An Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcanic arc in North Tianshan,NW China: Geochronological and geochemical evidence from volcanic rocks

The Late Paleozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks are widespread in the North Tianshan along the north margin of the Yili block. They consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, trachyandesite, dacite, rhyolite, tuff, and tuffaceous sandstone. According to zircon sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) dating, the age of the Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks in Tulasu basin in western part of North Tianshan is constrained to be Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous (417–356 Ma), rather than Early Carboniferous as accepted previously. Geochemical characteristics of the Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcanic rocks are similar to those of arc volcanic rocks, which suggest that these volcanic rocks could be the major constituents of a continental arc formed by the southward subduction of North Tianshan Oceanic lithosphere. Geochemical studies indicate that the magma source of the volcanic rocks might be the mantle wedge mixed with subduction fluid, which is geochemically enriched than primitive mantle but depleted than E-MORB. The calculation shows that the basalt could be formed by ∼10% partial melting of subduction fluid modified mantle wedge. Andesites with high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7094–0.7104) and negative εNd(t) (−4.45 to −4.79) values reveal the contribution of continental crust to its source. The calculation of assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) shows that the fractional crystallization process of the basaltic magma, which was accompanied with assimilation by different degree of continental crust, produced andesite (7–9%), dacite (∼12%) and rhyolite (>20%).     

粤东地区侏罗纪代表性剖面火山岩成因：对古太平洋板块俯冲早阶段的地质响应

通常认为中国东南部大规模分布的白垩纪火成岩是古太平洋板块俯冲作用晚阶段的产物,而俯冲过程早阶段的地质响应形式尚不明确。研究针对中国东南部侏罗纪火山岩规模最大的粤东地区代表性剖面开展了年代学及岩石成因研究,锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明该地区侏罗纪火山岩断续形成于192~183 Ma（嵩灵组）、177~163 Ma（吉岭湾组）和162~156 Ma（高基坪群）。结合前人研究数据,中国东南部晚中生代火山岩表现出沿粤东—闽东—浙东南方向的年轻化趋势。锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析表明,粤东地区侏罗纪火山岩主要源于古元古代地壳基底物质的重熔,并有不同程度的亏损幔源物质贡献,从早侏罗世到晚侏罗世亏损幔源物质贡献的比例呈现出由高到低的规律性变化。粤东地区侏罗纪火山岩岩石成因的规律性变化暗示了地壳应力环境的伸展程度逐渐减弱,对应了古太平洋板块的前进式俯冲。综合分析表明,粤东地区侏罗纪火山岩是古太平洋板块俯冲早阶段的地质产物,反映古太平洋板块俯冲作用开始于早侏罗世左右。     

Early Devonian suprasubduction ophiolites of the southern Urals

The composition of ophiolites widespread in the southern Urals shows that they were formed in a suprasubduction setting. Low-Ti and high-Mg sheeted dikes and volcanic rocks vary from basalt to andesite, and many varieties belong to boninite series. The rocks of this type extend as a 600-km tract. The volcanic rocks contain chert interbeds with Emsian conodonts. Plagiogranites localized at the level of the sheeted dike complex and related to this complex genetically are dated at 400 Ma. The ophiolites make up a base of thick islandarc volcanic sequence. The composition of the igneous rocks and the parameters of their metamorphism indicate that subduction and ascent of a mantle plume participated in their formation. The nonstationary subduction at the intraoceanic convergent plate boundary developed, at least, from the Middle Ordovician.     

白乃庙岛弧东段早古生代火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

白乃庙群岛弧火山岩分布于兴蒙造山带南缘,是古亚洲洋与华北板块之间早古生代俯冲作用的岩浆记录,但以往工 作多集中在西段而较少关注其东延部分。本文对白乃庙岛弧带东段新识别出的早古生代火山岩进行了系统研究,以完善对 古亚洲洋早古生代演化的认识。白乃庙岛弧东段火山岩包括中-基性及酸性两种岩石类型,火山岩均富Cs,Rb,Th,U, 亏损Nb,Ta 等高场强元素,轻稀土富集,具有变化的Eu 异常。地球化学数据显示中-基性火山岩来源于俯冲板片熔体交 代的地幔熔融,并可能有大洋沉积物的加入,而酸性岩浆则来源于流体交代的下地壳。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年表明, 酸性及中-基性火山岩形成年代分别为430.5 Ma 和417.6 Ma,前者产出于俯冲岛弧环境,后者则可能为造山后环境下形成 的滞后型弧岩浆岩。年龄数据对比显示东段火山岩的形成年代晚于西段的白乃庙群地层,同时构造变质程度也更低,两者 的这种差异反映了东西两侧地质演化历史的不同,即早古生代古亚洲洋自西向东逐渐关闭。     

