再论不等距差分格式的计算紊乱问题

不等距差分格式中存在的计算紊乱问题在文章[1]中已有较好的研究,那里比较了三种构造不等距差分格式的方法,给出了“超高频”条件的表达式,并指明:当出现“超高频”条件时,波不能穿透“界面”,由细网格一侧传到粗网格一侧,而在细网格一侧产生完全的伪反射.但该文没有分析所有可能的情况,本文再用物理分析和数值试验的方法对该文未曾分析的情况进行了详细研究,主要结果有:1.在特殊情况下,即在频率等于临界值时,理论和数值试验结果都表明,不仅在细网格一侧有伪反射,而且在粗网格一侧还有放大的透射波.2.当区域中布多种网格时,不     

非线性Schrdinger方程差分格式的计算稳定性

运用判定非线性发展方程差分格式计算稳定性的Hirt启发性分析方法,对一类非线性Schrdinger方程差分格式的计算稳定性进行分析,得到了保证差分格式计算稳定的必要条件.数值试验结果进一步表明,得到的稳定性判据不仅是保证差分格式计算稳定的必要条件,而且在实际中也是非常有效的.     

一类计算稳定性好的显式平流差分格式

通常的显式平流差分格式，如迎风格式，Lax-Wendroff格式等，均是有条件稳定的,其稳定条件与差分网格的时、空步长有关。本文对线性和拟线性平流方程分别构造了一种计算稳定性好的显式差分格式。对前一格式，本文严格证明了它的无条件稳定性及收敛性，并具有一阶精度；对后一格式，由于非线性方程的限制，本文用数值试验研究了它的计算稳定性。     

强迫耗散非线性发展方程显式差分格式的计算稳定性

基于计算准稳定的概念来分析强迫耗散非线性方程显式差分格式的计算稳定性，给出强迫耗散非线性大气方程组显示差分格式计算准稳定的判据，为设计强迫耗散非线性大气方程组计算稳定的显式差分格式提供了新的思路和理论依据。     

预报方程差分格式的构造方法

本文用差分模拟绝对涡度守恒定律,构成正压涡度方程的两类差分格式:积分守恒型格式和相当于准拉格朗日型格式。前一类型格式的显式部分是条件稳定的,隐式部分是无条件稳定的。后者至为无条件稳定的显式格式,可以依据实际需要和可能,来放大无条件稳定格式的时间步长。 本文还根据格式的计算要求,讨论了“风”场的计算和平滑问题,以及差分方程的边、初条件(计算边、初条件)的给法。并通过理想场计算和实例预报,检验了几种显式格式的计算效果。     

正压原始方程的差分格式

本文把[1—3]中的数值方法应用于正压原始方程组,并给出了差分格式的严格的误差估计。特别分析了边界误差的影响,并构造了一些新的算法。     

扩散系数反演及其差分格式研究

空气污染预报属于正问题,而从污染物浓度来求解扩散系数则属于反问题。正问题和反问题有着本质的不同,在解的定义和求解方法上也有很大的区别。从最优控制的角度定义了大气边界层中垂直扩散系数反演问题的解,用伴随模式方法得到目标函数的梯度并求解反问题。研究中发现,反演的结果与模式差分格式的选取有关,与测试源的设置也有直接的关系。在经过多次数值试验后,对于误差的来源进行了理论分析,发现了反演结果与差分格式及测试源之间的联系,得到了满意的反演结果,并为实验测定扩散系数提供了依据。     

一类三维的高分辨中心差分格式

在交错网格的情况下，构造了一类不需解Riemann问题的求解三维双曲守恒律的二阶显式差分格式，证明了该格式在CFL（Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy）条件限制下为MmB（Maximum and minimum Bounds）格式，进行了并行计算数值试验，得到的试验结果令人满意。在交错网格的情况下构造的这类差分格式，不需要求解Riemann问题，不需要进行特征分解，可用于求解弱双曲方程组，计算快、编程简便。     

数值天气预报中的差分方法——非线性差分格式的误差估计

在数值天气预报的差分方法中应考虑:一是根据物理定律构造合适的格式,二要估计初始条件观测误差,计算舍入误差或侧向边界条件计算误差对预报值的影响,三要克服非线性不稳定现象。一般把格式的守恒性当作克服不稳定性的一种重要手段,但只有定性的说明,可见[1]-[4]。1965年作者提出了加权平均守恒法,也提供了严格估计误差的一种方法,本文以最简单的全球预报正压模式为例来说明它。     

一个大气环流模式差分格式的检验

本文用两种工具对我们设计的一个大气环流模式及其差分格式作了较为严格的检验。首先,我们用检验球面模式的传统工具Rossby-Haurwitz波对简化的正压模式进行了检验,其效果与欧洲中心的结果极为一致。其次,我们发展了检验斜压初始方程模式的工具——非线性Haurwitz波,并对环流模式的框架部分作了检验,取得了令人满意的结果。     

