Globalization, grapes and gender: Women's work in traditional and agro-export production in northern Chile

Recent changes in the global political economy have had dramatic effects on the lives of women as they are incorporated into globalization processes, such as the expansion of agribusiness, in often marginal and unstable ways. However, it is vital to consider how these globalization processes are mediated by women in ways that reflect local geo-historical contexts. This paper explores the expansion of the fruit export sector, land tenure, community organization and female employment in agriculture in northern Chile. Agro-export production has marginalized but not destroyed the small-scale farming sector and large-scale export farms co-exist with small-scale domestically-orientated farms. Female labour has been very important in the success of fresh fruit exports and many rural women negotiate both waged work in the fruit export economy and unwaged work on family farms. The paper explores the women's perceptions of agricultural work and how these relate to their identities as unpaid workers on the family farm and as waged workers in the agro-export sector. The paper thus attempts to explore the multiplicity of ways that women experience rapid changes in the agrarian sector and how these changes relate to the maintenance of more 'traditional'practices and identities.     

Strong growth in weakly-developed networks: Producer-user interaction and knowledge brokers in the Greater Shanghai chemical industry

This paper investigates the developing spatial and social division of labor in the Greater Shanghai chemical industry. This industry experienced strong growth after the Asian financial crisis, when policy support was extended beyond “new economy” industries to include traditional manufacturing sectors. Based on a conceptualization that emphasizes the role of producer-user networks and interactive learning as a basis for ongoing innovation and business success, an explorative study was designed to investigate the supplier and customer linkages in different locations of the Greater Shanghai region. The results suggest that inter-firm networks are not extensive and often involve limited producer-user interaction. Important chemical firms in the region concentrate on business with their established international customer basis, use state-controlled distribution channels or rely on intermediaries that act as knowledge brokers. Neither of these practices of market interaction includes intensive information exchange and feedback on products, customer experience and demand changes. As such, these practices do not provide a sound basis for self-sustained growth or innovation in the future. The paper concludes that regional policy needs to support the establishment of combined “bonding” and “bridging” relations between chemical producers and their user industries.     

区域农业产业化发展评估指标体系的构建与应用——基于新疆兵团的实证分析

 农业产业化评价指标体系是评估区域农业产业化发展水平的重要依据。从农业产业化发展的本质内涵出发,从农业生产、农产品加工、农产品销售和利益联结状况4个方面出发,构建了兵团农业产业化评价指标体系,并运用因子分析法,对其2005-2009年间农业产业化发展水平进行了实证分析。结果表明：2005-2009年间,兵团农业产业化整体上保持了逐年发展的态势,但是对农业产业化发展公因子的分析结果表明,农业生产规模指标与农业产业化发展水平弱相关,表明兵团农业产业化的发展更多的是依靠生产规模以外的因素;农业产业化利益联结因子系数为负值,表明现行利益联结机制不利于兵团农业产业化的发展。基于上述研究结论,给出了进一步促进兵团农业产业化发展的对策建议。     

创业者区位选择的家乡偏好及其驱动机制

作为家乡认同感浓厚且出现大规模流动人口的转型中国家,中国的创业者在区位选择上究竟偏好家乡还是异地亟待回答,这关乎地方创业政策的方向性布局。基于2014年中国劳动力动态调查数据,从微观个体层面实证检验了创业者在区位选择上是否存在家乡偏好,并探究了其驱动机制。研究发现：创业者在区位选择上的确存在家乡偏好,且这种偏好在生存型和机会型的创业者中均普遍存在;在剔除可能造成家乡偏好高估的样本后,上述发现依然成立。进一步的机制分析发现,创业者偏好在家乡创业是为了借助熟悉的社会网络拓展营销渠道并照顾子女和父母。上述发现为制定创业人才政策提供了科学依据。     

1995—2015年中国人口迁移的时空变化特征

本文利用人口普查数据,估算了1995—2015年中国地（市）间人口O-D迁移流和迁移率,结合GIS空间分析和社会网络分析方法,揭示了20年间中国人口迁移的时空变化特征。研究发现：① 中国人口迁移由相对不活跃、局部地区参与的“低活性时代”,逐步走向相对活跃、绝大多数地区参与的“高活性时代”。② 人口迁移地域类型的时空演化过程呈现出各活跃型地（市）不断扩散,而非活跃型地（市）大幅缩减的特点。③ 人口迁移网络以“胡焕庸线”为界,东、西两侧迁移流“东密西疏”且差异悬殊,这一空间格局具有很强的稳定性和顽健性。④ 在人口省内迁移持续增强,以及跨省迁移中沿海三大城市群吸引力的“此消彼长”和西南地区吸引力不断增强的背景下,东中西部地区的人口迁移流场结构表现为：沿海地区主要城市群内部分化和影响范围减弱,中部地区（除湖北省）未能演化出以省为单元的独立社区,西部地区则是西北相对稳定而西南持续变动。     

