大鹏澳浮游植物现存量和初级生产力及N∶P值对其生长的影响

2001年7月测定大鹏澳表层叶绿素a含量为2.61—19.87mg·m-3,初级生产力为404.08—1097.25mgC·(m2·d)-1,N∶P值远高于Redfield比值16。回归分析表明,该水域浮游植物的现存量或生长量并不受某个单一因子调控。在营养盐加富试验中,加入含有P系列的浮游植物增殖速度最快,揭示P是此时大鹏澳浮游植物的潜在限制因子。将大鹏澳浮游植物水样置于不同的N∶P值环境中进行实验,结果表明,浮游植物在N∶P值为30的梯度组中生物量最高,浮游植物生物多样性程度也最高,其次是N∶P值为16和8的梯度组。N∶P值为30的梯度组的浮游植物优势种的时间变化最稳定。     

大鹏澳水域秋季浮游植物优势种的演替及其与春季的比较

根据2002年11月在亚大湾大鹏澳进行的连续30d(每日采样一次)观测资料，运用主成分分析和多元回归分析相结合方法，分析大鹏澳非养殖区中各浮游植物优势种之间的关系及影响其生长与演替的主要理化因子．建立秋季浮游植物优势种演替模型，并与春季的大鹏澳现场调查建立的浮游植物优势种演替模型进行比较，分析生境变化(降雨)对浮游植物优势种演替过程的影响。结果表明，春，秋季浮游植物优势种发生不同的演替过程。春季浮游植物对资源的竞争较为激烈，大量降雨引起海水中营养盐浓度升高，促进并维持中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)高密度生长，待营养盐被大量消耗后，中肋骨条藻数量下降，减轻了对柔弱菱形藻(Nitzschia delicatissima)的生长压力而使其成为优势种；而秋季水温较低，浮游植物细胞数量较春季大为减少，中肋骨条藻和柔弱菱形藻对资源的竞争较为缓和，使外界环境变化成为影响优势种变化的主要原因；降雨期间虽然营养盐增加，但环境变化使浮游植物的生长受到限制，雨后柔弱菱形藻数量不能恢复，水体中高营养盐浓度促使中肋骨条藻出现生长峰值。     

氮、磷对大亚湾大鹏澳海区浮游植物群落的影响Ⅱ种类组成

根据2005年4－5月（春季）、8月（夏季）和11月（秋季）对大亚湾大鹏澳海区表层的现场调查结合营养盐加富实验,探讨了不同季节氮（NO3－或脲氮 (urea)）和无机磷（PO43－）营养元素对浮游植物种类组成的潜在影响。大鹏澳海区浮游植物优势种有明显季节变化,秋季种类组成的平面变化最明显。春季浮游植物平均细胞密度最高但多样性指数最低。实验结果显示,春季至夏季浮游植物优势种翼根管藻模式变型Rhizosolenia alata f. genuina、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus和绕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros cinctus之间的演替可能受氮、磷条件变化的控制。夏季优势种菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides和威氏海链藻Thalassiosira weissflogii之间的演替可能受营养条件外的因素控制。尽管磷被认为是该海区浮游植物生长的主要限制因子,但夏季无机氮磷比值较高的实验组中未出现磷限制现象,无机氮磷比值的变化对浮游植物种类组成也没有显著影响,而秋季氮对浮游植物种类组成有较明显的潜在影响。     

大亚湾大鹏澳牡蛎养殖临近海域自养微微型浮游生物种群分布特征

于2013年5月到2014年6月,在大亚湾大鹏澳牡蛎区及邻近海域开展了为期14个月的采样调查,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对表层水体中微微型浮游植物(0.7—2.7μm)光合色素进行测定,并应用色素化学分类软件CHEMTAX对自养微微型浮游生物(aototrophicpicoplankton,APP)功能类群进行分析。结果表明,该海域APP中共检出了15种光合色素,其中青绿藻素(Pras)和玉米黄素(Zea)是微微型色素中浓度最高的2种特征色素,均具有明显的季节变化特征:Pras主要出现在低温季节(牡蛎养殖期),而Zea主要出现在高温季节(非牡蛎养殖期)。CHEMTAX分析表明,大鹏澳海域APP最主要的类群是硅藻、蓝藻和青绿藻,而甲藻、隐藻、定鞭金藻、绿藻和金藻生物量较低。温度和营养盐浓度是影响大鹏澳海域APP的时空分布的重要因素,青绿藻主要出现在低温季节(主要在冬季牡蛎养殖期间),且其生物量与溶解无机氮呈显著正相关;而蓝藻则主要出现在高温季节,与温度呈显著正相关。另外,贝类养殖也是能够影响APP空间分布的重要因素,在大鹏澳海域牡蛎养殖期间,青绿藻生物量在养殖区明显高于非养殖海域。     

