岩石直接拉伸与压缩变形的试验研究

采用自行研制的可对同一岩石试样进行单轴压缩和直接拉伸的试验装置,对3种岩石进行了压缩和直接拉伸试验。结果表明,这3种岩石的压缩弹性模量均大于拉伸弹性模量,压缩与拉伸弹性模量之比分别为1.1,1.4,2.5。压缩泊松比也大于拉伸泊松比。研究表明：直接拉伸下切线泊松比随荷载的增加而减小,与压缩下泊松比的变化相反。     

岩石类材料拉伸弹性模量测量方法的对比研究

研究表明岩石材料在拉应力、压应力条件下具有不同的力学行为,因此,岩石材料存在两种弹性模量,分别为拉伸弹性模量和压缩弹性模量。为了甄别出直梁弯折试验和巴西劈裂试验哪一种更加适合测试岩石材料的拉伸弹性模量,以大理岩、花岗岩和砂岩为典型的岩石类型,开展了一系列的单轴压缩、直接拉伸、三点弯折和巴西劈裂试验,测试了岩石材料的拉伸弹性模量;并对测试结果的可靠性、准确性开展了系统的对比研究。最终发现,巴西劈裂试验因为较好的测量精度、制样简便、试验操作简单等因素,可以成为测量岩石材料拉伸弹性模量的推荐方法。     

岩石拉伸剪切破裂试验研究

岩石拉伸剪切破裂是一类特殊应力状态条件下的破裂形式,属于同时受垂直于破裂面的法向拉应力和平行于破裂面的剪应力作用的复合破裂模式。在研制的DSC-800电液伺服测控岩石拉伸剪切试验仪的基础上,进行了大量花岗闪长岩和砂岩的拉伸剪切试验,开展了配套的破裂断口三维激光扫描、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、岩石物理力学性质试验、颗粒流离散元（PFC）数值模拟等相关试验,利用分形理论研究了岩石拉剪破裂面特征,研究了岩石拉剪-压剪全区破裂准则、剪切速率对岩石拉剪破裂强度的影响,采用颗粒流离散元研究了岩石拉剪破裂过程。研究结论如下:（1）岩石拉剪破裂面的宏观与微观分形维数即粗糙度随着拉应力的增加而增大;（2）岩石的微观断裂形式是拉伸破坏和剪切破坏的结合。当拉应力较小时,岩石的微观断裂形式主要表现为剪切破坏,并且随着拉应力的增加,岩石的拉伸破坏形式表现得更加明显;（3）岩石在拉伸剪切区的破裂拉应力与剪应力成线性负相关关系,在拉伸剪切应力区的岩石破裂线斜率比压缩剪切区大,岩石在拉伸剪切应力条件下比压缩剪切应力条件下容易破裂;（4）在岩石拉伸剪切条件下,剪切速率与剪切强度成非线性反相关关系,随着剪切速率的增加,岩石拉剪破裂面粗糙度增加;（5）建立了岩石拉伸剪切PFC数值试验模型,模拟了岩石拉伸剪切破裂过程中的力链演化以及剪切速率对拉剪破裂面粗糙度的影响,获得了与实验室试验一致的结果。     

岩石三轴拉伸试验装置研制及其应用

为准确地测量岩石试样在不同围压作用下的拉伸强度与变形特性,对用于岩石三轴压缩试验的MTS815材料试验机为主体设备进行了一系列技术改造,一方面设计加工了一套试验机活塞与三轴室的随动连锁装置,使原本只能提供压缩载荷的MTS815试验机也能精确提供轴向拉伸荷载;另一方面设计开发一种多自由度岩石试样三轴拉伸夹具,解决岩石等脆性材料在拉伸过程中难以始终保持对中的技术难题。提出一套完整的测试技术方法,能实现0～140 MPa围压范围内各种岩石试件的复杂三轴直接拉伸测试研究,利用研发的配套装置与测试方法对页岩试样进行了三轴拉伸试验。结果表明,试验装置和试验方法完全能够进行不同围压条件下的岩石三轴拉伸试验,得到相应的三轴拉伸试验曲线;页岩在低围压和高围压下呈现不同的破坏特征和破坏形式,低围压下依然呈现脆性特征,高围压下则是由脆性向塑性转换。     

