GIS与地质图制作

从分析传统纸质地质图的主手,分别阐述计算机数字制图及地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ：Ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）对传统地质图制图所起的变革作用。     

地质灾害信息系统研究——以重庆市丰都县为例

近10年来,随着信息科学和计算机技术的快速发展,地理信息系统的开发应用研究越来越广泛,地质灾害信息系统是地理信息系统在地质灾害领域的应用研究.本文在简要介绍地质灾害信息系统基本内容和功能的基础上,以重庆市丰都县地质灾害信息系统建设为例,从地质灾害空间数据库建设、空间分析模块、群测群防监测预警体系和信息管理模块等方面论述区域地质灾害信息系统建设的基本步骤和应用功能,为丰都县地质灾害信息管理的系统化和规范化提供技术支撑体系,也为其它地区的类似研究提供范例.     

全球地学断面(GGT)地理信息系统的编码技术

依据全球地学断面的特点 ,以及《数字化地质图图层及属性文件格式》和《GGT数字化指南》等标准 ,研制一套全球地学断面地理信息系统的编码标准 ,为建立中国乃至全球地学断面地理信息系统设置主题、分层标准和命名规则 ,以及实体编码标准 ,并把它们应用于中国地学大断面三维地理信息系统的建立中。该编码标准为地学断面信息系统的建立 ,为深入研究大陆岩石圈结构构造、地球动力学、物质成分及不同地学断面的对比 ,进而建立大陆岩石圈的三维结构模型具有重要意义     

基于GIS技术电信基站管理信息系统的设计与实现

把GIS用于电信基站管理信息系统,该系统应用MicrosoftVisualBasic6.0作为开发平台,利用ESRIARC/INFO软件中的MapObjects组件技术,结合基础的地图数据库和基站的属性数据库完成了整个电信基站管理系统的设计和实现。该系统功能主要体现在基站内点、线、区空间数据与属性数据的管理,基线的维护、查询和量算,以及规范基站管线设备图的编辑和制图等功能。其中,对GIS图形编辑功能的扩展开发,实现基站管线的编辑和制图功能是系统成功的关键。     

青藏高原高寒草地植被指数变化与地表温度的相互关系

为了解脆弱的高原生态环境对升温过程的响应, 利用1982-2006年国家标准地面气象站地表温度和GIMMS-NDVI数据集, 探讨了青藏高原高寒草地植被指数和地表温度的变化特征及其相互关系. 结果表明:1982-2006年, 高寒草地NDVI、地表温度整体均呈现增加趋势, 年均NDVI、生长季NDVI、年最大NDVI(NDVI_max)与年均地表温度、生长季地表温度的上升趋势分别为0.007 (10a)^-1、0.011 (10a)^-1、0.007 (10a)^-1与0.60 ℃·(10a)^-1、0.43 ℃·(10a)^-1; NDVI_max与地表温度显著相关的地区达70.49%. 但是高原地形、气候、水文环境的空间差异性导致高寒草地NDVI与地表温度的相关关系十分复杂. NDVI_max与年均地表温度的相关性最为显著; 在返青期和枯萎期, NDVI与地表温度均为显著正相关. 不同的植被覆盖条件下, NDVI对地表温度的响应不同:植被覆盖差以及退化严重的地区, NDVI_max与地表温度呈负相关性; 反之, NDVI_max与地表温度主要表现为正相关.     

基于MapObjects的C/S管线信息系统的设计与实现

基于面向对象的地理信息系统技术，针对客户机／服务器(C／S)模式设计了一个包含数据库、应用服务器和客户端三个部分的管网管线地理信息系统。该系统由测量调查、图形编辑、数据统计、信息查询、空间分析、规划、资料输出、权限管理、系统维护九大功能模块组成；并具有用户界面友好，稳定实用，安全可靠，可扩充性强等特点。并在数据存储方式、图形数据与属性数据的连接、编辑功能设计、系统兼容性、符号库建立等关键技术的实现方面有新的突破。该系统除具有一般管理系统的基本功能外，还具有地理信息系统所特有的空间数据查询和分析功能；该系统还充分发挥了网络的优势,为CIS信息社会化共享提供了一个切实可行的解决方案。     

地下水模拟与预测一体化平台构建

本文介绍了基于MIS和GIS的国内外地下水数值模拟模型的发展.以北京市为研究区,在分析研究区自然地理、水文地质和应用需求基础上,提出采用浏览器/服务器(B/S)与客户机/服务器(C/S)体系结构相结合的方式,建设地下水基础信息库,将研究区概化为非均质各向同性三维非稳定地下水流系统;提出采用"稳定+相对静态+动态"的思路,找到信息系统与地下水流模型输入文件之间的数据接口,通过建立MODFLOW程序的输入文件建立水流数值模型,实现将地下水流模型与信息系统集成,探索地下水数值模拟一体化平台建设和应用.     

GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwater modelling

Reliability and validity of groundwater analysis strongly depend on the availability of large volumes of high-quality data. Putting all data into a coherent and logical structure supported by a computing environment helps ensure validity and availability and provides a powerful tool for hydrogeological studies. A hydrogeological geographic information system (GIS) database that offers facilities for groundwater-vulnerability analysis and hydrogeological modelling has been designed in Belgium for the Walloon region. Data from five river basins, chosen for their contrasting hydrogeological characteristics, have been included in the database, and a set of applications that have been developed now allow further advances. Interest is growing in the potential for integrating GIS technology and groundwater simulation models. A "loose-coupling" tool was created between the spatial-database scheme and the groundwater numerical model interface GMS (Groundwater Modelling System). Following time and spatial queries, the hydrogeological data stored in the database can be easily used within different groundwater numerical models. Electronic Publication     

基于MapGIS的地质遗迹管理信息系统的设计与实现

地质遗迹管理信息系统利用地理信息系统技术、数据库技术,整合地质遗迹(地质公园)数据库和基础地理、地质、生态环境、旅游资源、管理规划等空间数据库,全面掌握地质遗迹保护、地质公园建设等方面的现状和规划情况,便于管理地质遗迹(地质公园)保护和建设的信息,为制定国家、区域或省市自然保护区规划和其他专项规划提供数据支持。地质遗迹管理信息系统应遵循点源信息系统的设计原则,以主题式关系数据库系统和空间数据库系统为基础,以空间信息和属性信息管理为核心,实现数据库与GIS的有效集成;并用C/S与B/S相结合的方式,使系统在局域网和广域网都能安全运行,满足用户的需求。     

基于三维地理信息系统的岩层产状测量方法

利用三维地理信息系统技术和多比例尺的国家基础地理信息数据,在计算机软硬件平台支持下,进行浅层岩层产状的测量和计算,可以用来替代传统的野外测量.该方法利用数字地面高程和高分辨率的数字正射影像图数据,建立研究区域的三维场景,在计算机辅助下实现动态实时测量各种浅层岩层产状.通过选取和测量岩层上10个以上点的三维空间坐标,并利...     

The Arc-view application in the field of hydrology and water resources

Through system design and analysis from the aspects of entity categories, hierarchical design, attribute design, and the final function design and realization of the system, this paper develops a software application based on Arc-view platform with a view to solving the deficiencies of conventional groundwater dynamic management in managing the spatial graphics data. Using this application into the supporting automatic monitoring system of groundwater level helps to achieve the automatic analysis of attribute data, and offer a new, visual and efficient automated management tool. Moreover, the computer geospatial modeling can realize the quick query and spatial analysis of geographic information, and thus facilitating dynamic simulation and prediction of the research object. However, a multi-functional, multi-level groundwater level information management system is a complex system engineering, which requires continuous improvement of the structure, development of functions, and supplement of user models.     

Researches on Cartographic Database-Based Interactive Three-Dimensional Topographic Map

With the development of computer graphics, the three-dimensional (3D) visualization brings new technological revolution to the traditional cartography. Therefore, the topographic 3D-map emerges to adapt to this technological revolution, and the applications of topographic 3D-map are spread rapidly to other relevant fields due to its incomparable advantage. The researches on digital map and the construction of map database offer strong technical support and abundant data source for this new technology, so the research and development of topographic 3D-map will receive greater concern. The basic data of the topographic 3D-map are rooted mainly in digital map and its basic model is derived from digital elevation model (DEM) and 3D-models of other DEM-based geographic features. In view of the potential enormous data and the complexity of geographic features, the dynamic representation of geographic information becomes the focus of the research of topographic 3D-map and also the prerequisite condition of 3D query and analysis. In addition to the equipment of hardware that are restraining, to a certain extent, the 3D representation, the data organization structure of geographic information will be the core problem of research on 3D-map. Level of detail (LOD). space partitioning, dynamic object loading (DOL) and object culling are core technologies of the dynamic 3D representation. The objectselection, attribute-query and model-editing are important functions and interaction tools for users with 3D-maps provided by topographic 3D-map system, all of which are based on the data structure of the 3D-model. This paper discusses the basic theories, concepts and cardinal principles of topographic 3I)-map,expounds the basic way to organize the scene hierarchy of topographic 3D-map based on the node mechanism and studies the dynamic representation technologies of topographic 3D-map based on LOD, space partitioning, DOL and object culling. Moreover. such interactive operation functions are explored, in this paper, as spatial query, scene editing and management of topographic 3D-map. Finally, this paper describes briefly the applications of topographic 3D-map in its related fields.     

Accessing Multi-Source Geological Data through Network in MORPAS Software System

MORPAS is a special GIS (geographic information system) software system, based on the MAPGIS platform whose aim is to prospect and evaluate mineral resources quantificationally by synthesizing geological, geophysical, geochemical and remote sensing data. It overlays geological database management, geological background and geological abnormality analysis, image processing of remote sensing and comprehensive abnormality analysis, etc.. It puts forward and integrative solution for the application of GIS in basic-level units and the construction of information engineering in the geological field. As the polularization of computer networks and the request of data sharing, it is necessary to extend its funictions in data management so that all its data files can be accessed in the network server. The paper utilizes some MAPGIS functions for the second development and ADO (access data object) technique to qccess multi-source geological data in SQL Server databases. Then remote visiting and congruous management will be realized in the MORPAS system.     

