AGB星s-过程核合成区域中子辐照量分布

介绍了AGB(Asymptotic Giant Brahch)星s-过程核合成区域中子辐照量分布的最新研究结果.然后将不同AGB星s-过程核合成模型给出的太阳系中子辐照量分布与由观测约束得出的结果进行对比,分析论证了最新研究结果的可靠性.     

小质量AGB星热脉冲阶段氟的核合成

本文计算并讨论了当13C以渐进注入方式进入氦燃烧壳层时，19F在小质量AGB星热脉冲中的核合成问题．采用小质量AGB星热脉冲的氢氦混合燃烧模型，中子源为13C（a,n）16O，质子则是脉冲开始时从氢燃烧壳层卷入的．对丰度的数值计算结果表明，在小质量AGB星的热脉冲中，19F是能够有效合成的，有效合成的温度T的范围为1．8≤D＜2．8（T8=T/108K）．采用小质量AGB星的挖掘模型，计算了AGB星大气中氟、氧等元素丰度的变化，较好地拟会了观测结果．对中子源的双脉冲机制，本文亦做了初步探讨．     

低质量AGB星He壳层内重元素核合成

以^13C（α,n)^16O和^22Ne(α，n）^25Mg作为双脉冲中子源，对于星族Ⅰ低质量AGB星，采用无分叉s-过程反应通道，结合最新恒星深化的计算结果，在各物理参量合理取值范围内，计算了He壳层内重元素核合成。结果表明，渐近分布时所需的脉冲数N0的范围是6－16个，渐近分布达到后，He壳层内重元素的丰度仅与平均中子辐照量τ0有关。与低质量AGB星相应的平均中子辐照量范围是τ0=0.15-1.0mb^-1。     

外赋AGB星星风吸积的角动量守恒模型

用整个系统的角动量守恒条件代替切向动量守恒条件,推导出星风质量吸积及轨道参量变化方程．在新的轨道参量变化方程的基础上,计算了外赋AGB星系统的星风质量吸积及轨道参量的变化．将星风吸积模型同内禀AGB星核合成模型结合起来,通过逐次脉冲吸积质量和混合,自洽地计算外赋AGB星的重元素超丰,并给出计算结果与观测值的比较．对初始质量较大的Ba星（M2．0＝2．5M⊙）,当系统轨道周期大于1300天时,属于星风吸积,小于600天成为共同包层双星或灾变双星．对初始质量较小的Ba星（M2．0＝13M⊙）,当系统轨道周期大于1600天时,属于星风吸积,小于600天时成为灾变双星,由此可以解释Ba星的重元素超丰和轨道参量的观测事实,并有利于解释观测到的外赋S星轨道周期的600天下限．随着星风吸积过程的进行,轨道偏心率逐渐增大,这对解释Ba星轨道偏心率平均值大于外赋S星和CH星平均值的观测事实有利．     

AGB星氦燃烧壳层源出现非稳定热核反应的判据

建立了热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源出现非稳定热核反应的判据,新判据包含 了丰富的物理信息,它不仅与热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源的几何性质有关,而且与氦燃 烧壳层源的力学、热学和化学的性质都有关． 提出了热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源非稳定热核反应的发生和消失的机理,它可表述 为:热脉动AGB星氦燃烧壳层源的局部区域出现对流不稳定区会触发非稳定热核反应的 发生,非稳定热核反应会促使氦燃烧壳层源急速膨胀,氦燃烧壳层源的急速几何形变会消 除非稳定热核反应． 用改进后的Kippenhahn恒星演化程序对5M(?)恒星进行了从主序星到热脉动AGB 星的演化模型计算,结果表明新判据能很好地反映5M(?)AGB星氦燃烧壳层源的热核反应 情况．并得出5M(?)热脉动AGB星在第6次热脉动周期阶段,被挖掘到热脉动AGB星 表面的元素主要是在温度lgT2／K<8．155和密度4．0相似文献   

2.8M⊙碳AGB星的形成和演化

在混合程对流理论基础上建立了湍流压的恒星结构与演化理论,以及在对流外壳中出现动力学非稳定性的判据。在此基础上研究了初始质量为2.8M⊙的星族I恒星从主序星到碳AGB星的质量非守恒演化。结果表明,在RGB星和AGB星阶段,靠近恒星表面区域内湍流压可以达到总压强的30％。且湍流压效应可能是导致RGB星和AGB星靠近表面区域产生了动力学非稳定性,从而造成物质向外逃逸的原因,我们认为湍流压效应可能就是造成有效温度低因而辐射压也低的RGB星产生强星风,以及AGB星产生超星风的物理原因,还发现当氦燃烧层源厚度与层源质量的比值小于0.04R⊙／M⊙时,层源内会出现热核反应的非稳定现象,即出现热脉动,且2.8M⊙AGB星经过6次热脉动后,恒星表面的C／O超过1,恒星演化成碳AGB星。     

