Individual accessibility and distance from major employment centers: An examination using space-time measures

 Distance has often been assumed to be an influence on intraurban accessibility, whether in traditional proximity-based measures of accessibility, or through expectations about distance-minimizing travel behavior and the logic of the monocentric model. This paper examines the importance of distance from major employment centers to individual accessibility in Portland, Oregon, using space-time accessibility measures computed using GIS. The results of this research indicate that distance from these locations has mixed results on individual accessibility. This appears to reflect the importance of time, both the time of day activities are scheduled as well as time constraints, to individual activity patterns. Received: September 2002 / Accepted: January 2003 The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of two anonymous reviewers, whose comments greatly improved the content of this paper     

Evaluating the importance of accessibility to congestion response using a GIS-based travel simulator

 This paper examines the effect of accessibility on individual response to unexpected traffic delays and congestion. The dataset used was collected by means of a travel simulator developed within a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The simulator models a commute trip where congestion takes place, and subjects are asked to respond by making a choice among alternative courses of action. Available alternatives for dealing with the unexpected traffic delay include changing the location of the planned activities or changing the activities to be performed. Accessibility to the new locations and to the different activities is computed using a cumulative measure. Analysis using CHAID tree technique found that accessibility is a good predictor of subjects' choice when responding to unexpected traffic delays. Received: September 2002 / Accepted: January 2003 Support for this research by a grant from the Center of Intelligent Transportation Research of the Ohio State University is gratefully acknowledged. The author would also like to thank Joe Weber, Mei-Po Kwan and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.     

行程时间不确定环境下地点可达性研究

在传统可达性度量方法的基础上进行改进,提出了一种行程时间不确定环境下地点时空效用可达性度量方法,考虑了行程时间不确定性以及需求端竞争的时变效应。利用深圳市真实的浮动车数据和在线用户原创内容（user-generated content,UGC）数据对深圳市餐饮可达性分布水平进行了分析,结果表明,所提的可达性度量模型比传统可达性度量模型能更准确地表达城市可达性分布。     

城际轨道建设对珠三角地区旅游空间格局的影响

近年来,快速发展的高速铁路、城际轨道等高速交通方式对旅游的影响日益显现。本文以珠三角地区运营和规划城际轨道为例,基于GIS网络分析技术和通达性指标,探讨了城际轨道通车前后对珠三角地区旅游空间格局的影响。结果表明:城轨开通将会产生显著的"时空压缩"效应,旅游景点总通达时间降幅达32.87%,旅游景点平均通达时间减少0.7 h;不同区域通达性水平提升具有差异性,城际轨道站点及其周边地区成为通达性水平提升最大的地区,随着与站点距离逐渐增加,通达性变化程度逐渐降低;城轨开通后各地区通达性水平差异逐渐缩小,并趋于均衡;城轨影响下的旅游景点通达性的影响具有"廊道效应"与"隧道效应"相结合的特征,空间格局由开通前的"中心-外围"态势向面状均衡分布格局转变。城际轨道带来的"时空压缩"效应,在扩大了旅游景点市场范围的同时,由于通行时间成本降低,进一步提高了旅游出行的效率。     

广州地铁网络的可达性分析

以广州地铁网络为研究对象,使用ArcGIS软件并以加权平均旅行时间为指标,分析了广州地铁网络的可达性。结果表明,高可达性地区集中在老城区,并圈层式向外围扩张,呈现出多级格局。在可达性较高的区域中,还呈现出指向换乘站的特点。研究还发现,可达性较高的地铁站点均位于市中心区域、人口密集区域。而可达性较低的站点全部位于缺少换乘点,且人口密度相对低的南沙区。     

湖南省公路交通网络可达性研究

本文以ArcGIS软件的空间网络分析模块为主要技术手段,采用加权平均旅行时间为主要指标,对不同阶段湖南省区域的公路交通网络可达性进行定量测度与分析。研究表明,20世纪80年代以来湖南省可达性水平由长株潭地区为中心向外围呈圈层式优化之势,可达性值变化率呈多级格局,可为进一步优化区域交通网络提供参考。     

Multi‐temporal transport network models for accessibility studies

Vehicle tracking is a spatio‐temporal source of high‐granularity travel time information that can be used for transportation planning. However, it is still a challenge to combine data from heterogeneous sources into a dynamic transport network, while allowing for network modifications over time. This article uses conceptual modeling to develop multi‐temporal transport networks in geographic information systems (GIS) for accessibility studies. The proposed multi‐temporal network enables accessibility studies with different temporal granularities and from any location inside the city, resulting in a flexible tool for transport and urban planning. The implemented network is tested in two case studies that focus on socially excluded people in a large global city, São Paulo, Brazil, including accessibility analyses from slum areas. It explores variations within a day and differences between transport modes across time. Case study results indicate how the accessibility is heterogeneous in low‐income regions.     