A comparison of high-order explicit and non-oscillatory finite difference advection schemes for climate and weather models

Summary The Euler equations govern the behavior of a fluid in motion. They have long been used as a test-bed for assessing the accuracy and efficiency of numerical schemes for solving them. This study focused on advection dominated flows so all other terms in the equations are omitted. The study examined only explicit schemes and does not address the many alternative approaches such as semi-Lagrangian and implicit formulations. The schemes examined here were applied to test cases of increasing complexity as it is well-known that a particular scheme may work very well on some test problems but fail on others. To avoid such problems, we began with the standard tests such as the advection of sine waves and various other one-dimensional shapes, then moved on to two-dimensional problems and finally tested cases that have many scales.Summarizing, the results from the range of test cases, it was found that the schemes that perform best are high-order upwind schemes, with diminishing returns above fifth- and sixth-order.Finally, the schemes were applied to cases where scalar advection requires that constraints such as positive-definiteness be satisfied. For these problems, the Flux Corrected Transport (FCT) and weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes were also applied. Similar conclusions were drawn, namely, that fifth- and sixth-order FCT and WENO schemes produced excellent simulations. However, these schemes were more computationally expensive than the standard high-order upwind and centred schemes.     

非静力模式中几种垂直网格计算特性的对比研究

从非静力滞弹性方程组出发，将惯性重力波的水平波长分几百公里、几十公里和几公里三种情况，从频率、群速和各速的垂直尺度范围等方面对现有的几种垂直网格进行比较讨论。结果表明：在非静力模式中，CP网格和LZ网格适合于各种不同水平尺度惯性重力波的模拟；L网格和LY网格适合于水平尺度为几十公里以上的惯性重力波的模拟；LTS网格和CPTS网格比较适合于水平尺度的几十公里以下的惯性重力波的模拟。     

不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式展开问题

以往国内外关于车贝雪夫多项式应用的研究,都只限于等距格点。本文将车贝雪夫多项式推广到不规则格点上。推广后的车贝雪夫多项式兼有三角函数、球函数、自然正交函数的优点,因而在气象学上有着更加广泛的用途。     

基于五阶WENO有限差分法的运动界面追踪

针对处理运动界面问题的流体体积函数(VOF)法,给出了一种高分辨率的运动界面捕捉方法.该方法采用五阶高精度和高分辨率的加权本质无振荡(WENO)有限差分格式离散VOF函数的空间导数;采用四阶Runge-Kutta方法离散时间导数;采用LocalLax-Friedrich通量作为数值流通量.用该方法对旋转流场和剪切流场中的运动界面追踪,结果表明该方法有较好的适用性和精确性.     

On the forward-in-time upstream advection scheme for non-uniform and time-dependent flow

Summary The classical forward-in-time upstream advection scheme for uniform flow field has been extended to include non-uniform and time-dependent advective flow. This generalised scheme is described in one dimension for an advective flow which varies both in time and in space. The classical upstream advection scheme is only first-order accurate both in time and in space if the advective flow is not uniform. Higherorder accuracy in both time and space, however, can be easily obtained in the generalised scheme.This generalised scheme with third-order accuracy is applied to the one-dimensional inviscid Burgers equation (socalled self-advection problem), two-dimensional steady flow, and to a time-split shallow water equation model. The results are compared with those obtained from the Takacs' (1985) scheme and from a standard third-order semi-Lagrangian scheme, and also with those obtained from the fourth-order Lax-Wendroff scheme of Crowley (1968) in the time-split shallow water equation model. It is shown that the generalised scheme performs as well as, but is more efficient than, the standard semi-Lagrangian scheme with same order. It is much more accurate than the Takacs' scheme which has large dissipation errors, especially for the flow with strong deformation. In contrast, the generalised scheme has very weak dissipation and has much better dispersion and shapeconserving properties. Although the fourth-order Lax-Wendroff scheme has higher accuracy and can give more accurate numerical solutions for uniform advective flow or solid rotational flow (Crowley, 1968), it is inferior to the generalised third-order scheme for non-uniform flow with strong deformation or large spatial gradients. This generalised scheme, therefore, has considerable application potential in different numerical models, especially for the models using time-split algorithms.With 8 Figures     

一个全球大气格点模式和超长波预报问题

本文是作者在“一个修改的σ坐标初始方程”北半球模式的基础上发展全球大气模式的第一个报告.文中给出了这个全球格点模式方程组的基本计算方案;并对一个全球大气形势预报的实例进行了分析,与半球模式预报的结果作了比较,讨论了有关超长波的预报问题.