边坡稳定性温度效应数值模拟研究

气候变化引起环境温度改变,岩土体的性质随之产生相应变化。文章分析了温度对边坡稳定性产生的影响,于不同 温度状况下开展粘性土直剪试验,探究粘聚力及内摩擦角随温度变化的特征。进一步利用有限元软件ANSYS 结合实测地温 数据模拟边坡温度场演变过程,基于试验结果将温度场推导出粘聚力场,利用瑞典条分法结合粘聚力分布特征求得边坡安 全系数。通过一系列室内试验发现,下蜀土粘聚力受温度影响变化规律较为明显;土体含水量和密度不同使土体随温度升 高相应的产生热软化或热固结现象。通过ANSYS 模拟南京城郊边坡夏季高温期间温度场的演变,推算出了边坡安全系数的 变化规律。结果表明,对于高含水量的土体,在夏季高温环境下边坡稳定性降低,而城区温度更高相应边坡的安全系数通 常更低,高温对边坡稳定性具有负面作用。     

矿井通风对多年冻土井筒围岩热影响的数值分析 (Ⅱ): 多年冻土井筒围岩温度的变化规律

在多年冻土区进行煤矿地下开采, 通风作用改变了井筒围岩的热平衡条件, 从而引起了多年冻土上限及其井筒周围冻土季节融化层的变化, 有可能影响到井筒支护结构的稳定性. 因此, 研究在矿井通风作用下, 多年冻土温度场分布及随季节的变化趋势是有意义的. 基于ANSYS有限元分析软件, 针对多年冻土区某煤矿的赋存条件、 试验采场位置以及通风作用对冻土的影响范围, 建立了二维数值计算模型, 利用焓式有限元方法对多年冻土井筒围岩的温度特性进行了数值模拟, 分析了矿井通风对多年冻土井筒围岩的热影响程度, 其计算方法和结果为下一步多年冻土煤矿地下开采井筒支护设计提供参考依据.     

大坝下游河岸带冬夏季水热交换特征对比

为对比水库下游河岸带冬夏季潜流交换特征及温度场分布规律,在新安江大坝下游开展了河道水、河岸带地下水的水位与温度监测,并结合达西定律推广式等理论进行了分析。结果表明:不论冬夏季,侧向潜流交换量与河道水位呈逆时针“绳套”关系,且离河道越近潜流交换强度越大;冬、夏季潜流交换强度与补给方式存在明显不同,在近河岸处单宽交换总体积分别为55.23 m3（周）、75.08 m3（周）,夏季主要为河道补给河岸带,冬季相反,此外,夏季交换范围更大且交换更快;河岸带温度场受低温波动水影响显著,在垂直方向上夏季表现为“上暖下凉”,冬季相反,在水平方向上夏季低温传播距离较大,且具有明显的分区。因此,在水库下游河流生态治理过程中,应适当考虑不同季节的影响。     

季节性冻土区高速铁路换填路基冻结特征的有限元分析

运用土壤冻结融化条件下热传导的基本方程和数值理论方法,结合哈大客运专线具体工程,通过模拟分析在不同的路基高度、几何断面选型、填料选择和施工、竣工季节条件下,对比分析了换填路基结构不同部位的季节性最大冻结深度在今后50a内随着时间在全球升温的背景趋势下的变化规律。通过分析并讨论换填路基的热状况特征及其分布变化规律,在数值模拟结果的基础上,结合季节性冻土区高速铁路无碴轨道路基结构的特点,总结并提出了较为合理的换填路基高度、几何结构形式选型、路基填料的选择分类以及路基施工和竣工季节,并通过以上结果分析评价了换填后路基的整体热稳定性。     

多年冻土区桩基温度场研究

为了解决多年冻土区桥梁桩基浇筑混凝土对冻土层地温的影响,把握后续工程施工,需要对多年冻土区桩基温度场进行认真分析与研究。结合冻土桩的特点,根据冻融循环条件下土体热量迁移的基本规律,基于多孔介质和热力学理论,建立了多年冻土区桩基温度场控制方程。该控制方程不仅包括了热传导和相变潜热对温度分布的影响,而且考虑了混凝土水化热的释放规律,并将研究成果与的西藏某大直径灌注桩温度场现场试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明：所建立的冻土区桩基温度场控制方程计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。在此基础上,应用该模型作数值分析,着重分析了不同深度处桩侧土层温度随时间变化规律和混凝土浇注后不同时期温度沿桩径方向的变化规律,于解决西部多年冻土地区公路运营安全和行车性能,准确掌握多年冻土地区已建桥涵和新建桥涵基础稳定性,具有非常重要的理论和实际意义。     

