科学钻探中的元素测井技术

系统地介绍了科学钻探中应用自然伽玛能谱测井、活化测井、热中子俘获伽玛能谱测井和中子非弹性散射伽玛能谱测井确定元素含量的原理和方法;详细讨论了在不同的岩性条件下如何选择和建立从元素含量向矿物成分转换的模型。最后,介绍了元素测井技术在ＫＴＢ和ＯＤＰ中的应用,说明元素测井技术对重建岩性剖面、了解元素丰度和矿物成分的变化、研究矿物在高温高压下蚀变所涉及的地球化学作用、显示岩石的不均匀性和重建地球化学剖面等方面有特殊作用。此外,元素测井技术对于精确计算骨架密度、孔隙度和渗透率、井与井间相关对比,以及补足由于漏掉岩芯或岩屑而失去的有关信息,均具有重要作用。     

Modeling core-scale permeability anisotropy in highly bioturbated “tight oil” reservoir rocks

A high-resolution simulation model of a heterogeneous low-permeability rock sample is used to investigate the effects of physical and biogenic sedimentary structures on scaling and anisotropy of absolute permeability at the core scale. Several simulation sub-samples with random locations and volumes were also selected for evaluation of the effects of scale and lithological composition on the calculated permeability. Vertical and horizontal permeability values (from whole core simulation) are in good agreement with routine core analysis (RCA) measurements from offsetting cores. Despite relatively good reservoir quality associated with geobodies of biogenic and relic bedding structures, results from the full diameter core simulation demonstrate that their limited volumetric abundance and restricted connectivity prevent these features from controlling fluid flow in these rocks. In fact, permeability seems to be dominated by the tighter encasing matrix, which exhibits average permeability values very close to those reported from RCA. Geometric averaging offers a better representation for the upscaling of horizontal permeability datasets; whereas, both geometric and harmonic averaging work similarly well for the vertical measurements. The methodology used in this work is particularly applicable to the detailed characterization of reservoir rocks with a high degree of heterogeneity caused by biological reworking and diagenesis.     

岩性地震勘探技术

基于地震波全波波动方程,分析了岩性地震勘探所依赖的岩性参数,并对岩性地震参数的反演方法进行了归类。通过分析岩性地震勘探技术中存在的问题,提出了对岩性地震勘探技术应用的要求,并进一步介绍了进行岩性地震勘探的方法及流程。     

我国建立第一个地热资源数据库

Demonstrative geothermal resources data-base consists of 3 subsystems ; 1) Geotemperature&rock thermo一physical property ; 2 ) Hydrogeological testing parameters of thermal water&thermal water sites;3)Chemical composition of thermal fluids in geothermal areas. Data-base system is accompanied with software set including various programs for calculation on geothermal gradient, radioactive heat productivity and hydrogeological parameters,for identification of thermal water chemical type,for comparision of different geothermometers and for ploting lithological colum，geotherms , histograms ofthermal conductivity&. heat productivity, chemical composition of thermal waters, isotherms as well as curves of water table and flow rate.
     

层状非均质结构包气带入渗过程单相流与两相流数值模拟对比研究

包气带水分入渗过程受多种因素的影响。定量研究层状非均质岩性结构和入渗速率对其影响,有助于解决根据不同条件选择单相流模型或水气二相流模型模拟包气带水分入渗过程的问题。结合填埋场等场地地层条件及污废水入渗特征,分别建立了“上细下粗”和“上粗下细”包气带层状非均质岩性结构水分入渗单相流和水气二相流模型,探讨不同层状非均质岩性结构条件下模型的适用性。在“上粗下细”岩性结构模型基础上,进一步探究入渗速率对水气两相运移结果的影响。基于论文模型研究表明:（1）在包气带岩性结构为“上细下粗”的条件下,气相的影响基本可以忽略,可直接采用单相流模型对包气带水分运移进行模拟;在“上粗下细”岩性结构和本次模型设定的底部压力保持不变及污废水泄漏前场地未接受降水入渗补给等条件下,当包气带上下层介质渗透率比值大于16倍时,气相会对水相运移产生明显影响,且下层介质渗透率越小、上下层介质渗透率比值越大,单相流与两相流的运移结果差别越大,需要采用水气二相流模型模拟包气带水分运移。（2）在包气带“上粗下细”岩性结构条件下,入渗速率越大,气相对水流入渗的阻滞作用越明显,此时包气带水分运移模拟应采用水气二相流模型。     

