wahrscheinlich glaziomariner Herkunft und nicht als Rutschungsmassen. Die Deutung dieser Gesteine ist von kritischer Bedeutung: falls die geröllführenden Schlammsteine von submarinen Rutschungen stammen, wurde das westliche Südost-Asien wahrscheinlich im späteren Paläozoikum von einem unbekannten Kontinent abgespalten; jedoch, wenn sie glaziomarinen Ursprungs sind, dann war das westliche Südost-Asien nahezu zweifellos an Gondwana angebunden und die Abspaltung und Loslösung geschah später, wahrscheinlich während des späteren Mesozoikums.

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Résumé Plusieurs régions d'Asie du sud-est attestent l'existence d'une croûte continentale paléozoïque ou plus ancienne. On trouve ainsi de petits fragments dans les archipels philippin et indonésien, en Nouvelle Guinée, et surtout une vaste masse qui comprend presque toute l'Asie du sud-est continentale, la majeure partie de Sumatra, le sudouest de Bornéo et des régions côtières ou entre les mers. Des ceintures d'ophiolithe, des sutures probables et une géologie contrastante montrent que cette masse principale se compose d'une mosaïque faite de différents fragments ou blocs.Depuis une étude compréhensive de l'origine et de l'histoire de ces blocs datant d'une dizaine d'années, de nouvelle informations sont apparues. Certaines de ces sutures ont fait l'objet d'une nouvelle interprétation, bien que la zone principale de l'ancienne croûte continentale soit encore considérée comme se composant d'au moins deux et peut-être de trois blocs séparés. De récentes déterminations paléomagnétiques pour le Paléozoïque suggèrent une situation (probablement australe) de latitude modérément élevée (43 pour le Nord Ouest de la péninsule de Malaisie) en ce qui concerne des régions d'Asie du sud-est au Paléozoique Inférieur, et la possibilité d'une situation australe tempérée (24 pour la Thailande centrale) au Paléozoique Supérieur. De nouvelles données sur la flore du Paléozoïque Supérieur montrent plus clairement que la flore cathaysienne s'étendait largement à la limite du continent de Gondwana dans la région du bouclier de l'Arabie; les données sur la flore peuvent maintenant confirmer l'attachement d'une partie de l'Asie du sud-est au Gondwana. Une longue zone d'argile à blocaux carbonifére, maitenant reconnue comme s'étendant sur plus de 2000 km de Sumatra à la Birmanie, a fait l'objet d'une nouvelle interprétation; elle est à présent considérée comme étant d'origine glaciomarine plutôt que de glissement. L'interprétation de ces roches comporte une signification particulière: si l'argile è blocaux est un dépôt dû à des glissements sous-marins, la partie occidentale de l'Asie du sud-est s'est détachée probablement d'un continent inconnu au cours du Paléozoïque Supérieur; si, en revanche, ce sont des sédiments glaciomarins, cette partie occidentale était alors presque certainement attenante au Gondwana, et la dérive ainsi que la séparation ont eu lieu plus tard, probablement au Mésozoique supérieur.

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中亚巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代最晚期岩浆侵入事件及其热演化历史

哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什成矿带是中亚成矿域重要的晚古生代斑岩铜钼和云英岩-石英脉型钨钼成矿带,是受走滑断裂边界控制的中亚多核成矿系统的核心之一。本文根据锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年、40Ar/39Ar热年代学、磷灰石裂变径迹定年和热历史模拟,厘定了巴尔喀什成矿带西部地区晚古生代最晚期深成岩浆侵入事件。研究表明,原来被认为是属于三叠纪的后碰撞花岗岩类侵入岩体,给出锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为289.7±2.3Ma,为早二叠世。结合前人研究,本文探讨了巴尔喀什成矿带西部从深成岩浆侵入、钨钼成矿作用、区域冷却到剥露作用热历史的全过程。晚古生代最晚期花岗岩类侵入体具有与钨钼矿床相同的晚中生代剥露作用年龄(92.4±5.9Ma)。     

Paleozoic northward drift of the North Tien Shan (Central Asia) as revealed by Ordovician and Carboniferous paleomagnetism