莱州湾及潍河口夏季浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的分布

于1998年6月黄河断流期在潍河口及其邻近海域进行了水文、化学和生物等专业综合外业调查.对此海区浮游植物叶绿素a浓度、脱镁色素浓度和初级生产力的变化进行了分析.研究结果表明,叶绿素a浓度介于0.089～5.444mg/m3之间,平均值为1.331mg/m3;脱镁色素浓度介于0.176～3.402mg/m3之间,平均值为0.905mg/m3.叶绿素a和脱镁色素浓度高密度区分布在小清河口附近、潍河口内及潍河口以外临近海域.初级生产力介于13.58～301.54mg/(d·m2)之间,平均值为62.49mg/(d·m2).水柱初级生产力高值区分布在小清河口和37.30°N,119.47°E附近.对水文、化学和浮游动物等环境因子与浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的相关性分析表明,整个调查区,浮游植物生物量和初级生产力与海区潮汐、光照、磷酸盐、硅酸盐和微型浮游动物等环境因子密切相关,同氨盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的作用不明显,其中潍河口内浮游植物的生物量分布同潮汐的关系最为密切.夏季此海域浮游植物生长主要受磷酸盐和硅酸盐的限制.调查海域浮游植物生物量及生产力水平较历史同期有所增加.     

2000年夏季南极普里兹湾及邻近海域浮游植物研究

报道了2000年夏季(1月)在62°~69°S,70°30'~75°30'E的南极普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物种类组成、丰度分布、叶绿素a浓度及其环境调控.结果表明,调查海区共有浮游植物4门33属65种、变种和变型.浮游植物平均细胞丰度为32.67×103个/dm3.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度高值均出现在水体较稳定的近岸海湾和冰间湖及毗邻陆架,在大陆坡和深海区它们的值明显减小.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度在0~50m水层最大,100m以下水层随深度的增加而减小.浮游植物丰度呈昼夜变化,在13:00丰度最高.浮游植物优势种为短菱形藻(Nitzschiacurta),占总丰度的24.8%.浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度与浮冰和水团稳定性有关.经回归分析,浮游植物细胞丰度与水温、溶解氧成显著正相关,与无机磷(PO_{43--P)和无机氮(NO3--N)成显著负相关.}     

海南岛三亚湾浮游植物和细菌生物量时空分布特征及环境制约因素研究

根据2005年1,4,7和10月4个季度代表月份在海南岛三亚湾进行的现场综合调查资料,分析了海区浮游植物和浮游细菌生物量的空间分布及季节变异特征,探讨了它们与温度,DIN,PO₄3-,DO,BOD₅等生态环境因子的关系.结果表明,三亚湾海区2005年平均叶绿素a浓度为:(2.48±2.97)mg/m3,浮游植物生物量(C)为:(124.2±148.3)mg/m3,浮游植物生物量秋季最高,其他季节差异不大,除夏季外,浮游植物生物量(C)均表现为:表层大于底层;年平均浮游细菌丰度为(6.90±2.95)×108个/dm3,细菌生物量(C)为(13.79±5.90)mg/m3,细菌生物量夏季最高,往下依次为冬季、春季和秋季,且4个季节均为表层大于底层.4个季节表、底层浮游植物和细菌生物量的空间分布特征明显,均表现为从近岸的三亚河口往外海逐渐降低的趋势,三亚河的陆源输送和入海扩散是造成此分布特征的主要原因.无机营养盐中,DIN是调控浮游植物和细菌生物量的主导因子.位于热带的三亚湾,温度不成为影响二者季节差异的主要因子.浮游细菌生物量和浮游植物生物量的比值BB/PB为:0.06~0.15(平均为0.12),三亚湾浮游植物生物量和浮游细菌生物量间的相关性非常显著(P<0.01),初级生产是影响水域浮游细菌分布的重要因素.     