小兴安岭西北部红彦地区早石炭世火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

小兴安岭红彦地区发育一套早石炭世火山岩.这套火山岩由玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩及凝灰岩组成.岩石地球化学特征研究表明,该区早石炭世火山岩属于典型的钙碱系列岩石,并具有富钾特点,相对富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=4.19～ 13.83)和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),具有活动大陆边缘型火山岩的特点.认为红彦地区早石炭世火山岩起源于富集的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,岩浆在演化过程中以结晶分异作用为主,伴有少量的地壳混染作用,即AFC过程.结合区域构造认为红彦地区早石炭世火山岩形成于碰撞前的俯冲环境,可能与额尔古纳-兴安地块与松嫩地块的碰撞拼合密切相关.     

Crustal Contamination of Early Cretaceous Magmatic Rocks of the Western Transbaikal Rifting Zone

Results of isotope Sr, Ns, and O analyses of volcanic rocks from the Uda sector of the West Transbaikal Rift Zone have allowed estimation of the character of interaction of their parental mantle melts with crustal rocks. The smallest magnitude of this interaction has been found in the compositions of Late Cretaceous (83–70 Ma) volcanics, the geochemical and isotope markers of which suggest their derivation from a moderately enriched mantle compositionally resembling OIB sources. The Early Cretaceous volcanics were derived from mantle sources that included a mantle enriched by subduction. While ascending through the crust, the parental melts of the Uda Complex (130–111 Ma) were contaminated by the lower crust matter. The Zazin Complex magmas (143–135 Ma) have features suggesting their interaction with upper crustal granitoids of the Angara–Vitim Batholith.

     

闽西南早侏罗世火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和Sr-Nd同位素特征及其地质意义

华南陆缘在湘南、湘东南、赣南及闽西南地区早中生代发育一条呈近EW向展布的火山岩带,闽西南永定堂堡和五湖藩坑组火山岩是其中的典型代表之一,利用锆石U-Pb测定其形成年龄分别为（189±6）~（195±2）Ma和184±2 Ma,是早侏罗世火山喷发形成的.为了解闽西南早侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源及形成构造背景等信息,对火山岩进行了岩石学鉴定、主量、微量元素地球化学特征和Sr-Nd同位素测试分析.藩坑组火山岩基性和酸性端员戴里间断达20左右,是典型的双峰式火山岩.基性端员玄武岩（碱玄岩）主量元素高TiO₂、高TFe₂O₃（全铁）,（Rb/Sr）_N、（La/Nb）_N、（Ba/Nb）_N和（Rb/Yb）_N的比值均高于原始地幔值,具有∑REE较高、轻稀土富集,δEu有微弱异常的特征,I_sr值在0.704 4~0.707 5之间,ε_Nd（t）介于-1.19~4.30,说明岩浆源可能为较深的软流圈地幔,同时存在部分来自岩石圈地幔的组分.酸性端员流纹岩（英安岩）（Rb/Sr）_N和（Rb/Yb）_N比值均高于原始地幔值,（Ba/Nb）_N比值全部低于原始地幔值,（La/Nb）_N既有高值也有低值.具有∑REE较高、轻稀土富集、δEu存在异常的特征.I_sr值在0.701 2~0.705 3之间,ε_Nd（t）介于-5.40~-1.95,说明岩浆物质来源为壳幔混熔型,主要为壳源成因,但有幔源组分参与.闽西南早侏罗世双峰式火山岩形成于板内靠近大陆边缘的特殊构造位置,受到古太平洋板块的低角度俯冲-弧后伸展-玄武岩浆底侵作用影响.      

