新型混凝剂处理印染废水的实验研究

采用自行制各的具有不同SiO2:Al:Fe(摩尔比值)和碱化度的两类新型无机高分子混凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝铁(PSAFC)和聚硅酸硫酸铝铁(PSAFS）各7种，直接对印染废水进行处理。从中选出2种温凝剂，考察了pH值、混凝剂投量等对混凝效果的影响，并对混凝处理后，印染废水出水中残留温凝剂主要成分Al、Fe、SiO2的含量进行分析。实验结果表明，氯化物型(PSAFC)和硫酸盐型(PSAFS)混凝剂对印染废水的色度、浊度、COD Cr均有良好的去除效果；总体而言，PSAFS的混凝效果略优于PSAFC；混凝处理后印染废水出水中残留铝、铁、硅的含量均比较低；pH值和碱化度对温凝剂在水体中残留铝含量有影响。     

从高铝粉煤灰中提取非晶态SiO2的实验研究

为了有效提高高铝粉煤灰的Al/Si比,为提取氧化铝奠定基础,研究了用NaOH从高铝粉煤灰中提取非晶态SiO2的最佳工艺条件,并对提硅反应的机理进行了探讨。首先根据高铝粉煤灰的化学与物相组成特点,确立了利用NaOH提取非晶态SiO2的基本技术路线;然后用正交实验法确定了提硅的最佳条件:NaOH的浓度25%,灰碱质量比1∶0.5,反应温度95℃,反应时间4 h。经最佳条件反应之后,SiO2的提取率达到了41.8%,灰中Al2O3的含量由48.5%增加到了57.38%,Al2O3/SiO2质量比由1.29提高到了2.39。     

天然水中硅酸形态分光光度法测定的研究

本文根据发生硅钼黄反应的条件，将天然水中硅酸分为三种形态：α－硅酸、β－硅酸和γ－硅酸，并提出了用硅钼黄和硅钼兰测定水中三种相应形态硅酸的分光光度测定法。     

Fe3+ -SiO2-TiO2薄膜的制备及其光催化活性

Sol-gel法制备Fe3 掺杂TiO2催化剂的基础上,掺入SiO2纳米粉体,制备了一种改性Fe3 -SiO2-TiO2薄膜。以甲醛为降解对象,探讨金属掺杂和半导体复合量、活化温度、负载量等对该薄膜光催化活性的影响。结果表明,在500℃焙烧、质量比Fe3 ∶SiO2∶TiO2=1.0∶12∶100、镀膜5层时,Fe3 -SiO2-TiO2薄膜的光催化活性最高,150min后甲醛降解率达93%,是单纯TiO2薄膜的1.9倍。     

Au在SiO2—HCl—H2O体系中200℃溶解度测定：硅化对金矿化的意义初探

实验标定了200℃时Au与SiO2间的络合反应：热力学计算表明，在具地质意义的物理化学条件下，AuH3SiO40的浓度远远高于AuCl2-,指出以硅络合对Au的活化迁移比氯重要得多。在含硫和硅的体系中，随着SiO2的增高，AuH3SiO40的作用将比Au（HS）2-更显重要。Au在SiO2水溶液中的溶解可表述为：SiO的沉淀是导致Au沉淀析出的有效机制，因此说明硅化与金矿化具有内在的联系。     

陕北元屯沟井田三叠系瓦窑堡组煤层煤灰熔融性和结渣性研究

煤的结渣特性是动力用煤的主要指标,也是燃煤锅炉设计过程中的重要参数,煤灰中化学成分对煤灰熔融性和结渣性影响较大,尤其是SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO等主要成分的含量和组成。基于元屯沟井田三叠系瓦窑堡组煤的煤灰成分、煤灰熔融性试验数据分析,发现该区煤层中SiO2+Al2O3含量大于80%,Fe2O3+CaO小于10%,煤灰属较高灰煤灰软化温度。通过对煤灰软化温度、硅铝比、酸碱比、铁钙比、结渣指数以及综合结渣指数等多个指标的分析,得出煤灰属轻微结渣性。     