冬季大鹏澳海域微表层浮游植物色素特征的日变化研究

于2013年12月3日清晨、正午、傍晚采集了大亚湾大鹏澳海域3个站位的微表层和次表层水样,经过三级分级过滤(小型:20μm;微型:2.7~20μm;微微型:2.7μm)后,对其进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)色素分析,通过藻类色素化学分类法(CHEMTAX)分析不同浮游植物对Chl a的贡献,研究了微表层及次表层光合色素粒径特征及浮游植物群落结构差异。结果表明,冬季大亚湾海域水体中存在的浮游植物光合色素主要有17种,以岩藻黄素和Chl a含量较高。微表层总Chl a平均浓度为0.797μg/L,略高于次表层的0.714μg/L,不存在显著性差异(P0.05);微表层和次表层Chl a含量清晨最高,傍晚次之,正午最低。微表层不同粒径浮游植物对Chl a的贡献率从大到小依次为小型、微型、微微型浮游植物,分别为80.7%,10.1%和9.2%。CHEMTAX分析结果得出,冬季该海域硅藻占绝对优势,甲藻、定鞭藻、青绿藻、蓝藻、隐藻所占比重相差不大。微表层中定鞭藻、青绿藻和蓝藻等较小粒径浮游植物种群所占比重高于次表层,说明相对于次表层,微表层中的浮游植物群落有小型化趋势。     

三沙湾宁德火电厂周边海域初秋浮游植物的种类组成和数量分布

本文报道了2003年9月三沙湾宁德火电厂周边海域浮游植物的调查结果,共记录34属77种.其中硅藻门30属71种,是浮游植物的主要门类,甲藻3属4种,蓝藻1属两种,属于赤潮生物的有26种.在数量上占绝对优势的为锤状中鼓藻(Bellerocheamalleus),占71.8%.本次调查浮游植物细胞总量为92.07×104个/m3,是以往同期调查结果的7倍,且优势种高度集中,多样性指数低(1.68).在3个小区中,Ⅱ区的浮游植物细胞总量最高,种类最丰富.本文还讨论了该海区浮游植物分布与环境因子的关系.     

大鹏澳牡蛎养殖对浮游植物种群结构的影响研究

于2013年8、10月及2014年2、5月对大鹏澳牡蛎养殖区及其邻近海域进行了采样调查。利用设置的3个站位(牡蛎养殖区S1、养殖区外S2、靠近湾口S3)的数据研究了牡蛎养殖对海区浮游植物种群结构和丰度的影响。本次考察共鉴定出大鹏澳浮游植物58属144种,丰度为6.15×103—5.94×106cells/L。其中,硅藻36属100种,占种类总数的69.4%,丰度在4.5×103—5.93×106cells/L之间;甲藻15属34种,占总种类的23.6%,丰度范围为1.5×102—4.53×104 cells/L;蓝藻、绿藻、隐藻等共7属10种。在牡蛎养殖期(8月至2月),养殖区内养殖水层浮游植物总丰度低于非养殖区,硅藻丰度占浮游植物总丰度的90%以上,硅藻丰度与总浮游植物细胞丰度的空间分布特征一致;与硅藻空间分布特点不同,养殖区内甲藻丰度显著低于非养殖区。牡蛎收获后的5月,养殖区内的甲藻丰度高于非养殖区。牡蛎养殖区站位S1浮游植物多样性指数平均值为1.35,明显低于非养殖区S2(2.68)和S3(2.69)。与此相似,养殖区内站位S1均匀度J(0.27)明显低于非养殖区站位S2(0.49)和S3(0.51)。本研究表明,大鹏澳牡蛎养殖对浮游植物群落结构造成了一定影响,能够显著降低浮游植物丰度、种类多样性和均匀度。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

海洋沉积物中铁、锰、锌、铬、铜、镍、钴、铅和镉的原子吸收测定

海洋环境及沉积地球化学的调查研究,常需同时了解多种元素在海洋底质中的含量及其分布规律.对于某些非金属及半金属元素,我们曾研究过应用碱性有机染料的萃取-光度测定法[1-3].原子吸收分光光度法则可以快速、准确地测定海洋沉积物中的许多种金属的含量[4-6],一般不需要大量的预处理.