Characterization of landscape pattern based on land economic niche change: A case study in Ganzhou,Gansu Province,China

Land use change has a profound impact on biodiversity and ecological processes, and is closely related to changes in landscape patterns. This paper introduces the theory and method of land economic niche into landscape ecology, which provides a new method for spatial characterization of urban and rural spatial landscape patterns. Based on this theory, this paper analyzes the landscape pattern of Ganzhou District by using Landsat images as data source in 1995, 2000, 2005,2010 and 2015. We calculated the land economic niche by applying the niche potential theory. Combined with the theory of landscape ecology, we explored the effects of the land economic niche change on the landscape pattern at a county scale.The results show that economic niche of construction land, watershed and farmland increased during 1995–2015, and grassland declined significantly. The economic niche of farmland, construction land, watershed and grassland show a negative correlation with the number of patches(NP), fragmentation index(FN) and the fractal dimension index(FD), and had a positive correlation with the aggregation index(AI). There was no significant correlation between the forest land economic niche and landscape metrics. The change of land economic niche has a driving effect on the landscape pattern of the county, which can represent the economic development direction of Ganzhou District. The land economic niche is closely related to the landscape type which can directly obtain an economic benefit.     

榆林地区景观变化探测模型

Landscape is a dynamic phenomenon that almost continuously changes. The overall change of a landscape is the result of complex and interacting natural and spontaneous processes and planned actions by man. However, numerous activities by a large number of individuals are not concerted and contribute to the autonomous evolution of the landscape in a similar way as natural processes do. There is a well-established need to detect land use and ecological change so that appropriate policies for the ;egional sustainable development can be developed. Landscape change detection is considered to be effectively repeated surveillance and needs especially strict protocols to identify landscape change. This paper developed a series of technical frameworks on landscape detection based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Data. Through human-machine interactive interpretation, the interpretation precision was 92.00% in 1986 and 89.73% in 2000. Based on the interpretation results of TM images and taking Yulin prefecture as a case study area, the area of main landscape types was summarized respectively in 1986 and 2000. The landscape pattern changes in Yulin could be divided into ten types.     

A case study on Landscape Component Niche based on Landscape Pattern Indices: Yanchi,Ningxia Province,China

Yanchi County is located in the agro-pastoral ecotone and belongs to the ecologically fragile area of Northwest China.It is important to study the evolution of landscape pattern to curb its environmental degradation.In order to intuitively show how the landscape pattern of the study area changes over time,Landsat Thematic Mappers(TM)and Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)data of 1991,2000,2010 and 2017 were used.This paper attempts to apply niche theories and methods into landscape ecology,and constructs a niche model of landscape components by using"n-dimentional hypervolume niche theory"and landscape pattern indices.By evaluating the spatial and temporal evolution of niche from the perspective of two-dimensional space to reflect the changes of landscape pattern in the study area over the past 26 years,new theories and methods were introduced for the characterization of landscape pattern.The results indicate that:1)The larger the attribute and dominance value of landscape components,the higher the ecological niche and the stronger the control effect on the overall landscape.2)The ecological niche of each landscape component was significantly different,just as its control effect on the overall landscape.3)The dynamic change of the ecological niche of each landscape component was different,with grassland,unused land and arable land always in a high dominant position,although the ecological niche of construction land and water area was always low.In general,the introduction of niche theory into the landscape ecology provided a new method to study the changes in regional landscape pattern.     

Advance in Research of Ecology and Landscape Reconstruction of the River Floodplain In China

The research of ecology and landscape reestablishment of river floodplain is considered favorable to its conservation and development.The similarity and difference among river floodplain,wetland,riverside and shore have been reviewed,as well as the progress in the research of floodplain ecology reestablishment in quantitative evaluation,vegetation restoration,the influence on animal habitat and the application of eco-engineering;and of the landscape reestablishment in resource development and utilization,landscape feature and changes,landscape function,structure and control.The potentially important fields are expected to be the change of landscape pattern in different scales,the reasonable protection and utilization in the floodplain tourism,the simulating and monitoring of landscape dynamics,the planning and designing methods of floodplain landscape and the management of floodplain ecosystems.     