基于点状数据的上海都市型工业空间格局研究

镶嵌于城市地域的都市型工业,有着其独特的区位特征和空间格局。基于2008年上海都市型工业微观企业数据,探讨工业郊区化背景下都市型工业空间分布、集聚特征以及行业间的空间邻近关系。研究表明：上海都市型工业企业区位选择具有中心城区与近郊区双重指向性,在距离城市中心10~20 km区间都市工业分布最密集,空间分布的非均质特征明显。空间集聚以城市内各类园区（商业楼宇、都市工业园、工业园区）为主要载体,集聚格局在行业间存在一定差异。在空间邻近关系方面,各行业间呈现出基于相同要素投入、生产关联、共同市场、政策导向的邻近布局以及基于异质排他性、环境要求的弱邻近布局特征。     

基于微观企业数据的产业空间集聚特征分析——以杭州市区为例

与基于面状地理数据的研究不同,以微观企业点数据为基础,采用基于距离的产业集聚的研究方法,最终完成一个完整的从企业地址信息处理,到大量企业之间距离运算和处理,再到集聚参照设定,最后进行产业空间集聚分析的研究过程。以杭州市2013年工商登记数据为基础,通过对不同类型产业的研究,认为生产性服务业和高科技制造业集聚趋势较为明显,而传统的零售业和制造业在城市空间上没有形成集聚。进一步分析企业规模对空间集聚趋势的影响表明,金融服务和商务服务业的集聚由较小规模企业主导,零售业的集聚由较大规模企业主导,信息服务业的集聚由中等规模企业主导,制造业的集聚整体上由中小规模企业主导。     

Agribusiness on a Grand Scale – Felda's Sahabat Complex in East Malaysia

While agribusiness is normally associated with western multinational companies, Malaysia provides an alternative example of a Third World agribusiness, the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA). FELDA has evolved through an advisory stage and then a major land settlement agency phase, assisting Malaysia's rural poor, to its present position as a major employer of immigrant agricultural labour and as a large commercial business in palm oil exporting. This recent agribusiness approach is best exemplified by FELDA's Sahabat complex of 54 schemes in Eastern Sabah. There, mono‐cultural oil palm cropping has been successfully developed while earlier environmental concerns have been largely ignored. Plans for Sahabat have been modified to accommodate immigrant labourers from Indonesia and the Philippines rather than local settlers from Malaysia. A modernised plantation approach has taken over from the initial contract farming and social engineering approach.     

Migration of Entrepreneurs from Hong Kong: Background, Trendsand Impacts

This paper critically examines the movement of entrepreneurs from Hong Kong within the context of whether Chinese culture predisposes them to become entrepreneurs: that the type of business relations and networks that the Chinese employ is in some way distinct from those of other groups because of Confucianism and unique ‘Asian values’. This interpretation is found severely wanting. Entrepreneurs are seen to be but one type of migrant from China and Hong Kong, and there are significant differences within Chinese migrant groups. We need to move away from vague cultural explanations to consider the context in which migrant groups find themselves before a satisfactory analytical framework for ethnic entrepreneurship can be constructed. The case of entrepreneurs moving to Canada is taken to illustrate recent policy changes and the impact of entrepreneurs on destination economies.     

Capitalising the farm family entrepreneur: negotiating private equity partnerships in Australia

ABSTRACT

Research on the financialisation of land and agribusiness has highlighted major shifts in agri-food systems globally. Yet these accounts tend to focus on the activities of financial actors, and few take seriously the role of farmers in negotiating investments in land and agribusiness. Farmers in the global North may be well placed to benefit from partnerships with financial investors, although little is known about the way that such partnerships are formed. Australian studies of farmer agency have been productive in examining farm family entrepreneurs and globally engaged farmers who work beyond the farm gate to organise supply chains. This paper adds to these studies by providing insights about a capitalising farm family entrepreneur, who successfully negotiated and entered into a direct equity partnership with a large foreign pension fund. Several observations are significant: the exceptional skill, time and expense required to negotiate these partnerships; the role of consultants and non-human actors in structuring them; and the spatially- and temporally divergent farm development practices that are enabled by a shift from debt to equity financing. These observations are indicative of a new adaptive strategy of family farmers to shifting financial landscapes and of emergent family, corporate, and financial farm hybridity.     