Early Proterozoic Evolution of the Alto Jauru Greenstone Belt,Southern Amazonian Craton,Brazil

The Alto Jauru Greenstone Belt in west-central Brazil comprises three belts of Early Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary sucessions that were invaded by Early to Middle Proterozoic intrusions, including tonalites, gabbros, and granites. Volcanic rocks represent a bimodal suite with ultrabasic-basic rocks of komatiitic-tholeiitic affinities at the base and intermediate-felsic calc-alkaline lavas and pyroclastic units on the top. Chemical differences exist between basic volcanic rocks from the Jauru Belt and those from the Cabacal Belt, but the volcanic rocks and the Cabacal Tonalite appear to be related to an island-arc environment and possibly were generated from the same mantle source. The volcanic-volcanoclastic sequence in the Jauru Belt hosts important deformed, gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits.     

黑河新生地区早白垩世花岗质岩石的锆石U——Pb 年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

黑河新生地区位于大、小兴安岭的结合部,其早白垩世岩浆活动频繁,主要岩石类型为花岗斑岩、花岗闪长岩。地球化学特征显示这些岩石为高钾钙碱性系列的I 型花岗岩,富集大离子亲石元素 ( LILE) 而亏损高场强元素( HFSE) 。LA--ICPMS 锆石U--Pb 年龄测定结果表明,花岗斑岩的形成时代为118. 1 ± 1. 5 Ma,花岗闪长岩的形成时代为112. 8 ± 0. 9 Ma,这与该区广泛分布的早白垩世火山岩形成时代一致。Hf 同位素成分特征表明,岩体的源岩为中-新元古代时期由亏损地幔起源的火成岩。结合岩石学特征和邻区其他地质资料,认为黑河新生地区早白垩世花岗岩的形成与古太平洋板块的俯冲作用有关。     

大兴安岭中段早三叠世O型埃达克岩的发现及其大地构造意义

为了研究大兴安岭中段地区早三叠世的构造背景问题,以下三叠统哈达陶勒盖组火山岩为研究对象,通过野外观测和X射线荧光光谱分析法、等离子质谱法分别对样品的主量、微量元素进行了测试.结果显示哈达陶勒盖组火山岩是一套中酸性钙碱系列岩石组合,具有高Sr、低Yb与Y和高Sr/Y的特点,为钠质（O型）埃达克岩.结合区域资料认为,古亚洲洋于早三叠世时期闭合的碰撞应力使贺根山-嫩江-黑河构造带活化,推动构造带内年轻地壳由南向北俯冲,进而推动古生代残留洋壳向更深的地幔插入,在此过程中加热并熔融、喷出地表形成哈达陶勒盖组埃达克岩,并在山间盆地沉积了湖相碎屑堆积-老龙头组.      

Revisiting Early–Middle Jurassic igneous activity in the Nanling Mountains,South China: Geochemistry and implications for regional geodynamics

Early–Middle Jurassic igneous rocks (190–170 Ma) are distributed in an E–W-trending band within the Nanling Tectonic Belt, and have a wide range of compositions but are only present in limited volumes. This scenario contrasts with the uniform but voluminous Middle–Late Jurassic igneous rocks (165–150 Ma) in this area. The Early–Middle Jurassic rocks include oceanic-island basalt (OIB)-type alkali basalts, tholeiitic basalts and gabbros, bimodal volcanic rocks, syenites, A-type granites, and high-K calc–alkaline granodiorites. Geochemical and isotopic data indicate that alkaline and tholeiitic basalts and syenites were derived from melting of the asthenospheric mantle, with asthenosphere-derived magmas mixing with variable amounts of magmas derived from melting of metasomatized lithospheric mantle. In comparison, A-type granites in the study area were probably generated by shallow dehydration-related melting of hornblende-bearing continental crustal rocks that were heated by contemporaneous intrusion of mantle-derived basaltic magmas, and high-K calc-alkaline granodiorites resulted from the interaction between melts from upwelling asthenospheric mantle and the lower crust. The Early–Middle Jurassic magmatic event is spatially variable in terms of lithology, geochemistry, and isotopic systematics. This indicates that the deep mantle sources of the magmas that formed these igneous rocks were significantly heterogeneous, and magmatism had a gradual decrease in the involvement of the asthenospheric mantle from west to east. These variations in composition and sourcing of magmas, in addition to the spatial distribution and the thermal structure of the crust–mantle boundary during this magmatic event, indicates that these igneous rocks formed during a period of rifting after the Indosinian Orogeny rather than during subduction of the paleo-Pacific oceanic crust.     