环京津贫困带土地利用变化多情景模拟与景观格局动态变化——以河北省张家口市为例（英文）

Land use/cover change has been recognized as a key component in global change and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. Scenario simulation of land use change is an important issue in the study of land use/cover change, and plays a key role in land use prediction and policy decision. Based on the remote sensing data of Landsat TM images in 1989, 2000 and 2010, scenario simulation and landscape pattern analysis of land use change driven by socio-economic development and ecological protection policies were reported in Zhangjiakou city, a representative area of the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin. Using a CLUE-S model, along with socio-economic and geographic data, the land use simulation of four scenarios–namely, land use planning scenario, natural development scenario, ecological-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario–were explored according to the actual conditions of Zhangjiakou city, and the landscape pattern characteristics under different land use scenarios were analyzed. The results revealed the following:(1) Farmland, grassland, water body and unused land decreased significantly during 1989–2010, with a decrease of 11.09%, 2.82%, 18.20% and 31.27%, respectively, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased over the same period, with an increase of 5.71%, 20.91% and 38.54%, respectively. The change rate and intensity of land use improved in general from 1989 to 2010. The integrated dynamic degree of land use increased from 2.21% during 1989–2000 to 3.96% during 2000–2010.(2) Land use changed significantly throughout 1989–2010. The total area that underwent land use change was 4759.14 km2, accounting for 12.53% of the study area. Land use transformation was characterized by grassland to forestland, and by farmland to forestland and grassland.(3) Under the land use planning scenario, farmland, grassland, water body and unused land shrank significantly, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased. Under the natural development scenario, construction land and forestland increased in 2020 compared with 2010, while farmland and unused land decreased. Under the ecological-oriented scenario, forestland increased dra-matically, which mainly derived from farmland, grassland and unused land. Under the farmland protection scenario, farmland was well protected and stable, while construction land expansion was restricted.(4) The landscape patterns of the four scenarios in 2020, compared with those in 2010, were more reasonable. Under the land use planning scenario, the landscape pattern tended to be more optimized. The landscape became less fragmented and heterogeneous with the natural development scenarios. However, under the ecological-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario, landscape was characterized by fragmentation, and spatial heterogeneity of landscape was significant. Spatial differences in landscape patterns in Zhangjiakou city also existed.(5) The spatial distribution of land use could be explained, to a large extent, by the driving factors, and the simulation results tallied with the local situations, which provided useful information for decision-makers and planners to take appropriate land management measures in the area. The application of the combined Markov model, CLUE-S model and landscape metrics in Zhangjiakou city suggests that this methodology has the capacity to reflect the complex changes in land use at a scale of 300 m×300 m and can serve as a useful tool for analyzing complex land use driving factors.     

近两百年江苏省城乡建设用地数量估算与空间重建（英文）

Land cover is the most evident landscape signal to characterize the influence of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems.Since the industrial revolution,the expansion of construction land has profoundly changed the status of land use coverage and changes.This study is proposed to reconstruct the spatial pattern of construction land(urban construction land and rural settlement land)for five historical periods over the past 200 years in Jiangsu Province with 200 m′200 m grids on the basis of quantitative estimation.Urban construction land is estimated based on data about city walls,four gates along walls,and other socio-economic factors.Rural settlement land is calculated based on the rural population and per capita housing allowance.The spatial pattern of historical construction land is simulated based on the distribution of modern construction land in 1985 with a quantitative-boundarysuitability control method and thorough consideration over connectivity of different land use types.The study concludes that:(1)the amount of construction land in Jiangsu Province is estimated at 963.46 km~2 in 1820,1043.46 km~2 in 1911,1672.40 km~2 in 1936,1980.34 km~2 in1952 and 10,687.20 km~2 in 1985;and(2)the spatial distribution of construction land features the great proclivity to water bodies and main roads and the strong polarization of existent residence.The results are verified directly and indirectly by applying the trend verification of construction land changes and patterns,the correlation analysis between rural settlement land and local arable land,and quantitative accuracy test of the reconstructed construction land to actual historical survey maps covering four sample regions in 1936.     

Landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city in the 20th century

Landscape spatial pattern mainly refers to the distribution of patches, which are different in size and shape in space owing to the interaction of various ecological activities. In landscape ecology study, landscape pattern has been one of the key study areas. Water body landscape plays an important role in the development history of a city, but at present city water body landscape in many cities has been destroyed, hence protecting water body in the city is becoming more and more important. In order to protect city water body landscape reasonably, the precondition is to probe the dynamics of water body landscape. Based on historical data and remote sensing data, six indexes including patch number, patch area, landscape dominance index, fractal dimension, patch density and connectivity index etc. were used to analyze landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city since the end of the Qing Dynasty (in the 20th century). The results showed: (1) Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, landscape area of water body in Kaifeng city increased first and then decreased from 1898 to 2002AD; the landscape dominant degree had the same changing tendency with the area. (2) Patch number of water body landscape in Kaifeng city had an increase from 1898 to 2002, but maximum area of patch, minimum area of patch and average area of patch decreased, which resulted in an increase in landscape fragment degree. (3) Connectivity index decreased and fractal dimension increased from 1898 to 2002. The reasons for these changes were the repeated overflows and flooding of the Yellow River and the influence of human activities.     