基于OLE海量空间数据管理系统的设计

以泰宁基础地理信息系统的开发为例,探讨了基于OLE技术的海量空间数据管理系统的设计与数据库访问机制,提供了一种管理海量空间数据的方法。     

基于WebGIS的全国水文站网信息管理系统

基于WebGIS强大的空间数据浏览功能、广泛的访问范围、良好的可扩展性及操作简单、界面友好等优点,结合部水文局站网管理工作的需要,进行了全国水文站网信息管理系统的建设。系统采用基于Mapxtreme的Go2map-MIP中间件技术实现WebGIS原型系统,数据库的设计规范,包含的站网信息丰富,特制的地图操作功能、统计功能和信息远程录入功能极大地提升了站网信息管理的水平,因此该系统的建设不仅为决策者提供了全面的水文站网信息服务,还适应了我国全面推行水利信息化建设的需要。     

Organizing earth observation data inside a spatial data infrastructure

Scientists as well public institutions dealing with geospatial data often work with a large amount of heterogeneous data deriving from different sources. Without a well-defined, organized structure they face problems in finding and reusing existing data, and as consequence this may cause data inconsistency and storage problems. A catalog system based on the metadata of spatial data facilitates the management of large amount of data and offers service to retrieve, discover and exchange geographic data in an quick and easy fashion. Currently, most online catalogs are more focusing on the geographic data and there has been only few interests in catalogizing Earth observation data, in which in addition the acquisition information matters. This article presents an automatic metadata extraction approach that creates from different optical data deriving from various satellite missions of scientific interest (i.e. MODIS, LANDSAT, RapidEye, Suomi-NPP VIIRS, Sentinel-1A, Sentinel-2A) metadata information, based on an extended model of the standard ISO 19115. The XML schema ISO 19139-2 with the support of gridded and imagery information defined in ISO 19115-2 was examined, and based on the requirements of experts working in the research field of Earth observation the schema was extended. The XML schema ISO 19139-2 and its extension has been deployed as a new schema plugin in the spatial catalog Geonetwork Open Source in order to store all relevant metadata information about satellite data and the appropriate acquisition and processing information in an online catalog. A real-world scenario that is productively used in the EURAC research group institute for Applied Remote Sensing illustrates a workflow management for Earth observation data including data processing, metadata extraction, generation and distribution.     

基于MapGIS数据中心构建基础地理信息地图集模型

分析国家基础地理信息的数据内容及组成,基于MapGIS面向实体的空间数据模型,采用MapGIS数据中心的思想,类比主流数据库的数据模型,建立地图集模型,并对该模型的特征进行研究.描述了基于模型的空间数据建库、库一体化管理与表现和数据库的安全控制与维护等基本操作,并将此模型应用在国家基础地理信息数据库系统建设中.      

基于开源MapServer地理信息发布实现的研究

WebGIS能在网络上发布地理信息,实现对地理信息的操作。针对当前WebGIS面临的主要问题,基于Web的地理信息系统的现状以及其发展趋势的基础上,笔者提出一个基于开源MapServer与PostgreSQL(PostGIS)的空间数据发布系统的构建方法。通过Mapfile文件进行描述和配置,实现了以开源空间数据库PostgreSQL(PostGIS)为数据源并基于开源MapServer的地理信息的发布。结果表明:通过MapServer和Postgre SQL(PostGIS)能搭建一个开源地理信息发布系统;通过对Mapfile属性中的逻辑表达式进行修改,可以使地物在不同比例尺下进行分层显示;图层的数量对系统的性能有明显影响,尤其是数量大于100个时,减少图层数量可以有效地提升系统性能。     

青藏高原不同类型草地生态系统下土壤可培养细菌数量及多样性分布特征研究

以青藏高原北麓河不同类型草地生态系统下土壤为研究对象,研究了可培养细菌数量和多样性的季节性变化.结果显示研究区域可培养细菌数量为0.4×107～4.6×107 CFU.g-1,不同类型草地生态系统下可培养细菌具有明显的季节差异：高寒沼泽草甸和高寒沙化草原生态系统下土壤细菌在5月生物量最高,而高寒草甸生态系统下在7月有最...     

基于GIS空间数据的滑坡SPH粒子模型研究

针对光滑粒子流体动力学方法（SPH）在滑坡模拟中建立粒子模型的难题,提出了基于地理信息系统（GIS）栅格数据的粒子排列与插入方法。根据该方法,建立了滑坡SPH粒子模型及相关粒子生成程序,进一步以结合摩尔-库仑破坏准则的SPH宾汉流体模型为核心,实现了运用SPH方法模拟滑坡破坏后三维运动的过程。该SPH模型在对唐家山滑坡的模拟中得到了验证,并预测了金坪子滑坡破坏后的影响范围。结果表明：基于GIS空间数据的滑坡SPH粒子模型具有可行性与良好的适用性。以GIS数据库为基础,开展滑坡灾害的模拟研究,将大大提高对滑坡等地质灾害的仿真分析,为滑坡灾害的预测与防治提供参考。