基于高分辨率影像的道路交通可达性分析

基于完善的交通规划理论和模型,以某市为例,借助RS技术的空间数据获取能力和GIS技术的空间分析能力,综合考虑最短出行距离、最短出行时间以及网络节点人口密度3个因素,研究分析某市的道路交通可达性,并对现有的道路交通网络进行评价,为未来城市道路交通规划以及城市建设提供科学可靠的参考依据。     

基于GIS的公交可达性指数算法

借助于GIS空间分析方法,以福州市金山新区为例,对公交可达性的问题进行了探讨。研究过程中建立了研究区范围内包括交通网络信息的地理空间数据库,并通过综合考虑相关影响因子,提出了一种公交可达性指数的计算方法,并进行实地价。这一算法可为选址分析等各类问题提供相对定量化的公交可达性信息。     

Accessibility tradeoffs in public transit planning

 Spatial accessibility is a critical consideration in the provision of services, both public and private. In public transit planning, accessibility is comprised of access and geographic coverage. Interestingly, these two considerations are somewhat at odds with each other. Access is important because it is the process associated with getting to and departing from the service. Such access is typically perceived of in spatial terms as the physical proximity to transit stops or stations. Additional stops along a route usually mean greater access, because a stop is more likely to be within an acceptable walking/driving standard for a larger number of people. On the other hand, more stops and greater access slow transit travel speeds, thereby decreasing the area of service reachable given a travel time budget. More stops along a route translate to greater service interruption and longer travel times. The faster the travel time, the more desirable the service. Further, if travel times become excessive, then user demand for service will decrease. All of this means that stop spacing along a route is central to accessibility, as it is a tradeoff of access (more stops) and geographic coverage (service efficiency through less stops). This paper details modeling approaches for addressing accessibility concerns in an integrated fashion. Bus-based transit service in Columbus, Ohio will be utilized to illustrate the usefulness of these approaches in transit planning. Received: September 2002 / Accepted: January 2003 This research was supported in part by an Ohio State University seed grant.     

应急道路可达性模型改进的研究

道路的可达性是应急救援工作的基本保障。本文以灾害应急管理为背景,定义了应急道路可达性概念,对现有引力模型进行改进,并作为应急道路可达性的计算模型;结合GIS的网络分析功能,对比分析了不同可达性计算模型的结果。实例表明改进后引力模型更加适合于应急救援中最佳路径的选取,可为应急灾害管理的路径选取提供综合性指标。     

Accessibility Futures

This study uses accessibility as a performance measure to evaluate a matrix of future land use and network scenarios for planning purposes. The concept of accessibility dates to the 1950s, but this type of application to transportation planning is new. Previous research has established the coevolution of transportation and land use, demonstrated the dependence of accessibility on both, and made the case for the use of accessibility measures as a planning tool. This study builds off of these findings by demonstrating the use of accessibility‐based performance measures in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. This choice of performance measure also allows for transit and highway networks to be compared side‐by‐side. For roadway modeling, zone‐to‐zone travel time matrix was computed using stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) assignment with travel time feedback to trip distribution. A database of schedules was used on the transit networks to assign transit routes. This travel time data was joined with the land use data from each scenario to obtain the employment, population, and labor accessibility from each traffic analysis zone (TAZ) within specified time ranges. Tables of person‐weighted accessibility were computed for 20 minutes with zone population as the weight for employment accessibility and zone employment as the weight for population and labor accessibility. Maps of accessibility by zone were produced to show the spatial distribution of accessibility across the region. The results show that a scenario where population and employment growth are concentrated in the center of the metropolitan area would produce the highest accessibility no matter which transportation network changes are made. However, another scenario which concentrates population growth in the center of the metropolitan area and shifts employment growth to the periphery consistently outperforms the scenario representing the projected 2030 land use without any growth management strategy.     