东北多年冻土地区地基承载力对气候变化敏感性分析

近年来,中国东北多年冻土地区正处于显著的增温过程中。由此导致多年冻土逐渐退化,并严重影响到构筑物的稳定性。以0.05 ℃的年平均气温上升率为背景,采用带有相变的传热学有限元方法,对中国东北多年冻土地区不同初始气温条件和不同含冰量类型冻土的地基温度状况以及季节活动层厚度变化进行了模拟;利用温度场有限元数值试验结果和已有承载力试验数据分析了不同类型冻土地基的力学性质对气温变化敏感性,评估了气温变化对各类冻土地基承载力的影响。气候变化对多年冻土地区构筑物稳定性影响程度取决于两个环节：其一,冻土地基温度状况对气候变化的响应;其二,冻土地基力学性质对地基温度变化的敏感性。研究结果表明,冻土地基含冰量和温度状态对其承载力随气温变化的敏感性具有显著的影响。含土冰层地基承载力对气温变化最为敏感,气温变化对高温冻土地区浅层地基承载力以及桩-土冻结强度影响较大;而深基础桩端冻土地基承载力受气候变化影响相对较小。     

混凝土大坝冻融破坏问题的数值计算分析

根据大坝上游水库水温和气温观测资料,建立了大坝上游水库水温和当地气温的回归模型。采用有限元数值计算方法,分析了混凝土大坝的温度场,研究了混凝土大坝由于气温变化引起的应力场交替变化。研究表明,由于气温随季节的交替变化,大坝下游面浅层的最大主应力远大于混凝土的抗拉强度,进而导致混凝土大坝下游面的冻融老化甚至破坏。计算结果表明,有限元数值模拟结果与现场勘查结果基本一致。     

溪洛渡水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁春夏两季温控仿真分析的比较

为了保证溪洛渡水电站地下厂房岩锚梁的结构安全,研究进一步采取综合温控措施防裂的有效性和合理性,通过对地下厂房岩壁吊车梁在春季和夏季施工进行三维仿真分析,得到温度场和应力场的分布及其随时间的变化规律并进行分析比较,同时分析了春夏两季裂缝产生的不同原因,为以后的裂缝处理提供了参考依据。     

冻土地区水渠的温度场和应力场数值分析

建立了含损伤的冻土弹性本构模型,对于在不同冰体积含量和不同温度下的冻结砂土,由该损伤本构模型计算的结果与实测的应力-应变曲线相吻合.利用自行开发的程序进行数值模拟,通过对渠道冻结水分场、温度场、应力场三场的数值计算结果分析,得到了比较准确且符合实际的温度场与应力场、位移场、应变场耦合的计算结果,与前人计算结果相符合,规律一致.算例表明,此程序能够计算冻土材料的相关物理量,且能很好地描述它们之间的关系,可为工程设计和施工提供必要的参考.     

L型挡墙冻土融化深度变化趋势测试及分析

在多年冻土地区,土工结构稳定的核心是结构自身的热稳定性。在多年冻土区修建挡土建筑物,改变了原地面的热平衡条件,从而引起了多年冻土上限及其上部季节融化层的变化,有可能影响到工程结构的稳定性。因此,研究某一特定结构物的冻土上限或温度场分布及随季节的变化趋势是有意义的。结合青藏铁路格拉段目前唯一的支挡结构--L型挡墙这一工程措施,对L型支挡结构整个横断面进行了地温测试,分析了最具典型意义墙后回填土的上限或最大融化深度变化情况,得到了不同断面地层融化深度分布形状,回归了随季节变化相应的温度场。测试表明,由于开挖和施工扰动破坏了土体热平衡的自然状态,但L型挡土结构作为一种开敞式工程结构,地温场、冻土上限或融化深度都存在周期性变化,只要没有新的扰动,能够逐渐形成稳定状态或这一平衡是能够恢复的。此外,冻胀和冻结影响也不能忽略。总之,分析研究L型支挡结构的设计思想和工程措施,可为今后类似工程应用提供参考依据     

多年冻土区不同路面材料路基热稳定性分析

针对多年冻土区路基路面病害多发的现状,从路面材料入手,对水泥混凝土和沥青两种路面下路基温度场的变化规律进行研究。研究结果表明,在计算高度范围内,对于8.5 m路面宽幅的路基来说,沥青路面下的最大融深大于混凝土路面下的最大融深,尤其在路基高度较低时两种路面下的融深差异更大。最大融化深度和最大融化深度发展速率均与路基高度和路面宽幅有紧密关系,通过研究可以提出有效的措施来保持路基热稳定性,从而减少路基路面病害的发生和公路的运营成本,为今后类似工程提供参考     

214国道不同路面形式下碎石护坡工程效果实测分析

沥青路面和水泥路面是214国道江河源段采用的两种基本路面形式,由于该路段地处高温不连续多年冻土区,碎石护坡等多种工程措施被尝试用来稳定冻土路基.对两种路面形式下碎石护坡路段的地温监测资料进行综合分析发现,碎石护坡能显著降低路基边坡坡面的年平均温度,减小路基边坡坡面温度的年较差,并对坡脚、路肩和路基中心具有从大到小的冷却...     