大兴安岭早白垩世火山岩的时空分布特征

为进一步了解大兴安岭早白垩世火山岩与古太平洋构造关系,通过大兴安岭地区1:100万地质编图工作,对大兴安岭中生代火山地层进行了重新厘定.依据岩石组合、古生物、接触关系及区域对比,结合年代学（锆石U-Pb、40Ar/39Ar测年数据、古生物）资料在原晚侏罗世火山岩中解体出大量的早白垩世早期火山岩（145~130 Ma）.通过岩石组合、时空展布分析,探讨了大兴安岭地区145~100 Ma形成的早白垩世火山岩与古太平洋构造的成因关系.研究表明,早白垩世早期火山岩（145~130Ma）和早白垩世晚期火山岩（130~100 Ma）均呈NNE向展布,空间上具有密切的共生关系.火山岩时代总体具有由北西向南东变新趋势,与古太平洋板块早白垩世向东亚大陆下的后退式俯冲作用吻合,记录了早白垩世伊泽奈岐板块向东亚大陆俯冲事件,表明大兴安岭早白垩世火山岩（145~100 Ma）主要形成于伊泽奈岐板块向东亚大陆俯冲背景下.      

Early Palaeoproterozoic volcanism of the Karelian Craton: age,sources, and geodynamic setting

A combined study of major and trace elements, Nd isotopes, and U-Pb systematics has been conducted for the early Palaeoproterozoic (Sumian) volcanic rocks and granites localized in different portions of the Karelian Craton. SHRIMP dating of zircons from the Sumian basalts indicates an emplacement age of 2423 ± 31 Ma, which constrains the lower age boundary of the early Palaeoproterozoic sequence at the Karelian Craton. The early Palaeoproterozoic mafic volcanic rocks of the Karelian Craton show practically no lateral geochemical and isotope-geochemical variations. The rocks bear signs of crustal contamination, in particular Nb and Ti negative anomalies, light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment, and nonradiogenic Nd isotope composition. However, some correlations between incompatible element ratios suggest that the crustal signatures were mainly inherited from mantle sources metasomatized during a previous subduction event. En route to the surface, melts presumably experienced only insignificant contamination by crustal material. Felsic rocks do not define common trends with mafic rocks and were formed independently. They exhibit higher REE contents, large-ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment, and extremely wide variations in Nd isotope composition, which clearly demonstrates a considerable contribution of heterogeneous basement to their formation. Geochemically, the felsic rocks of the Karelian Craton correspond to A2-type granites and were formed by melting of crustal rocks in an anorogenic setting. Their possible sources are Archaean sanukitoid-type granitoids and Archaean granite gneisses. The high Yb content and pronounced Eu anomaly imply that they were generated from a garnet-free pyroxene – plagioclase source at shallow depths. By the Palaeoproterozoic, the older Vodlozero block was colder than the Central Domain, which facilitated the development of the brittle deformations and faulting and, correspondingly, rapid magma ascent to the surface without melting of crustal rocks. This resulted in the absence of felsic rocks and the formation of more primitive basalts in this area.     

Geochemical character and tectonic significance of Early Devonian keratophyres in the New England Fold Belt,eastern Australia

Extrusive and high level intrusive Early Devonian keratophyres are the oldest in situ igneous rocks in the Tamworth Block of the New England Fold Belt of eastern Australia. They show extensive evidence of degradation, including the destruction of magmatic phases, the growth of low grade metamorphic minerals, and changes in composition involving the dilution of elemental abundances in response to silica addition. Relations between the less mobile minor and trace elements, and limited data on clinopyroxene compositions, lead to the conclusion that these Early Devonian volcanic rocks are mostly calc‐alkaline volcanic arc andesites with minor dacite. These rocks unconformably overlie a sequence of Early Palaeozoic forearc basin deposits, indicating that the Early Devonian marks a period of readjustment of tectonic elements within the New England Fold Belt, associated with a marked east‐directed stepping out of the magmatic arc. Generation of the keratophyres in a subduction zone environment limits the position of the trench to 100 km east of the Peel Fault System.     