复杂砂岩储层基于相控建模的渗透率计算方法

渗透率是油气储层评价的主要参数之一,复杂砂岩的储层岩性复杂,非均质性强,应用常规方法建立渗透率模型精度低,不能满足开发后期的需要。鉴于岩性对渗透率的影响作用,采用相控建模方法来计算渗透率,以能够反映岩性特征的测井参数作为划相参数。应用K~均值聚类法,进行测井相分析,依据岩性建立不同的渗透率模型,其相关性明显高于常规方法建立的渗透率解释模型,经计算得到的渗透率更接近于岩心分析数据。通过实际资料处理结果表明,经相控建模计算的渗透率方法,有效提高了渗透率计算精确度。     

岩体渗透结构与矿坑涌水强度关系

非均质和结构性是岩体的渗透特征。渗透结构可以分为壳状渗透结构、脉状渗透结构和层状渗透结构三种基本类型 :壳状渗透结构条件下矿坑涌水强度随深度衰减 ;脉状渗透结构使得矿坑涌水强度随深度衰减幅度小 ;层状渗透结构对矿坑涌水强度的控制作用取决于岩层的组合效果。矿区含水岩体的渗透特征由三种基本渗透结构复合而成。复合的渗透结构使矿区出现多条突水强度随深度衰减曲线 ,多个突水强度峰值     

底板破坏深度六因素线性预测模型

针对煤矿底板破坏深度影响因素较多,难以准确地确定难题,通过分析影响底板岩体变形程度的底板岩层的抗破坏能力和作用在底板上的矿山压力两方面因素,选取采深、采高、斜长（工作面）、倾角、底板岩性组合与顶板岩性组合6个因素进行底板破坏深度研究,以某矿4602工作面为背景概化工程地质模型进行6因素5水平正交数值模拟试验。试验结果表明,（1）影响底板破坏深度的主要因素是斜长,顶板岩性组合、底板岩性组合、采深、采高依次减弱,倾角最差;（2）首次明确了顶板岩性组合是影响底板破坏深度的关键因素;（3）建立了斜长-顶底板岩性组合-采深-采高-倾角的采动底板破坏深度预测模型,计算结果较开采规程经验公式的计算结果更接近实际,精度高、误差小,基本可以满足工程使用。研究结果对底板破坏深度的研究以及工程应用具有积极的指导意义。     

大地电场岩性探测技术在北京地热勘查中的应用

本文简要介绍了大地电场岩性探测技术的原理和方法,通过地热勘查实例着重探讨了大地岩性探测技术在地热勘查热储含水性评价和指导钻井施工中的应用,对岩性探测技术在地热勘查中的有效性进行了评价。     

煤层气井排采动态主控地质因素分析

沁水盆地寿阳区块和柿庄区块煤层气(CBM)井的排采动态在整体上表现出明显差异,而单一区块内部煤层气井的排采动态也存在较大差异。本文就两个区块的煤系地层沉积相、煤层渗透率、断裂构造、地应力类型和构造应力强度以及顶底板岩性组合类型等因素对排采动态的影响开展对比分析。基于静态地质条件和排采动态资料的综合研究表明:煤系地层沉积相、煤层渗透率、地应力类型和构造应力强度的差异是两个区块煤层气井排采动态差异的主要原因;单一区块内煤层气井的排采动态差异受控于局部断裂构造、地应力类型以及煤层顶底板岩性组合类型等局部因素;在煤层气开发选区和开发井位部署时,应综合考虑资源量、渗透率和多种局部地质因素的共同影响。     