基于景观生态学和马尔可夫模型的日本北九州土地利用分析

Based on four phases of TM images acquired in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, this paper took Kitakyushu in Japan as a case study to analyze spatial change of land use landscape and corresponding effects on environmental issues guided by landscape ecology theory in virtue of combining technology of Remote Sensing with GIS. Firstly, land use types were divided into 6 classes （farmland, mountain, forestland, water body, urban land and unused land） according to national classification standard of land use, comprehensible ability of TM image and purpose of this study. Secondly, following the theory of landscape ecology analysis, 11 typical landscape indices were abstracted to evaluate the environmental effects and spatial feature changes of land use. Research results indicated that land use has grown more and more diversified and unbalanced, human activities have disturbed the landscape more seriously. Finally, transfer matrix of Markov was applied to forecast change process of land use in the future different periods, and then potential land use changes were also simulated from 2010 to 2050. Results showed that conversion tendency for all types of land use in Kitakyushu into urban construction land were enhanced. The study was anticipated to help local authorities better understand and address a complex land use system, and develop improved land use management strategies that could better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.     

土地利用变化对水城盆地岩溶水水质的影响

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change.The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution.But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

ECOLOGICALLY STRATEGIC POINTS IN LANDSCAPE AND SURFACE MODEL

Various processes occur across a landscape, including ecological processes such as the movement of species, the flow of nutrients, the spread of fire and other disturbances, and the diffusion of pollutants, economic processes such as land conversion for agricultural production, marketing of new product, transportation and immigration; political and diplomatic processes such as the construction of political influence sphere at local, national and global scale. At the fact of limited space and resources on the surface of the earth, a generic issue regarding these processes across the landscapes is: how to control (promote or retard) the processes efficiently, namely using less energy and space for a bigger influence sphere. The overall assumption for this issue is that, there are some positions and portion in a landscape that may have critical influence on a certain process across the landscape. These critical positions in a landscape are called strategic points. Occupancy of these strategic points may give a process the momentum of controlling and covering the landscape more effectively, due to their quality of; Initiative, occupancy of these points may give the process the advantage of leading the game; Co-ordlnation, occupancy of these points may give the process the advantage of forming an overall influence sphere; Efficiency, occupancy of these points may give the process the advantage of having a bigger coverage of the landscape while costing less energy. By identifying and using these critical positions and portions in the landscape, therefore, may unproportionately increase the efficiency of controlling this process. It is further assumed that, in order to take control of the landscape, the process has to overcome a certain resistance. A resistance surface can therefore visualize the dynamics of the process itself. The resistance surface resembles a topographic surface, indicating where the process (flow) diverges or converges. It is, therefore, possible to identify strategically important positions or portions in a landscape that may have important influence on the dynamics of the process. Assuming species movement across a landscape is a competitive gaming process of control and coverage against some resistance, this paper discusses a methodology of identifying strategic points according to the properties of resistance surfaces which resembles a gaming board as well as a topographic surface. Three types of resistance surfaces are discussed: The archipelago type: where lower resistance islands are surrounded by higher resistance matrix, representing such landscapes as agricultural fields dotted with native forest patches. The network type: where the lower resistance portions form a linear network surrounded by higher resistance matrix. The plateau type: where, areas with higher resistance are surrounded by lower resistance matrix. Accordingly, five types of strategic points are identified in terms of their locations. They are strategic points at saddle points , at intersections, at the center, at an edge and at a corner. Strategic points for biodivershy conservation are minimax points in a given resistance surface associated with the dispersibility of a certain species. A case study is used to illustrate the methodology. The rules leading to the strategic points are largely hypothetical, though supported by a limited number of observations. This approach may provide a framework and a new model of thinking for field observations of landscape ecology as well as landscape change.     

城市景观生态研究的现状与发展趋势

从城市景观格局、景观动态变化及其驱动机制、土地利用与土地覆盖变化、生态恢复与生态合理性建设和城市景观生物多样性等5个方面总结了城市景观生态研究的发展现状。从分析结果看,城市景观动态变化的驱动机制、结构与功能的生态合理性评估、格局的优化设计模式和城市发展过程中的决策支持与管理等研究领域还存在着明显的不足,难以满足城市景观生态理论和应用发展的需求,应当成为今后研究工作的重点。此外,城市景观生态研究是一个多学科的综合性研究范畴,景观生态学研究人员必须与相关学科的专家密切协作,才能够推动上述理论和应用问题的解决。     