岩石多功能剪切试验测试系统研制

详细介绍了所研制的岩石多功能剪切试验测试系统的主要功能、技术指标和仪器组成,并开展了一系列相关力学试验。该试验测试系统主要包括试验装置、测量系统和控制系统3部分,最大法向拉伸应力为40 MPa,最大法向压缩应力为120 MPa,最大水平剪切应力为120 MPa,试样尺寸为50 mm?50 mm?50 mm;可开展多种力学试验,包括直接拉伸试验、直接剪切试验、拉伸-剪切试验和压缩–剪切试验。利用该试验测试系统对花岗岩进行试验研究,研究结果表明：直接拉伸试验中,试样发生脆性破坏,声发射信号瞬间达到峰值,破坏断面表现出拉伸破坏特征;直接剪切试验中,试样发生多次破坏,破坏瞬间声发射信号均发生突增,破坏断面表现出剪切破坏特征;拉伸-剪切试验中,试样在拉应力作用下剪切强度显著降低,声发射信号在破坏阶段表现强烈,破坏断面既有拉伸破坏特征也有一定的剪切破坏特征。上述力学试验结果,表明了所研制的岩石多功能剪切试验测试系统能够开展多种力学试验,为进一步研究岩石的剪切力学特性提供新的测试手段。     

有侧向压力的岩石材料动态直接拉伸试验装置

岩石材料的动态拉伸力学特性是评价爆炸以及地震等动荷载作用下岩体工程响应以及安全的基本参数。介绍了一种有侧向压力的岩石动态直接拉伸试验研究装置,同时采用石膏和花岗岩材料对试验装置进行了尝试性试验。研究结果表明,岩石类脆性材料的抗拉强度随应变速率以及侧向压力的变化规律,与前人进行的岩石间接动态拉伸试验和及岩石类脆性材料（混凝土）双轴试验的变化规律具有一定相似性,因此所介绍的试验装置可以应用于岩石类脆性材料动态直接拉伸试验研究。     

大姚铜矿紫色砂岩的压拉变形特性试验研究

介绍了一种可对同一岩石试样分别进行单轴压缩和单轴拉伸实验的试验装置,该装置改变了因岩样不同而导致的压拉试验结果无法进行直接对比分析的现状,为岩石从受压转向受拉或从受拉转向受压的过渡特性的试验研究提供了可能。以云南大姚铜矿紫色砂岩为例,研究了其在压拉试验条件下的变形特性。结果表明：该种岩石从压缩到拉伸阶段弹模变化不大,但压缩泊松比与拉伸泊松比的变化较为复杂。试验同时证明该类岩石的压缩与拉伸并不是截然不同的两种过程,单轴压缩试验的卸载曲线与直接拉伸试验的加载曲线具有很好的连续性。     

残余强度特性对岩石宏观破坏的影响

运用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D系统 ,数值模拟了单轴压缩试验下试样破裂失稳的过程 ,主要研究了残余强度特性对岩石类非均质材料弹 脆 塑性的影响。对大量不同残余强度岩石试样的数值模拟结果显示 :残余强度是影响岩石弹 脆 塑性的重要方面 ,残余强度越高 ,岩石越容易表现为塑性 ,岩石试样所承受的峰值载荷也越高     

高温后大理岩动态劈裂拉伸试验研究

为了研究高温处理后的岩石材料在冲击加载速率作用下的动态劈裂拉伸性能,利用大直径分离式霍普金森压杆试验设备对经历不同高温作用冷却后的“大理岩”平台巴西圆盘试样进行不同加载速率作用下的径向冲击试验。研究了高温后大理岩的动态劈裂拉伸强度及动态劈裂破坏形式随温度和冲击加载速率的变化规律。试验结果表明,与静态劈裂拉伸强度相比,经历不同高温作用冷却后,大理岩的动态劈裂拉伸强度有明显的提高,表现出显著的冲击加载速率强化效应,同一冲击加载速率作用下,随着温度的升高,动态劈裂拉伸强度表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;高温后大理岩的动态劈裂破坏形式受到冲击加载速率和温度的共同影响。     