低渗低阻产水气藏气水层识别:以广安气田须家河组为例

广安气田上三叠统须四段和须六段气藏发育了构造气藏、构造-岩性气藏和岩性气藏.储层具有低孔、低渗、低阻和高束缚水饱和度特征.空间上,储层孔渗相关关系变化大,气水分布复杂,气水层识别困难.根据岩心对测井的标定,研究了须四段和须六段四性关系,认识到储层为细砂岩、中砂岩和粗砂岩,具有低自然伽马、低补偿密度、低电阻率和高声波时差特征,而物性与含气性无明显相关性.采取了分层、分区块建立储层孔隙度、渗透率模型,提高了物性解释精度.不同气藏类型具有不同的气水分布,应用阵列感应、核磁共振和综合判识3种方法进行了气水层识别,提高了广安气田气水层识别精度.这些方法在广安气田的应用表明可以准确识别构造气藏和构造-岩性气藏的气、水层,但对构造幅度低的岩性气藏识别精度不高,因为在这些岩性气藏中气水分异不彻底,气层与气水同层、水层含水饱和度是渐变的.      

岩性反演技术在煤田三维地震勘探中的应用

以开滦集团范各庄矿某采区岩性勘探为例,介绍利用地震反演技术解决煤层顶底板岩性问题。该项技术是以测井资料作为约束条件,对地震资料进行反演,推算出波阻抗资料,进而计算煤层厚度,并对顶底板岩性作出推断。通过对部分资料验证,采用岩性反演技术解释的该采区5煤、7煤、9煤、12煤的深度、厚度及其顶底板岩性,与实际情况基本相符。     

利用地震资料分析第四系含(隔)水层及其赋存状态

应用地震岩性勘探技术研究水文地质问题,是地震勘探成功应用的一个新的领域。本文应用地震岩性勘探技术,结合钻探、测井资料,从理论分析、研究方法到实际资料解释等方面对第四系厚度结构和含（隔）水层段进行了较为详尽的描述。     

Granulometric and mineral composition of the loess-paleosol formation in Moldova

The granulometric composition and sorting of loesses and interbedded soils are studied for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the loess-paleosol sequence in Moldova. Distinctive features of loess and paleosol horizons of different age are identified and general characteristics of the mineral composition are described that together with other lithological characteristics, including the visual ones, improve reliability of stratigraphic operations.     

New Ideas on the Origin of Chalk in Upper Cretaceous Rocks of the Voronezh Anteclise

On the basis of the lithological and mineral composition of chalk, it is concluded that it was formed under various facial conditions. Carbonate sediment accumulated at a shallow depth and underwent wave movements. No correlation is found between the lithological chalk types and the facial conditions of precipitation of the carbonate sediment.     

Reconstruction of natural groundwater flow paths in the multiple aquifer system of the northern Negev (Israel), based on lithological and structural evidence

 The Judea Group, a limestone and dolomite karstic aquifer of late Albian–Turonian age, is one of the most important sources of water in Israel. In the western part of the country, the Judea Group aquifer is also known as the Yarkon–Taninim basin. In the northern Negev, the Judea Group is a recipient for fresh water flowing southward from the Hebron Mountains and of brackish paleowater flowing northward from Sinai. Very little is known of the hydraulic properties of this aquifer. In order to outline assumed natural flow paths that existed in this karstic environment prior to groundwater exploitation, use was made of lithological, structural, and paleomorphological features. A detailed hydrogeological conceptual model of the Judea Group aquifer in northern Negev was established by the geological interpretation of high-resolution seismic reflection and by analysis of lithological evidence from boreholes. Isopach, isolith-contour, and isolith-ratio maps were compiled for the main lithological components. Increase in transmissivity values is inversely proportional with the cumulative thickness of argillaceous components. The lithological and hydraulic evidence provides the basis for subdividing the subsurface into distinctive permeability zones for the upper and lower sections of the aquifer; for outlining possible preferential groundwater flow paths for both subaquifers; and for improving understanding of groundwater-salinty variations that result from lithological variability, direction of groundwater flow paths, groundwater flow rates, and the duration of rock/water interactions. In an earlier conceptual model of the basin, the Judea Group aquifer was regarded as a continuous and undisturbed entity. The present study reveals an intricate groundwater flow pattern that is controlled by lithological and structural factors that create zones of preferential flow. This interpretation bears on the overall evaluation of groundwater resources and their management and exploitation. Received, December 1996 · Revised, October 1997, June 1998 · Accepted, July 1998     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾地区延长组低孔低渗砂岩物性与石油临界注入压力关系实验研究