松辽盆地南部早白垩世火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因

对松辽盆地南部早白垩世火石岭组和营城组火山岩进行的岩石地球化学研究表明,火石岭组火山岩主要以玄武质粗面安山岩和粗安岩为主,存在少量粗面英安岩,其Si O2=53.8%~68.6wt%、K2O+Na2O=7.70%~9.59%、Mg#=26.72~33.89,以富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(LILEs,如Rb、Ba、Th、U等),亏损重稀土和高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti、P等)为特征,这些特征与俯冲带火山岩类似。营城组火山岩以流纹岩为主,存在少量的玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和英安岩,基性端元具有低硅(Si O2=49.3%~56.6%)、低碱(K2O+Na2O=4.57%~6.60%)、富镁(Mg#=33.49~59.51)的特征,主要属于钙碱性系列,暗示其原始岩浆主要来源于地幔;酸性端元的Si O2=65.4%~74.9%,K2O+Na2O=3.23%~7.75%,低镁(Mg#=21.76~39.18)。营城组火山岩稀土配分型式呈右倾型,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土和高场强元素,与俯冲环境火山岩相似。其中,营城组流纹岩地球化学特征类似A型花岗岩,暗示形成于伸展环境。结合区域研究成果,认为松辽盆地南部早白垩世火山岩的形成与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆之下的俯冲作用有关。火石岭组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘环境,营城组火山岩的形成与岩石圈拆沉作用引发的伸展背景有关。     

大兴安岭中部柴河——蘑菇气地区早白垩世中性火山岩岩石成因及构造背景

大兴安岭中部柴河—蘑菇气地区早白垩世中性火山岩岩相学研究表明,其主要岩石组合为安山岩、英安岩、安山质晶屑凝灰熔岩、凝灰角砾熔岩等,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示其形成于140~130Ma之间。岩石主量元素具有富钾钠、富铝,贫镁的特点,属高钾钙碱性岩石。相对富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,无明显的Eu异常,微量元素主要富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、K、LREE)和Ba、Sr元素,亏损高场强元素(Ta、Nb、P、Ti)。地球化学特征指示,这些早白垩世中性火山岩来源于新元古代和古生代期间新增生的下地壳玄武质岩石的部分熔融,并可能受到早先俯冲事件带来的流体的影响,形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合陆壳加厚之后的岩石圈伸展环境。     

中部拉萨地体南侧吉瓦地区早白垩世则弄群火山岩的发现及意义

西藏尼玛县吉瓦地区措勤-多瓦后陆拗陷带内分布的火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为120.3~126.5Ma左右,重新厘定为早白垩世则弄群,否定了前人归属为上新世乌郁群(N2wy)及始新世帕那组(E2p)的认识。岩石以酸性火山岩为主,中基性火山岩为辅,酸性岩类主要为火山碎屑岩类和熔岩类,典型岩石类型为流纹质熔结凝灰岩和流纹岩等,中基性岩主要为玄武安山岩,安山玄武岩等,杏仁构造普遍发育。研究区大量的流纹质熔结凝灰岩的出现反映了吉瓦地区的火山岩主要为陆相火山喷发形成。地球化学特征显示轻稀土富集,负Eu异常明显,富集K、Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素。酸性火山岩具有A型花岗质岩浆岩特征,基性岩具有板内玄武岩亲缘性,这一特征可能与班公湖-怒江洋壳岩石圈南向俯冲过程中发生的板片断离有关。中部拉萨地体南侧早白垩世火山岩的发现,使班公湖-怒江洋壳南向俯冲在晚侏罗世-早白垩世的岩浆活动在原来的基础上向南延伸70~80km,火山岩地层时代的重新归位对研究冈底斯带早白垩世地球动力学背景及建立地质年代学格架提供了新的约束资料,具有重要的科学意义。吉瓦地区早白垩世则弄群火山岩可能受到了班公湖-怒江特提斯洋壳向南、雅鲁藏布江洋壳向北的双向俯冲制约。     

Oligocene–Miocene geodynamic evolution of the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Arc of Iran