AGB星核合成理论的研究进展

综述了近扯为ＡＧＢ星核合成的理论研究情况，包括轻，重核素核合成理论，ＡＧＢ星的分类，ＡＧＢ星的演化特征，ＡＧＢ星内的元素核合成理论的研究及外赋ＭＳ，Ｓ 双星吸积机制的研究情况。     

观测证据对小质量AGB星13C中子源的约束

¹³C(α,n)¹⁶O反应是小质量渐近巨星分支(asymptotic giant branch,AGB)星(M/M_⊙≤3,M和M_⊙分别表示AGB星的质量和太阳质量)内s过程(慢中子俘获过程)的主要中子源。在对流热脉冲间隔期间,一个储层(即所谓的“¹³C袋”)内的¹³C在辐射条件下(约8 keV)燃烧并释放中子。到目前为止,¹³C袋的物理形成过程仍远未被充分理解,因此¹³C袋的结构也一直无法被完全确定。在后处理核合成计算中,¹³C袋通常是利用观测数据通过自由的参数化来约束。从基本原理、主要效果及局限性等方面综述了不同观测证据对¹³C袋的约束作用,最后展望了¹³C中子源约束问题未来可能的研究方向。     

中等质量恒星在赫罗图中由E-AGB星进入TP-AGB星的分界点

通过对3～10 M_☉恒星在赫罗图上演化轨迹的研究,分析恒星内部氦壳层燃烧峰值处能量、密度、温度、氦壳层表面光度与恒星表面光度比及恒星半径的变化,给出了中等质量恒星由早期AGB星演化至热脉冲AGB星阶段在赫罗图上的分界点,与119颗碳星的观测结果吻合得相当好.同时提出:在恒星演化至该分界点之后,其星风物质损失公式可能需要引入一个与表面光度无关的量以主导超星风的形成.在此基础上,通过对考虑湍流压效应下5 M_☉恒星的结构和演化及星风物质损失率的分析,发现湍流压在热脉冲AGB星阶段对星风物质损失影响较大,从而使得热脉冲AGB星的湍流压不可忽略,进而提出了影响热脉冲AGB星星风物质损失的可能的物理因素.     

AGB星辐射s-过程核合成模型中子辐照量分布的计算方法和特点

考虑到模型参量随脉冲数的变化,推导出13C辐射燃烧的低质量AGB星s-过程核合成模型中子辐照量分布的计算方法,该方法具有普适性和简洁性.利用该方法,计算了3 M☉、太阳金属丰度恒星模型的中子辐照量分布.结果表明,若合理假设13C薄层内中子数密度均匀分布,则辐射核合成模型最终的中子辐照量分布趋近于指数分布.对于初始质量一定、金属丰度一定的恒星模型,平均中子辐照量τ0与每个脉冲的中子辐照量△τ存在确定的关系:τ0=0.434λ(q1,q2…qmmax+1,r1,r2…rmmax+1)△τ,式中mmax是带挖掘的脉冲总数,比例系数λ(q1,q2…qmmax+1,r1,r2…rmmax+1)可通过对最终中子辐照量分布的指数拟合得到.该式从中子辐照量分布角度定量地将经典模型和辐射s-过程核合成模型统一起来,使经典模型能为恒星模型核合成数值计算提供指导和约束.     

A Study on the Abundance Distribution of Heavy Elements in Metal-poor Stars by the Parameterization Method

Based on a large amount of observed data of element abundances in metal-poor stars, taking the abundance distribution of heavy elements in the solar system as a standard, and selecting Sr, Ba and Eu as the typical elements of the three nucleosynthetic processes in metal-poor stars, namely the weak sprocess, main s-process and r-process, we have studied the contributions of the three kinds of neutron-capture processes to the abundance distribution of heavy elements in metal-poor stars, with the parameterization method. It is found that the higher the metal abundance, the greater the contributions of the weak s-process and the chief s-process to the abundances of lighter neutron-capture elements. The heavier neutron-capture elements are mainly produced by the r-process and the chief s-process; and that at low metallicity, the abundances of heavy neutron-capture elements are mainly produced by the r-process. In the early Galaxy, the weak s-process has almost no contribution to the element abundance.     