浅议实验室岩石抗拉强度测量方法

岩石抗拉强度是研究岩石破裂、岩体失稳和岩体破坏过程的重要输入参数,但是如何准确确定岩石抗拉强度仍然存在很多争议。本文系统地梳理和总结了多种抗拉强度测量方法的研究成果,岩石抗拉强度测定包括直接拉伸法和间接拉伸法,其中直接拉伸法包括直接拉伸试验、双轴延伸试验、Luong试验;间接拉伸法包括巴西劈裂试验、弯曲拉伸试验、空心岩柱液压致裂试验等。对各种方法的研究现状、试验原理、影响因素、试验结果进行了简要总结回顾,比较了各试验的特点及适用范围。为日后工程实践中较好地选择岩石抗拉强度的测量方法提供参考。     

Deformation of a rock in different tensile tests

Strength and deformation of a typical homogeneous sandstone under tensile stresses, have been studied in the laboratory, using standard tensile tests, viz. uniaxial tension, the Brazilian and beam bending tests. In addition to the parameters such as uniaxial tensile strength, modulus of deformation in tension and Poisson's ratio in tension obtained directly by the uniaxial tension test, the Brazilian tensile strength, the modulus and Poisson's ratio have also been determined by the Brazilian test. Bending tensile strength has been obtained by the beam bending test using the four-point loading system and the tensile modulus of elasticity has been estimated from the observations of beam bending and uniaxial compression tests, using “double elasticity” relationships.The rock under high tensile stresses is found to be much less “stiffer” than under high compressive stresses and is therefore likely to result in a relatively less violent tensile failure. The nature of the tensile deformation in the region of maximum tensile stress is found to be strikingly similar in all the three tensile tests under study. Although the initial, the 50% and the final tensile modulus values differ in each tensile test, the general trend of the tensile modulus with increasing stress is found similar in all these tensile tests.     

估算异性岩石不连续面峰值剪切强度的经验公式

长江三峡库区广泛发育着两侧岩性不同的不连续面（称为异性不连续面）,研究其峰值剪切强度可为相关岩体的稳定性分析和评价提供理论依据。采用高强石膏浇注3组不同形貌且上、下壁面强度不同的不连续面试件,并在不同常法向应力下进行剪切试验。引入不连续面壁组合系数λ来综合量化不连续面壁的抗压强度和基本摩擦角对异性不连续面峰值剪切强度的影响,λ越小,上、下不连续面壁强度差异越大。异性不连续面的峰值剪切强度随λ的增加呈非线性增加,且在高法向应力下更为显著。在Barton公式的基础上,通过多元回归分析建立了估算异性不连续面峰值剪切强度的经验公式。采用天然和人工锯齿形异性不连续面的直剪试验结果对新公式做了进一步验证,试验剪切强度与新公式预测值吻合较好。简要分析了新公式在软硬互层岩质边坡稳定性评价中的应用。最后,讨论了Wu公式的适用性以及新公式的优点和不足。     

Tensile strength and its anisotropy measured by point and line-loading of sandstone

Tensile fracture is an ubiquitous feature of rock failure ranging in size from microfracture around Griffith cracks to the large-scale explosive failure accompanying rock bursts in underground cavities. Hence the resistance of rock to failure in tension, the tensile strength, is one of the fundamental parameters of rock strength. The tensile strength of rock is, however, a most elusive parameter which is difficult to measure and to define.

The tensile strength, and its variation with direction, was determined by the pointloading and the line-loading (Brazilian test) methods for nine rocks from five sandstone formations in New Brunswick, Canada. Altogether 319 double point-load and 357 line-load tests were conducted on discs having a diameter of 22.9 mm and thickness of 7.9 mm.

The tensile strength determined by the point-load test and as calculated by the Frocht formula was found to be consistently lower than that obtained by the line-loading technique. To some extent, the difference is due to the fact that most of the sandstones are anisotropic with respect to tensile strength and that the constraints in the point-load test are such that fracture occurs along the plane of minimum tensile strength; the computed tensile strength therefore represents a minimum value. To a greater extent, the lower tensile strength calculated from the point-load test is due to the difference in the states of stress induced by the two techniques. When correction is made for the anisotropy, the tensile strength from the Brazilian test is still 3.76 times larger than the one obtained from the point-load test.