Basic volcanic rocks from Tafresh, west Kashan, and west Nain volcanic successions in the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage (UDMA) of Iran yield K–Ar ages ranging from 26.8 to 18.2 Ma. These ages indicate significant Late Oligocene–Early Miocene basic volcanism in the UDMA. These ages, combined with K–Ar ages of 26.0 and 14.1 Ma, respectively, for associated low-silica and high-silica adakites, help constrain reconstructions of the UDMA geodynamic evolution. Late Oligocene–Early Miocene slab roll-back associated with an asthenospheric mantle influx are suggested as the major processes responsible for concurrent volcanism showing Nb–Ta-depleted, Nb–Ta-enriched and low-silica adakite signatures. Slab roll-back, the likely consequence of a decrease in subduction velocity, led to partial melting of the subducted slab and produced Early–Middle Miocene high-silica (dacitic) adakites. Oligocene to Miocene volcanic rocks do not conform to the Oligocene continental collisional model for the UDMA, rather they suggest a decrease in the subduction rate that prompted the asthenospheric mantle influx.     

西天山乔霍特铜矿成矿背景与矿床成因探讨

本文对西天山乔霍特铜矿的围岩火山岩、矿化火山岩和矿石的主、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征进行了详细研究,并对呈小岩株状侵入到火山岩地层中的辉绿岩进行了单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb精确定年.研究表明,围岩火山岩为形成于岛弧区弧后拉张环境中的钙碱性火山岩,系受俯冲带中流体交代的地幔源区通过岩浆结晶分异而来,乔霍特铜矿成矿物质与围岩火山岩具有相同的物质来源.辉绿岩单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得281.0±1.9Ma年龄,结合前人研究成果,我们认为:奥陶纪或更早时期,南天山洋向北侧中天山地体下俯冲,在乔霍特地区形成岛弧带,奥陶纪晚期(约450Ma)具Ⅰ型花岗岩性质的岩浆侵位,形成了出露于矿区南侧的花岗闪长岩体;中-晚志留世(约430Ma),在浅海相岛弧区弧后盆地中火山喷发形成了巴音布鲁克组火山岩,与火山岩同期的火山喷流-沉积作用形成了乔霍特铜矿初始矿源层;志留纪后,南天山洋持续向北俯冲,于石炭纪末最终闭合,大洋岛弧火山与中天山古老陆块碰撞拼接,281Ma的辉绿岩呈小岩株状侵入到围岩火山岩地层中,初始矿体伴随南天山洋的持续俯冲及西天山增生造山作用受到了强烈的构造叠加改造,最终形成了空间上呈近东西向成群、成带与主控矿断裂近平行展布的矿体.乔霍特铜矿系发育于造山带中的VMS型矿床,应属火山喷流沉积+后期构造热液叠加改造型铜矿,是南天山洋俯冲、闭合及西天山增生造山综合作用的结果.     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Yeba Formation on the Gangdise Magmatic Arc, Tibet

The Early Jurassic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Yeba Formation, situated between Lhasa, Dagzê and Maizhokunggar, composed of metabasalt, basaltic ignimbrite, dacite, silicic tuff and volcanic breccia, are an important volcanic suite for the study of the tectonic evolution of the Gangdise magmatic arc and the Mesozoic Tethys. Based on systematic field investigations, we carried out geochemical studies on representative rock samples. Major and trace element compositions were analyzed for these rock samples by XRF and ICP-MS respectively, and an isotope analysis of Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd was carried out by a MAT 262 mass spectrograph. The results show that the SiO2 contents in lava rocks are 41 %-50.4 % and 64 %-69 %, belonging to calc-alkaline basalt and dacite. One notable feature of the basalt is its low TiO2 content, 0.66 %-1.01 %, much lower than those of continental tholeiite. The ΣREE contents of basalt and dacite are 60.3-135 μg/g and 126.4-167.9 μg/g respectively. Both rocks have similar REE and other trace element characteristics, with enriched LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFS, similar REE patterns without Eu anomaly. The basalts have depleted Ti, Ta and Nb and slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb*＝0.54-1.17 averaging 0.84. The dacites have depleted P and Ti and also slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb*＝0.74-1.06 averaging 0.86. Major and trace elemental and isotopic studies suggest that both basalt and dacite originated from the partial melting of the mantle wedge at different degrees above the subduction zone. The spinal lherzolite in the upper mantle is likely to be their source rocks, which might have been affected by the selective metasomatism of fluids with crustal geochemistry. The LILE contents of both rocks were affected by metamorphism at later stages. The Yeba bimodal volcanic rocks formed in a temporal extensional situation in a mature island arc resulting from the Indosinian Gangdise magmatic arc.