基于GIS的中原城市群交通网络优化

交通网络是城市群发育的先决条件和重要手段。利用GIS技术在评价中原城市群交通网络可达性的基础上,认为在城市群建设中应注重交通网络整合,适度超前发展并完善交通网络体系,并提出城市群交通网络优化设计的具体方案。     

Comparing access for all: disability-induced accessibility disparity in Lisbon

It is well known that individual impairments create disparities in the accessibility of individuals to opportunities, lengthening the distances or time needed to reach them or even completely impeding access. However, the accurate calculation and representation of these disparities remain a major challenge for urban and transportation planners. In this paper, we adopt the concept of accessibility disparity, originally applied to measure place accessibility by different modes of transport, to measure and represent the accessibility of individuals with physical disabilities compared to those without disabilities. We use spatial network analysis to calculate spatial connectivity and the accessibility of Lisbon’s city center, revealing what we define as ‘disability-induced accessibility disparity’. Our results reveal not only the locations responsible for reduced accessibility, i.e., barriers and/or deterrents to movement, but also how much any given disparity reduces the accessibility of an individual, allowing the use of this methodology by planners to identify critical areas and to design inclusive public spaces.     

基于GIS的公共图书馆空间可达性分析

图书馆是公共文化服务的重要资源,其空间分布对城市科技文化服务能力具有重要影响.对公共图书馆的资源配置、空间分布现状进行研究,以期能为相关部门提供决策支持.以北京市主城区为例,采用高斯两步移动搜寻法,从供需角度定量分析了研究区内基于自驾和公共交通出行方式下的公共图书馆空间可达性.出行时间通过调用准确度更高的百度地图API...     

等时线模型支持下的路网可达性分析

等时线是道路网中参考于某特定点位的系列时间可达性的可视化表达,其生成需要分析道路网络特性及通行状况,其形态可以反映可达性规律。本文对等时线进行了定义、特性分析及生成方法研究;类比水滴沿木板的纹理扩散的过程,提出水流扩展算法生成等时线,在网络栅格化模型的基础上,考虑等时线扩展独特的约束条件,如道路状况、移动条件及时间分段等获得可达性扩展路径,通过扩展凸包和角平分线移位生成等时线。该算法基于场论思想,可以针对网络空间中任意感兴趣部分灵活负载约束条件,方便生成实时等时线;类比等高线表示地貌特征,对基于以上构建机制生成的等时线的排列、疏密、弯曲形式、弯曲方向及延伸方向等进行分析,发现空间可达性规律。     

基于GIS的青岛市中心城区道路网络可达性研究

针对青岛市中心城区交通网络建设不完善的问题,研究了该区域路网的综合可达性,并提出了相应的解决方案。基于GIS平台,建立了青岛市中心城区路网模型;选取最小阻抗(时间和距离)、交叉口服务指数、路网密度和路网连通度作为关键评价指标,分别从路网距离关系、路网结构合理性、路网密度和路网发育程度4个方面分析了该区域的路网可达性;在此基础上,建立了青岛市中心城区路网综合评价模型。研究结果表明,该区域的路网以多中心多圈层形式分布,整体可达性良好;西南区域路网密度低,南部外围区域机动性差,南部地区可达性较差,应不断加强该地区的基础设施与路网建设。     

基于地理国情监测的金普新区综合交通分析方法研究

针对交通状况对城市发展的影响日益重要的现状,本文从城乡交通网络覆盖情况和交通可达性两个角度,对金普新区的综合交通状况进行了客观、定量的分析,为了解金普新区的交通现状、居民出行的便捷程度,以及制订新区制度发展规划提供了可靠的分析结果。     

A Space-Time GIS Approach to Exploring Large Individual-based Spatiotemporal Datasets

The increasing number of large individual-based spatiotemporal datasets in various research fields has challenged the GIS community to develop analysis tools that can efficiently help researchers explore the datasets in order to uncover useful information. Rooted in Hägerstrand's time geography, this study presents a generalized space-time path (GSTP) approach to facilitating visualization and exploration of spatiotemporal changes among individuals in a large dataset. The fundamental idea of this approach is to derive a small number of representative space-time paths (i.e. GSTPs) from the raw dataset by identifying spatial cluster centers of observed individuals at different time periods and connecting them according to their temporal sequence. A space-time GIS environment is developed to implement the GSTP concept. Different methods of handling temporal data aggregation and the creation of GSTPs are discussed in this article. Using a large individual-based migration history dataset, this study successfully develops an operational space-time GIS prototype in ESRI's ArcScene and ArcMap to provide a proof-of-concept study of this approach. This space-time GIS system demonstrates that the proposed GSTP approach can provide a useful exploratory analysis and geovisualization environment to help researchers effectively search for hidden patterns and trends in such datasets.     

土地整理中基于图形通达性的田间道路规划设计

农村田间道路规划的重点为道路的通达度,因为田间道路的交通流较小,道路宽度设计要求能够保证通行农机车辆。基于这个考虑,尝试将农村田间道路网通达度问题简化为图形通达性的问题进行研究,并建立了田间道路网评价指标体系,应用模糊综合评价来衡量道路网规划设计的合理与否,取得了较好的效果。