岩性油藏的形成受到石油流体动力及储层物性等因素的控制。岩性油藏理论分析和勘探实践表明,成藏期当砂岩体孔隙度和渗透率过低或石油充注动力不足时,石油往往无法充注其中。本文采用砂岩样品石油充注临界条件实验测量了不同围压条件下石油进入砂岩样品的最小注入压差,定量研究了已知不同物性砂岩样品的临界石油注入压差与埋深的关系,并建立了镇泾地区延长组低孔低渗砂岩体成藏解释图版。石油充注临界条件实验表明:镇泾地区延长组低孔低渗砂岩体石油充注临界孔隙度约为10.5%,小于该临界值时,石油难以注入砂岩样品; 该地区低孔低渗砂岩体临界注入压差受储层埋深和物性的双重控制:相同物性不同埋深的砂岩样品临界注入压差随深度增加而迅速增大,表明随深度增加石油需要更大的充注动力才能成藏; 而相同深度时不同物性的砂岩样品临界注入压差随物性条件变好迅速降低,即同一深度不同物性时较好物性的砂体更容易发生石油充注。应用成藏图版解释研究区长8低孔低渗砂岩体成藏条件,发现成藏期石油充注压差大于临界压差者为高产油井,充注压差等于或者小于临界压差多为低产油井或者水井,解释结果与油田实际试油结果有一定吻合。     

Geomorphic characteristics of a bedrock river inferred from drainage quantification,longitudinal profile,knickzone identification and concavity analysis: a DEM-based study

An examination of river channels has ability to provide substantial information regarding the geomorphic characteristics, control of lithology, tectonic uplift and geomorphic evolution during the geological past of an area. In this paper, a detailed study of geomorphic and structural investigation has been carried out for Pravara basin, Maharashtra, with the help of 90-m resolution SRTM DEM and geospatial techniques. Drainage network analysis performed in this paper demonstrates the general geomorphic characteristics, while the analysis of longitudinal profile synthesises lithological control over Pravara basin. Pravara is a 6th order drainage basin, encompassing an area of 2637 km². Bifurcation ratio reveals low to moderate structural control. Due to the hard rock lithology, the drainage density and stream frequency are low, and it indicates higher permeability in the sub-surface layers. The shape parameters denote that Pravara is highly elongated and it is easier to control floods in this basin. Relief parameters show very steep slope and higher vulnerability to the slope failure in some areas. Upstream of Pravara river has shown that series of breaks and knickzones indicate active erosion and acute lithological control on the channel. Major breaks are observed only in the main channel whereas in two major tributaries, no such breaks found, instead these tributaries are characterised by several knickzones which indicate regional variation in the lithological physiognomies. Different lithological stages on knickpoint and channel incision substantiate rejuvenation of Pravara river in several phases during geological past. The geospatial methodology carried out in this study can be pragmatic elsewhere around this world to recognise the geomorphic appearances and lithological control of a drainage basin.     

波阻抗反演技术在煤田地震岩性勘探中的应用

在煤田地震勘探中,岩性勘探已成为人们研究的一个热门课题。与其他地震反演技术相比,波阻抗反演技术不仅可提高原始地震资料的垂向分辨率,而且可以将地震波转换为地层信息。介绍了波阻抗反演技术的原理及实现方法,并以平顶山某采区岩性勘探为例,说明波阻抗地震反演方法可以进行岩性勘探,并可用来预测煤层厚度,同时还可以识别煤层中的夹矸。     

塔河油田奥陶系生物扰动型碳酸盐岩储集层特征及其孔隙度计算样本检验模型

塔河油田奥陶系一间房组和鹰山组生物扰动型碳酸盐岩储集层非常发育.在岩芯观测的基础上,通过薄片显微镜观测与柱塞孔隙度、渗透率分析,对研究区生物扰动型碳酸盐岩储集层宏、微观特征和成因机制进行了研究,并基于岩芯资料和常规测井数据提出了一种新的孔隙度计算样本检验模型.结果表明:1)研究区奥陶系生物扰动储集层在岩芯上多呈不规则状...