A Theoretical Light-Curve Model for the 1999 Outburst of U Scorpii

We report the detection of the Pb i lambda4057.8 line in the very metal-poor (&sqbl0;Fe&solm0;H&sqbr0;=-2.7), carbon-rich star, LP 625-44. We determine the abundance of Pb (&sqbl0;Pb&solm0;Fe&sqbr0;=2.65) and 15 other neutron-capture elements. The abundance pattern between Ba and Pb agrees well with a scaled solar system s-process component, while the lighter elements (Sr-Zr) are less abundant than Ba. The enhancement of s-process elements is interpreted as a result of mass transfer in a binary system from a previous asymptotic giant branch (AGB) companion, an interpretation strongly supported by radial velocity variations of this system. The detection of Pb makes it possible, for the first time, to compare model predictions of s-process nucleosynthesis in AGB stars with observations of elements between Sr and Pb. The Pb abundance is significantly lower than the prediction of recent models (e.g., Gallino et al.), which succeeded in explaining the metallicity dependence of the abundance ratios of light s-elements (Sr-Zr) to heavy ones (Ba-Dy) found in previously observed s-process-enhanced stars. This suggests that one should either (1) reconsider the underlying assumptions concerning the (13)C-rich s-processing site ((13)C pocket) in the present models or (2) investigate alternative sites of s-process nucleosynthesis in very metal-poor AGB stars.     

Orbital elements of the mild and strong barium stars formed through a wind accretion scenario

Taking account of the metallicity dependence of the s-process nucleosynthesis in the AGB stars, we adopted the wind accretion model with the condition of total angular momentum conservation and used the Monte-Carlo method to study the variations and the distributions of the orbital elements of the mild and strong Ba stars. The calculated results show that the level of heavy-element overabundance in a Ba star depends on the orbital period. Since there is a strong dependence of s-process yields on the initial stellar metallicity of the AGB star and a strong increase of the s-process yields in AGB stars with decreasing metallicity, the calculated results strongly suggest that the initial metallicity of the Ba star systems is another important parameter for the level of heavy-element overabundance in a Ba star. The strong Ba stars generally have lower metallicities than mild Ba stars. The masses of AGB progenitor and Ba star are other two parameters which also have some impact on the heavy-element overabundance in the Ba star.     

Evolution of the distribution of neutron exposures in the Galaxy disc: An analytical model

In this work, based on the analytical model with delayed production approximation developed by Pagel & Tautvaišienė (1995) for the Galaxy, the analytic solutions of the distribution of neutron exposures of the Galaxy (hereafter NEG) are obtained. The present results appear to reasonably reproduce the distribution of neutron exposures of the solar system (hereafter NES). The strong component and the main component of the NES are built up in different epochs. Firstly, the strong component is produced by the s-process nucleosynthesis in the metal-poor AGB stars, starting from [Fe/H] ≈ −1.16 to [Fe/H] ≈ −0.66, corresponding to the time interval 1.06 < t < 2.6 Gyr. Secondly, the main component is produced by the s-process in the galactic disk AGB stars, starting from [Fe/H] ≈ −0.66 to [Fe/H] ≈ 0, corresponding to the time interval t > 2.6 Gyr. The analytic solutions have the advantage of an understanding of the structure and the properties of the NEG. The NEG is believed to be an effective tool to study the s-process element abundance distributions in the Galaxy at different epochs and the galactic chemical evolution of the neutron-capture elements.     

The origin of the lead-rich stars in the Galactic halo: investigation of model parameters for the s-process

Several stars at the low-metallicity extreme of the Galactic halo show large spreads of lead and associated 'heavy' s-process elements ([Pb/hs]). Theoretically, an s-process pattern should be obtained from an AGB star with a fixed metallicity and initial mass. For the third dredge-up and the s-process model, several important properties depend primarily on the core mass of AGB stars. Zijlstra reported that the initial-to-final mass relation steepens at low metallicity, due to low mass-loss efficiency. This might affect the model parameters of the AGB stars, e.g. the overlap factor and the neutron irradiation time, in particular at low metallicity. The calculated results do indeed show that the overlap factor and the neutron irradiation time are significantly small at low metallicities, especially for  3.0 M_⊙ AGB  stars. The scatter of [Pb/hs] found in low metallicities can therefore be explained naturally when varying the initial mass of the low-mass AGB stars.     

CEMP星HE1005-1439中子俘获元素天体物理来源的研究

HE1005-1439是一颗金属丰度极低([Fe/H] ~ - 3.0)的碳增丰贫金属星(Carbon Enhanced Metal-Poor,CEMP), 该星的s-过程元素显著超丰([Ba/Fe] = 1.16±0.31, [Pb/Fe] = 1.98±0.19), 而r-过程元素温和超丰([Eu/Fe] = 0.46±0.22), 使用单一的s-过程模型和i-过程模型均不能拟合该星中子俘获丰度分布. 采用丰度分解的方法探究该星化学元素的天体物理来源可有助于理解CEMP星的形成和化学演化. 利用s-过程和r-过程的混合模型对其中子俘获元素的丰度分布进行拟合, 发现该星的中子俘获元素主要来源于低质量低金属丰度AGB伴星的s-过程核合成, 而r-过程核合成也有贡献.     