地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究进展与展望

本文依托国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于地方创业视角的产业集群转型机制研究——以珠江三角洲为例”,采用个人—组织—外部环境交互反馈的分析框架,从产业集群促进地方创业产生和发展的环境,以及地方创业主体战略促进集群转型两个方面,梳理现有关于地方创业与集群发展的互动关系的成果。主要研究成果为：就地方创业的孵化而言,集群内成功创业家正面的示范效应是促进创业意愿产生的主要因素,而个人在集群内商业网络的社会根植程度能促进潜在创业家对原所在集群的区位偏好,从而促进创业活动的本地化发展。就地方创业的成长而言,应该关注集群内组织生态结构和创业生态系统环境,以及新创企业成立后与本地母体企业的动态组织联系。同时,地方创业主体也是产业集群的积极塑造者。以珠江三角洲为例的研究表明,在核心城市(广州)的成熟集群内,新一代创业企业通过自主区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次;而在边缘城市(揭阳),本地企业的制度创业行为是集群升级的重要途径,本地创业家通过多地理尺度的认同反馈战略,吸引外部资源并构建跨地方的合作网络。最后对地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究内容和方法进行展望。     

地方创业与集群转型：一个理论整合的视角

在辨析地方创业概念和内涵的基础上,分析地方创业在集群发展不同阶段的作用和方式,并借鉴演化经济地理中最新的复杂理论,重点辨析在集群非线性发展过程中地方创业主体与集群结构的反馈过程,其中通过整合经济地理学中制度和关系转向的研究进展,提出必须特别关注在集群转型阶段地方创业主体的能动性,把地方创业过程看作创业家与集群内其他主体之间关系网络的制度-权力实践过程,这个实践过程的目的是为了使得新产业的技术范式和组织范式获得社会合理性,从而提高集群弹性,并促进集群转型和更新。     

地方城市的人口回流与移民战略——基于深圳-驻马店的调查研究

改革开放30 多年来,沿海大都市和内陆地方城市之间的发展差距不断拉大,其中人口流动是重要动因。因此,如何吸引人口回流,留住本地人才,是内陆地方城市未来发展的关键。在此背景下,以驻马店为案例地,通过实地调研和问卷访谈,探讨了在深圳市的驻马店籍人口的回流意愿,以及当前驻马店的人口回流状况,并重点对回流创业者与回流购房者的回流动因、地域选择、就业动向及预期等进行了调查分析。研究表明,以驻马店为代表的地方城市已出现了以U-turn 与I-turn 为主的人口回流现象,且回流人口大都从事或打算从事与之前就业行业相关的创业活动。已发现有两种主动回流类型,即创业回流和购房回流。其中,购房回流也可看作是创业回流的前奏,二者可理解为同一回流过程的两个阶段。如果地方政府能够做出积极的政策引导,回流人口及其带动的返乡经济可望成为地方城市摆脱发展困境的一个新战略。     

Getting Globalized: Urban Policy and Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg,Brooklyn

We hypothesize that as the "global city" label becomes ever more central to a city's identity, local urban government policy increasingly supports those economic sectors that city leaders see as being congruent with the global and increasingly undermines sectors that serve primarily local markets. Through an in-depth study of small-scale manufacturers in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, in New York City, we examine the extent to which and the ways in which local policy undermines otherwise healthy locally oriented businesses. We find that the City's assumption that urban manufacturing is a dying breed becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, largely via the City's own treatment of its manufacturing businesses. Through a lack of enforcement of zoning codes, zoning variances and rezoning initiatives, and more quotidian policies of harassment over noise and other quality of life complaints, the City is making it more difficult to do business for small-scale manufacturers. These policies then create a conventional wisdom that sees the City as a difficult place to start and grow a business.     

测量上海产业网络的点入度和点出度——超越后工业化社会的迷思

利用上海市2007年144个部门投入产出表,计算基于投入产出完全消耗系数的点入度和点出度,将产业划分为Ⅰ型（高点入度、高点出度）,Ⅱ型（低点入度、高点出度）,Ⅲ型（低点入度、低点出度）,Ⅳ型（高点入度、低点出度）。研究发现：① Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型制造业点入度均值分别比各类型服务业高0.52、0.45、0.04、0.27,表明制造业相对服务业具有更强的后向拉动效应。② Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型服务业点出度均值分别高于Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型制造业0.29、0.16,而Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型服务业点出度均值分别小于Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型制造业0.32、0.17,表明服务业的前向拉动效应存在着分异。③ Ⅰ型、Ⅳ型制造业及服务业的点出度对GDP均具有正向的相关性,提高对这些产业的使用有利于提升GDP。Ⅱ型服务业的点入度对GDP具有负向的相关性,点入度较低的房地产开发经营业、银行业、证券业GDP分别为该类服务业前3名。Ⅱ型服务业点出度、Ⅲ型制造业和服务业点入度和点出度对GDP的回归系数均未通过显著性检验。尽管制造业GDP占比下降,制造业仍在上海产业网络中发挥着重要的作用。上海应超越后工业化的迷思,降低对房地产业的依赖,加强制造业与服务业的融合发展,特别是加强金融对制造业等实体经济的支持,提升产业网络关联多样性和非关联多样性,促进航空、航天、机器人等新兴产业的发展。     