聚硅氯化铝铁（PSAFC）絮凝剂的形态分析

通过对聚硅氯化铝铁水解共聚物的合成制备及水解共聚过程PH变化的研究，对铝铁共物的化学形态、二氧化硅的加入和碱化度B对铝铁共聚物的影响进行了研究和讨论；并应用Ferron配合逐时比色法对聚合物中铁的形态进行了表征，为深入研究聚硅氯化铝铁铁奠定了理论基础。     

铁矿石化学物相分析中硅酸铁的分离测定方法述评

对铁矿石化学物相分析中硅酸铁的分离测定方法进行了简要述评。介绍了测定硅酸铁矿物相的重要性、硅酸铁的分离和测定方法研究进展等;通过验证实验和测试数据对比,进一步介绍了化学分离测定方法中的亚铁加合计算法的重要意义和实际应用价值。引用文献55篇。     

高铝煤矸石脱硅滤饼碱石灰烧结法制备氢氧化铝的实验研究

采用碱石灰烧结法从内蒙古三道沟地区的高铝煤矸石中提取了氢氧化铝,实验原料经过碱液预处理,使其中的铝硅质量比(Al2O3/SiO2)由原来的0.86提高到2.21。实验研究了烧结过程中烧结温度为1100℃、1200℃、1250℃、1300℃以及生料中Na2O/Al2O3摩尔比为0.94～1.0,CaO/SiO2摩尔比为1.90～2.10时,对熟料烧结质量的影响。结果表明,在烧结温度为1200℃、Na2O/Al2O3摩尔比为1.0,CaO/SiO2摩尔比为2.1时,熟料的烧结质量最好,其中氧化铝的溶出率最高达到94%。最佳条件下得到的溶出液以一水铝石为晶种,在添加甲醇并于30℃下分解5h,铝酸钠溶液中氧化铝的分解率达到88.9%;扫面电镜结果显示,生成的铝氧水合物呈片状生长。     

锰矿石中硅酸锰的分离和测定方法对比

文章对几种分离测量硅酸锰的方法进行了对比。指出硅酸锰测定失真的缘由。选择了浸取分离伴生铁矿物的浸取剂及浸取分离条件。     

甲烷和固态硫酸钙的热化学还原反应模拟实验初步研究

碳酸盐岩地层中常伴有硫酸盐岩的沉积，在一定的温度和压力条件下，干酪根热降解生成的气态烃与硫酸盐岩接触后发生热化学还原反应(简称为TSR反应)，使气态烃消失，这可能是造成生气死亡线的主要原因之一。本文对CH4-CaSO4热化学还原反应的热力学问题进行了探讨，发现该反应能够自发进行，而且升高温度对反应有利。利用高温高压模拟装置对CH4-CaSO4反应体系进行了初步的模拟实验研究，通过微库仑、气相色谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等分析手段对实验结果进行了进一步验证。结果表明，甲烷和固态硫酸钙能够发生热化学还原反应，生成硫化氢、碳酸钙和水。最后，将CH4-CaSO4反应体系同国内外的研究工作进行了对比，认为本实验研究能够更好地补充和完善TSR反应体系，解释地质条件下工业气藏的死亡线问题。     

The dependence of bacterial sulfate reduction on sulfate concentration in marine sediments