Puzzling Origin of CEMP-r/s Stars: An Interpretation of Abundance and Enrichment of s- and r-Process Elements from Asymptotic Giant Branch Supernovae

CEMP-r/s stars at low metallicity are known as double-enhanced stars that show enhancements of both r-process and s-process elements. The chemical abundances of these very metal-poor stars provide us a lot of information for putting new restraints on models of neutron-capture processes. In this article, we put forward an accreted scenario in which the double enrichment of r-process and s-process elements is caused by a former intermediate-mass Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) companion in a detached binary system. As the AGB superwind is only present at the ultimate phase of AGB stars, there is thus a lot of potential that the degenerate-core mass of an intermediate-mass AGB star reaches the Chandrasekhar limit before the AGB superwind. In these circumstances, both s-process elements produced in the AGB shell and r-process elements synthesized in the subsequent explosion would be sprayed contemporaneously and accreted by its companion. Despite similarity to physical conditions of a core-collapse supernova, a major focus in this scenario is the degenerate C–O core surrounded by an envelope of a former intermediate-mass AGB donor that may collapse and explode. Due to the existence of an outer envelope, r-process nucleosynthesis is expected to occur. Hypothesizing the material-rich europium (Eu) accreted by the secondary via the wind from the supernova to be in proportion to the geometric fraction of the companion with respect to the exploding donor star, we find that the estimated yield of Eu (as representative of r-process elements) per AGB supernova event is about 1 × 10^?9 M _⊙ ～ 5 × 10^?9 M _⊙. Using the yields of Eu, the overabundance of r-process elements in CEMP-r/s stars can be accounted for. The calculated results show that the value of parameter f , standing for efficiency of wind pollution from the AGB supernova, will reach about 10⁴, which means that the enhanced factor is much larger than unity due to the impact of gravity of the donor and the result of the gravitational focusing effect of the companion.     

Abundances of metal-weak thick-disc candidates

High-resolution spectra of five candidate metal-weak thick-disc stars suggested by Beers & Sommer-Larsen are analysed to determine their chemical abundances. The low abundance of all the objects has been confirmed, with metallicity reaching [Fe/H]=−2.9. However, for three objects the astrometric data from the Hipparcos catalogue suggest they are true halo members. The remaining two, for which proper-motion data are not available, may have disc-like kinematics. It is therefore clear that it is useful to address properties of putative metal-weak thick-disc stars only if they possess full kinematic data. For CS 22894−19 an abundance pattern similar to those of typical halo stars is found, suggesting that chemical composition is not a useful discriminant between thick-disc and halo stars. CS 29529−12 is found to be C-enhanced with [C/Fe]=+1.0; other chemical peculiarities involve the s-process elements: [Sr/Fe]=−0.65 and [Ba/Fe]=+0.62, leading to a high [Ba/Sr], considerably larger than that found in more metal-rich carbon-rich stars, but similar to those in LP 706-7 and LP 625-44, discussed by Norris et al. Hipparcos data have been used to calculate the space velocities of 25 candidate metal-weak thick-disc stars, thus allowing us to identify three bona fide members, which support the existence of a metal-poor tail of the thick disc, at variance with a claim to the contrary by Ryan & Lambert.     

Light element abundances in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars

We model the evolution of the abundances of light elements in carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, under the assumption that such stars are formed by mass transfer in a binary system. We have modelled the accretion of material ejected by an asymptotic giant branch star on to the surface of a companion star. We then examine three different scenarios: one in which the material is mixed only by convective processes, one in which thermohaline mixing is present and a third in which both thermohaline mixing and gravitational settling are taken in to account. The results of these runs are compared to light element abundance measurements in CEMP stars (primarily CEMP- s stars, which are rich in s -processes elements and likely to have formed by mass transfer from an AGB star), focusing on the elements Li, F, Na and Mg. None of the elements is able to provide a conclusive picture of the extent of mixing of accreted material. We confirm that lithium can only be preserved if little mixing takes place. The bulk of the sodium observations suggest that accreted material is effectively mixed but there are also several highly Na and Mg-rich objects that can only be explained if the accreted material is unmixed. We suggest that the available sodium data may hint that extra mixing is taking place on the giant branch, though we caution that the data are sparse.