城市商务人士的行为活动特征

移动信息技术的使用和快速交通技术的出现对商务人士行为活动产生了较大影响。在这一新的技术背景下,商务活动的特征研究值得关注。以医疗器械行业某跨国公司的南京销售团队为例,采用GPS技术、活动日志、深度访谈等方法,获取该团队11位成员在连续7个工作日内的时空数据。经描述分析和模型分析发现:① 在商务活动过程中,快速交通技术和移动信息技术的使用具有共变关系,使承载商务活动的空间成为流空间的外在表现形式。② 交通技术间接影响商务活动,但影响程度比信息技术使用大,导致商务活动的空间破碎化。③ 信息技术使用对商务活动的影响是多方面的,包括直接影响和间接影响,具体表现在商务活动的时间破碎化。     

Small Business Ownership in Illinois: The Effect of Gender and Location on Entrepreneurial Success

Forty percent of all firms in the United States are owned and operated by women. At current growth rates, women could own 50% of the nation's businesses by the turn of the century. Women have been prompted to start their businesses for many reasons, including the desire to avoid gender‐based discrimination in the workplace. But female entrepreneurs who venture out on their own must still contend with gender discrimination. This study examines female entrepreneurship in Illinois through rural versus urban comparisons of male and female business owners. We surveyed 4,200 business owners to test the hypothesis that gender and geographic location combined to hinder the entrepreneurial success of women. Business owners were asked about personal attributes including gender, work experience, education, training, and prior career status. Entrepreneurs were also asked about firm characteristics such as financing sources, number of employees, revenues, problems encountered during startup, sector of new firm, geographic location, and the importance of selected community characteristics. Our results show that rural female entrepreneurs face more obstacles to business success than their male or urban female counterparts.     

Lawn People: How Grasses,Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are

Forty percent of all firms in the United States are owned and operated by women. At current growth rates, women could own 50% of the nation's businesses by the turn of the century. Women have been prompted to start their businesses for many reasons, including the desire to avoid gender-based discrimination in the workplace. But female entrepreneurs who venture out on their own must still contend with gender discrimination. This study examines female entrepreneurship in Illinois through rural versus urban comparisons of male and female business owners. We surveyed 4,200 business owners to test the hypothesis that gender and geographic location combined to hinder the entrepreneurial success of women. Business owners were asked about personal attributes including gender, work experience, education, training, and prior career status. Entrepreneurs were also asked about firm characteristics such as financing sources, number of employees, revenues, problems encountered during startup, sector of new firm, geographic location, and the importance of selected community characteristics. Our results show that rural female entrepreneurs face more obstacles to business success than their male or urban female counterparts.     

Promoting indigenous entrepreneurship through small-scale contract farming: The poultry sector in Sarawak, Malaysia

Studies have consistently shown that in the relatively unregulated environments of the global economic periphery contract farming has led to highly regressive socioeconomic outcomes. Contract farming is not inherently regressive for the small farm sector however. In the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, contract farming is used as part of an affirmative action programme that trains indigenous smallholders in commercial poultry production. The public sector quasi-market constructed by state purchasers and subsidiary suppliers is one that recognizes the smallholders' limited access to collateral and technical skills and their need to supplement rather than totally replace the incomes already derived from diverse agricultural and off-farm sources. The state-administered contract scheme is part of a broader national goal to eradicate poverty, raise rural incomes and ultimately, develop indigenous entrepreneurship. In the shorter and medium term, as the paper shows, the small-scale public contract scheme, which itself operates within the protected domestic poultry sector in Sarawak, is more likely to support disadvantaged 'bumiputra minorities' than produce a pool of competitive entrepreneurs.     

Migration and tourism entrepreneurship: North-European immigrants in Cataluna and Languedoc

This paper examines new North European immigration into two Mediterranean regions and identifies the characteristics of North European entrepreneurs who work in small tourist businesses. Data used for analyses were gathered from 169 questionnaires addressed to small tourism firms and other tourism-related businesses in Cataluna (Spain) and Languedo (France). Also, the North European entrepreneurs are examined within the context of new migration flows into South European regions from the north of the continent. As for the reasons for moving to these South European regions, company formation and the style of running the businesses are found to be less motivated by the need for work than by lifestyle considerations. The results suggest that international migration theory offers little to explain these new migratory flows.