The effect of dissolved sulfate concentration on the rate of bacterial sulfate reduction in marine sediment from Long Island Sound was examined using a radio-sulfur technique. The experimental results show that the rate is independent of the dissolved sulfate concentration until low levels are reached (<3 mM), and that, when interpreted using a Monod-type rate law, a saturation constant, K_s, of 1.62 ± 0.16 M results. This weak dependence implies that the dissolved sulfate exerts only a limited influence on the rate of sulfate reduction in marine sediments. Given such a weak dependence, dissolved sulfate profiles in marine sediments must resemble profiles generated by models with sulfate independent kinetics. Initially, this would suggest that currently used sulfate-independent diagenetic models are appropriate in modelling sulfate profiles. However, comparison of these models with those containing weak sulfate-dependent kinetic terms shows that there exists considerable disagreement between these models when the parameter grouping $\text{(D}{}_{\mathrm{s}}\text{k)}\text{1}\text{2}\text{/w}$ is larger than ~0.2 and smaller than ~3.0. (Here D_s is the SO^;₄ diffusion coefficient, k the organic matter decay constant and w the sediment burial velocity.) When the currently used models are corrected by employing physically meaningful boundary conditions, this divergence disappears. The modelling results, therefore, confirm the conclusion that any sulfate dependence inherent to the reduction kinetics does not appreciably affect sulfate pore water profiles, and that previous diagenetic studies using strong sulfate dependent models are erroneous.     

Carbonate and sulfate psephites

Major types of coarse-detrital carbonate and sulfate rocks (psephites) are considered. Two large (allochthonous and autochthonous) genetic groups are defined. Characteristics of some representatives are given for each group. It is shown that psephites of the carbonate and sulfate composition differ from similar rocks of the quartz and quartz-silicate composition in terms of formation mechanisms and depositional environments.     

正十六烷与硫酸镁热氧化还原反应模拟实验研究

利用高压釜反应装置,在一定温度和压力下,对正十六烷与硫酸镁热化学还原反应含水体系进行了模拟,通过气相色谱仪、微库仑仪、毛细管气相色谱,脉冲火焰光度检测器、红外光谱仪及X射线衍射仪对气、油、固三相产物分别进行了分析,并进行了动力学研究.结果表明,该体系在温度为450～550℃时可以发生反应,主要生成氧化镁、硫、焦炭、硫化...     

A revised isotope fractionation model for dissimilatory sulfate reduction in sulfate reducing bacteria

Sulfur isotope fractionation during dissimilatory sulfate reduction has been conceptually described by the widely accepted Rees model as related to the stepwise reduction of sulfate to sulfide within the cells of bacteria. The magnitude of isotope fractionation is determined by the interplay between different reduction steps in a chain of reactions. Here we present a revision of Rees’ model for bacterial sulfate reduction that includes revised fractionation factors for the sulfite-sulfide step and incorporates new forward and reverse steps in the reduction of sulfite to sulfide, as well as exchange of sulfide between the cell and ambient water. With this model we show that in contrast to the Rees model, isotope fractionations well in excess of −46‰ are possible. Therefore, some of the large sulfur isotope fractionations observed in nature can be explained without the need of alternate pathways involving the oxidative sulfur cycle. We use this model to predict that large fractionations should occur under hypersulfidic conditions and where electron acceptor concentrations are limiting.     

A molecular orbital study of bonding in sulfate molecules: Implications for sulfate crystal structures

Molecular orbital calculations have been completed on sulfate monomers and a dimer in a determination of minimum-energy geometries and electron density distributions. SO bond lengths calculated for the monomer and dimer correlate linearly with the fractional s-characters of the bonds, as observed for sulfate groups in crystals. With increasing coordination number of S, the bonded radii of S and O, as determined from electron density maps, increase at the same rate. This is at variance with the assumption that the radius of the oxide ion is nearly constant and that bond length variations arise primarily from changes in cation radii. The dimer shows a relatively large change in energy as its SOS angle is deformed from its minimum-energy value (125.6°) to 180°, in conformity with the small variation among observed angles. This is in contrast to the wide variation of bridging angles observed for silicate and phosphate dimers in crystals and molecules, and may imply that significant differences should be expected in the behavior of sulfates with respect to polymorphism and glass formation. The reaction energy of SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄, calculated with second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, agrees with the experimental value. Other properties of H₂SO₄ are also calculated and compared with experimental observations and previous calculations.     