The Brazilian test seems to yield a more accurate definition of both the tensile strength and its variation with direction. The point-load test is more suitable for the determination of the minimum value of tensile strength and the direction of the preferred fracture plane.     

Experimental Study on the Validity and Rationality of Four Brazilian Disc Tests

The validity and rationality of the Brazilian disc test have attracted much attention since it was proposed. To verify the validity of four Brazilian disc tests, red sandstone and yellow rust granite were employed. In these experiments, uniaxial tensile tests and four Brazilian disc tests were performed. Meanwhile, the typical location of the Brazilian discs was arranged with gages to detect the crack initiation location. By analyzing the rationality of the four Brazilian disc tests from two aspects, the crack initiation location and the difference between indirect tensile strength and direct tensile strength, it was found that the Brazilian disc tests without cushion and the Brazilian disc tests with two small-diameter steer rods are suitable for determining the indirect tensile strength of rock materials. However, the Brazilian disc tests with arc loading jaws should be carefully adopted to measure the indirect tensile strength due to their overestimation of the indirect tensile strength. Additionally, flattened Brazilian disc tests were found to be not suitable for measuring the indirect tensile strength of rock materials.     

攀枝花尖山矿区细中粒辉长岩力学特性试验研究

对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿尖山矿区的细粒和中粒辉长岩进行了单轴压缩、常规三轴压缩、抗拉强度和软化等系列岩石力学试验,研究了岩石结构(矿物颗粒大小)、水和围压等因素对岩石强度和变形特性的影响。结果表明,细粒辉长岩单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和压拉比均高于中粒辉长岩,但在三轴压缩情况下,两种岩石的峰值强度、残余强度和弹性模量差异较小;与中粒辉长岩相比,细粒辉长岩的峰值强度的黏聚力C较大,而峰值强度的内摩擦角φ较小;随着围压的增长,辉长岩峰值强度、残余强度与围压近似呈线性关系,剪切破坏角减小,平均模量E增长不明显,割线模量E50增长较显著;辉长岩的软化系数较高,在水的作用下弹性模量降低,泊松比升高。     

门楼水库溢流坝段岩石与混凝土抗剪参数的确定

通过对门楼水库溢流坝段不同位置、不同深度、不同岩石风化程度在不同混凝土强度和不同含水率情况下近百块试块的室内直剪试验,研究了岩石和混凝土胶结面的抗剪强度与混凝土强度、岩石的风化破碎程度和含水率的关系。结果表明,混凝土的强度对胶结面的抗剪强度具有明显的影响;对于块状及次块状结构类型岩体,胶结面抗剪强度参数基本相同,但裂隙块体强度降低很多,部分块体破坏形态已不在是沿胶结面破坏,而是部分迁就胶合面,部分追随岩体内的结构面,并形成较大的起伏;随着含水率的增加,凝聚力和内摩擦角都明显降低。试块的抗剪强度只代表试验点的强度,为了得到建基面的抗剪强度,将岩石和混凝土的抗剪强度看作随机变量,引入区域化内变量和变异函数反映抗剪强度的随机性和结构性,通过克里格方程求得各个样本的权值,进而求出不同建基面的抗剪参数。     

Tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints: a laboratory investigation

In this paper, a testing methodology was developed in the laboratory to measure the tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints. In the test, an expansive grout was used to develop the tensile force. Each test comprises two phases: Phase i test and Phase ii test. The Phase i test identified sample failure time, while the Phase ii test measured the corresponding tensile force arising from the expansive grout. Ostensibly homogeneous rock samples without incipient joints were firstly tested to establish the methodology. Tensile strength of block samples containing incipient rock joints was then measured using the established testing scheme. The test results have been compared with those obtained from conventional Brazilian and uniaxial tension tests as suggested by ISRM. The proposed approach is capable of giving a measure of tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints, although somewhat smaller strength than that from the standard approaches was occasionally measured in the preliminary tests on ostensibly homogeneous samples. Effects of stress concentration, sample scale, loading rate and expansive tensile force on the testing results were discussed. Furthermore, this simple and practical testing scheme is proposed for the measurement of the in situ tensile strength of rock and incipient discontinuities in the field, which if successful will provide a more scientific guidance on the rock mass classification and engineering design.