关于景观格局演变研究的几个问题

针对特定的生态过程,将景观格局与生态过程相结合的格局分析是未来景观格局研究发展的方向。景观格局变化与景观过程改变互为因果,了解格局演变时空规律及其演变驱动机制是结合生态过程进行景观格局分析的前提与基础。文章归纳了景观格局演变分析方法有景观格局指数与景观空间统计特征比较法、马尔柯夫转移矩阵法和主要以细胞自动机理论为基础的景观格局动态模拟。主要分析了景观格局演变的人文驱动力系统,介绍典型相关分析与逐步回归分析两种定量判别景观格局演变驱动力的方法,简要总结景观格局演变的驱动机制。最后提出今后研究所要突破的方面。     

湿地景观格局变化研究进展

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观,具有重要的生态功能。湿地景观格局是各种生态过程综合作用的结果,具有高度的景观异质性,对景观的功能和过程有着显著的影响。湿地生态系统是世界上受威胁最为严重的生态系统之一,在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生了大面积的转化或丧失。本文从湿地景观格局研究方法、面积变化、景观类型转化、驱动力以及动态模型、湿地景观格局指数以及湿地景观格局与气候变化之间的关系等方面综述了湿地景观格局变化的研究进展,指出湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应和高原湿地景观格局变化与气候变化之间的关系是未来研究的重点领域。     

景观生态学原理在沙漠化研究中的应用

景观生态学的主要研究对象是景观的结构、功能、变化和景观规划管理,其基本原理包括:景观结构和功能原理、生物多样性原理、物种流动原理、营养再分配原理、能量流动原理、景观变化原理和景观稳定性原理等。沙漠化发生发展的过程实际上是指在自然和人为因素的作用下,生态系统结构遭受破坏、功能过程受阻和演变发生异化的过程。所以,景观生态学原理在沙漠化的研究和治理实践中有着重要的意义。本文从沙漠化与生态系统结构、功能变化、沙漠化与生物多样性、沙漠化生态系统的物质循环和能量流动以及沙漠化生态系统的稳定性等方面论述了景观生态学原理在沙漠化研究中的应用。     

Spatial heterogeneity of urban land-cover landscape in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2005

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N–S and the other W–E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N–S and W–E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N–S and W–E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W–E was obviously higher than that in the transect N–S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

1990-2005年广州城市土地覆被景观变化

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N-S and the other W-E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N-S and W-E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N-S and W-E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W-E was obviously higher than that in the transect N-S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

土库曼斯坦典型绿洲土地利用/覆被变化和景观格局的时空演变

当前开展遥感和GIS技术支持下的土库曼斯坦生态环境领域方面的研究,不仅可以保障中国的能源战略安全,同时也可为中国西北干旱区的生态环境演变及可持续发展研究提供一定的借鉴。本文以土库曼斯坦穆尔加布-捷詹绿洲为研究对象,基于1976年、1988年、2001年和2011年的Landsat MSS、TM/ETM+的4期遥感数据资料,应用GIS和景观生态学方法定量分析了研究区近40年的土地利用方式及景观格局的时空变化动态特征。结果表明：（1）研究区LUCC变化明显,主要表现为林地、耕地、沙地和盐碱地呈现增加趋势,草地、水域和其他用地呈现减少趋势。土地利用在1976-1988年变化最快的是草地,1988-2001年是水域,2001-2011年是草地,1976-2011年是耕地。（2）研究区内整体景观的空间变化表现为蔓延度指数、散布与并列指数和斑块结合度指数均呈现降低趋势,分离度、SHDI和SHEI均呈现增加趋势,表明斑块数目增多,景观破碎化程度加大,连通性降低。总之,要保障土库曼斯坦穆尔加布-捷詹绿洲土地资源与生态环境的可持续发展,必须注重土地利用格局最优化,确保景观格局与生态过程的连续性。     

2000-2010年中国退牧还草工程区土地利用/覆被变化

在3S技术支持下,结合景观格局定量分析方法,基于30 m分辨率的土地利用/覆被数据,对中国退牧还草工程区2000-2010年土地利用/覆被时空分布特征进行研究。通过利用土地利用转移矩阵和动态度来判定土地利用变化的速度和区域差异,并在斑块类型和景观水平上分析研究区景观格局特征,探讨土地利用格局变化的生态效应。结果表明：①近10年来,研究区土地利用/覆被类型以草地和其他类用地为主,整体内部结构稳定少动。草地变化面积仅占2000年草地总面积的0.37%;林地、湿地、耕地和人工表面的面积均有所增加;其他类用地面积有所减少。②全区土地综合动态度均小于0.1%,土地利用/覆被变幅较小,除人工表面较活跃外,其他各类型变化相对缓慢,且各省土地利用区域差异较小。③研究区内景观基质未发生改变,区域景观破碎度递减,景观多样性水平上升,景观聚集度和连续性微弱下降,景观整体保持较完整态势。退牧还草工程的实施使土地利用/覆被结构和景观格局均得以优化。