A model for oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation in sulfate during bacterial sulfate reduction processes

We present a model of bacterial sulfate reduction that includes equations describing the fractionation relationship between the sulfur and the oxygen isotope composition of residual sulfate (δ³⁴S_{SO4_residual}, δ¹⁸O_{SO4_residual}) and the amount of residual sulfate. The model is based exclusively on oxygen isotope exchange between cell-internal sulfur compounds and ambient water as the dominating mechanism controlling oxygen isotope fractionation processes. We show that our model explains δ³⁴S_{SO4_residual} vs. δ¹⁸O_{SO4_residual} patterns observed from natural environments and from laboratory experiments, whereas other models, favoring kinetic isotope fractionation processes as dominant process, fail to explain many (but not all) observed δ³⁴S_{SO4_residual} vs. δ¹⁸O_{SO4_residual} patterns. Moreover, we show that a “typical” δ³⁴S_{SO4_residual} vs. δ¹⁸O_{SO4_residual} slope does not exist. We postulate that measurements of δ³⁴S_{SO4_residual} and δ¹⁸O_{SO4_residual} can be used as a tool to determine cell-specific sulfate reduction rates, oxygen isotope exchange rates, and equilibrium oxygen isotope exchange factors. Data from culture experiments are used to determine the range of sulfur isotope fractionation factors in which a simplified set of equations can be used. Numerical examples demonstrate the application of the equations. We postulate that, during denitrification, the oxygen isotope effects in residual nitrate are also the result of oxygen isotope exchange with ambient water. Consequently, the equations for the relationship between δ³⁴S_{SO4_residual}, δ¹⁸O_{SO4_residual}, and the amount of residual sulfate could be modified and used to calculate the fractionation-relationship between δ¹⁵N_{NO3_residual}, δ¹⁸O_{NO3_residual}, and the amount of residual nitrate during denitrification.     

Characterization of sulfate ion in travertine

The mode of incorporation of sulfate ion in travertine was discussed on the basis of chemical compositions, i.r. and laser Raman spectra. These data strongly suggest that most of the sulfate ions in the calcitic travertine replace carbonate ions. This conclusion is in good harmony with the facts that calcite incorporates more sulfate ions than aragonite does and that the sulfate content of manganoan calcite decreases with increasing manganese content (Takano et al. 1977). Based on this conclusion, retarding effect of sulfate ion on the precipitation of calcite from solution was discussed.     

Goethite-enhanced anaerobic bio-decomposition of sulfate minerals

The effects of goethite on the anaerobic bio-decomposition of sulfate minerals were investigated by using the beef extract as a carbon source and the activated sludge as the source of mixed bacteria. Solution pH, sulfate concentration, total iron ion concentration and the solid products of four different batch tests were monitored and analyzed. Experimental results showed that the presence of iron oxide can improve the alkalinity of the reaction system which results in the increase of pH value. Moreover, the added goethite consumed a large amount of H₂S generated from the sulfate minerals by SRB, thereby significantly enhancing the decomposition of gypsum and anhydrite compared with the control batch tests. In addition, the SEM observation and the EDS spectra showed that there were some rod-shaped microorganisms and new generated minerals, such as iron sulfide, calcium carbonate crystals, and elemental sulfur. Both of the proliferation of new minerals (iron sulfide and calcium carbonate crystals) and the complete disappearance of sulfate minerals indicated that iron oxide can play the role in fixing the S element through the metabolism of SRB and hence improve the bio-decomposition of sulfate minerals.     

硫酸根离子在弱透水层中的迁移行为

通过研究地下水中硫酸根离子通过弱透水层时迁移特征的变异规律及其环境效应作用,分析在不同黏性土壤厚度条件下硫酸根离子浓度的变化及其受pH、Eh、钙离子浓度变化的影响特征,以及在不同pH 值条件下硫酸根离子的浓度变化情况。利用土柱填装及淋滤法,得出地下水中硫酸根离子通过弱透水层时穿透能力很强的结论,并揭示了硫酸根离子浓度随渗透土壤厚度的增大而增大,随淋滤液pH 值增大而减小的规律。