Three new Middle–Late Ordovician and two new Early Carboniferous paleomagnetic poles have been obtained from the North Tien Shan Zone (NTZ) of the Ural–Mongol belt in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Paleolatitudes for the Carboniferous are unambiguously northerly and average 15.5°N, whereas the Ordovician paleolatitudes (6°, 9°, and 9°) are inferred to be southerly, given that a very large (180°) rotation of the NTZ would be necessary during the middle Paleozoic if the other polarity option was chosen. Thus, the NTZ drifted northward during much of the Paleozoic; east–west drift cannot be determined, as is well known, from paleomagnetic data. In addition, detailed thermal demagnetization analysis reveals two overprints, one of recent age and the other of Permian age, which is a time of strong deformation in the NTZ. The paleolatitude of the combined Permian overprint is 30.5+2°N. The paleolatitudes collectively track those predicted for the area by extrapolation from Baltica very well, but are different from those of Siberia for Ordovician times. This finding is compatible with Sengör and Natal'in's [Sengör, A.M.C., Natal'in, B.A., 1996. Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesis. In: Yin A., Harrison, M. (Eds.), The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 486–640] model of tectonic evolution of the Ural–Mongol belt and disagrees with the models of other researchers. Declinations of the Ordovician and Early Carboniferous results range from northwesterly to northeasterly, and are clearly affected by local relative rotations, which seem characteristic for the entire NTZ, because the Permian overprint declinations also show such a spread. Apparently, the important latest Paleozoic–Triassic deformation involved shear zone-related rotations as well as folding and significant granitic intrusions.     

中亚造山带东段古生代山弯构造

中亚造山带东段位于西伯利亚和华北克拉通之间，经历了多构造体系叠加和多旋回洋陆转换的复杂演化过程，目前大量研究均以构造带为核心来限定区域构造格局，但一直争议较大。本文以构造单元的构造属性及其形成过程为主线，结合区域构造带演化，重新厘定了中国东北地区基本构造格局，建立了中国东北山弯构造演化模型。研究表明，古生代时期中国东北地区的主要构造单元由两个具前寒武纪基底的古老地块——额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块及其张广才岭陆缘弧与两个古生代增生地体——兴安增生地体和松辽增生地体组成，其间由古亚洲洋分支新林- 喜桂图洋、贺根山- 嫩江洋、龙凤山洋和索伦洋分割。早古生代，西部额尔古纳地块东南部为西太平洋型活动陆缘，发育有嘎仙- 吉峰- 环宇洋内弧和头道桥等洋岛，~500 Ma随着新林- 喜桂图洋的关闭，这些洋内弧和洋岛拼贴增生至额尔古纳地块东南缘。随后贺根山- 嫩江洋的俯冲和后撤形成了一系列沟- 弧- 盆体系，持续的俯冲导致弧陆碰撞和陆缘增生，形成兴安增生地体的主体。同时，东部佳木斯地块西侧发育有龙凤山洋的安第斯型俯冲活动陆缘，形成了张广才岭陆缘弧。伴随着各大洋的俯冲和陆缘增生，额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块以及它们的陆缘增生带构成了一个早古生代近东西向展布的地块链。南部以锡林浩特- 龙江微地块为核心发生陆缘俯冲，形成松辽增生地体雏形。索伦洋发生双向俯冲，并通过弧陆碰撞产生陆缘增生。晚古生代，伴随着古亚洲洋的北向俯冲和后撤，早期形成的地块链逐渐发生向南弯曲。二叠纪末期—中三叠世古亚洲洋俯冲消减闭合以及西北部蒙古- 鄂霍茨克洋和东部泛大洋的俯冲挤压，导致地块链进一步弯曲，同时，早期的古老地块、增生地体、弧岩浆岩、沉积建造等发生汇聚，最终形成一个以额尔古纳地块和兴安增生地体为西翼，佳木斯地块和张广才岭陆缘弧为东翼，松辽增生地体为核心的大规模山弯构造——中国东北山弯构造。     

新疆哈拉奇地区古生代沉积相及沉积环境

为进一步研究哈拉奇地区古生代沉积地质,根据研究区的岩性、岩相建造、古生物化石、沉积演化、沉积构造等基本数据,采用野外观察与室内研究相结合的方法,对古生代的沉积环境进行了分析。结果表明,该区古生代岩性组合依次为灰岩-砂岩-灰岩-白云质灰岩,反映了海退-海进-海退的沉积序列。