Stochastic micromechanical model of the deterioration of asphalt mixtures subject to moisture diffusion processes

The deleterious effect of moisture in the microstructure of asphalt mixtures, usually referred to as moisture damage, has been recognized as a main cause of early deterioration of asphalt pavements. The initiation and evolution of moisture‐related deterioration is strongly influenced by the internal air void structure of asphalt mixtures. Despite its importance, the majority of works conducted on the micromechanical modeling of asphalt mixtures overlook the role of the air void structure, mainly because of its high complexity and variability. This paper explores the influence of air void variability on the performance of asphalt mixtures subjected to moisture diffusion processes. A stochastic modeling technique based on random field theory was used to generate internal distributions of physical and mechanical properties of the asphalt matrix of the mixture that depend on probable air voids distributions. The analysis was conducted by means of a coupled numerical micromechanical model of moisture damage. The results showed that the variability and distribution of air voids are decisive in determining the moisture‐dependent performance of asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, it was also shown that a stochastic characterization of the diverse air void configurations is a feasible and useful approach to better represent and understand mechanically related deterioration processes in asphalt mixtures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Laboratory validation of lattice Boltzmann method for modeling pore-scale flow in granular materials

Characteristics of fluid flow through various engineering structures, such as granular filters and asphalt pavements, influence their design life. Numerical simulation of fluid flow is useful for evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of these materials. Among various techniques, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is widely accepted due to the ease of implementing boundary conditions and the numerical stability in a wide variety of flow conditions. It has proven to be extremely efficient in the simulation of fluid flow through the complex geometries of granular materials. In this study, two-dimensional and three-dimensional LB models were developed to represent pore-scale monophasic Newtonian incompressible fluid flow in granular materials. Three-dimensional geometries of compacted aggregates and asphalt specimens were generated from X-ray Computed Tomography technique and used as input for the LB model. The accuracy of the models was verified by comparing the results with analytical solutions of simple geometries and hydraulic conductivity measurements on the compacted aggregates and hot mix asphalt specimens. The results of LB simulations were in excellent agreement with those obtained from analytical calculations and laboratory measurements.     

不同地面覆盖层下土体温湿度场长期观测数据分析

本文通过建立一个不同地面覆盖层土体温湿度监测试验场,对沥青、水泥、多孔砖、草地和裸土5种覆盖层条件下的土体进行了为期2a的观测。观测结果表明:不同覆盖层介质对于下覆土体温湿度场的影响是不同的。在混凝土、沥青、多孔砖、草地和裸土5种地面覆盖层中,混凝土、沥青和多孔砖等硬质地面所对应的土体温度场明显高于裸土和草地,而在3种硬质地面覆盖层中,沥青地面的土体温度场最高,多孔砖最低。在湿度场观测中,多孔砖覆盖层下的土体湿度最大,其次是混凝土和沥青,草地和裸土的湿度最小。因此,多孔砖硬化地面具有很好的保湿性和降低地温场的效果,在城市建设中,应大力推广铺设这类多孔介质硬化地面,以提高城市的生态功能,减少城市热岛效应。     

Risk provision using field spectroscopy to identify spectral regions for the detection of defects in flexible pavements

Natural and physical hazards accelerate the deterioration of asphalted surfaces. Climatic factors are unavoidable and can affect the properties of asphalt mixtures, making them weaker and less durable. Thus, continuous monitoring of bituminous surfaces is something that can reduce the risks of public health. Remote sensing techniques have become an effective, noninvasive method for early detection of damaged asphalt pavements. This paper outlines a range of different remote sensing methodologies that can be used to monitor asphalt road pavements. This is complemented by the use of field spectroscopy for the examination of asphalt pavements of varying age and conditions. The results of the study found spectral differences regarding asphalt defects, such as physical cracking, patched cracking and polishing. These spectral changes were examined through “in-band” simulation analysis of the Landsat 7 ETM+ sensor, using appropriate relative spectral response filters, concluding that the ratio band 5/band 1 can be used to distinguish asphalt pavements of different date of construction and condition.     

Viscoelastic functionally graded finite element method with recursive time integration and applications to flexible pavements

The finite‐element (FE) method is used for modeling geotechnical and pavement structures exhibiting significant non‐homogeneity. Property gradients generated due to non‐homogeneous distributions of moisture is one such example for geotechnical materials. Aging and temperature‐induced property gradients are common sources of non‐homogeneity for asphalt pavements. Investigation of time‐dependent behavior combined with functionally graded property gradation can be accomplished by means of the non‐homogeneous viscoelastic analysis procedure. This paper describes the development of a generalized isoparametric FE formulation to capture property gradients within elements, and a recursive formulation for solution of hereditary integral equations. The formulation is verified by comparison with analytical and numerical solutions. Two application examples are presented: the first describes stationary crack‐tip fields for viscoelastic functionally graded materials, and the second example demonstrates the application of the proposed procedures for efficient and accurate simulations of interfaces between layers of flexible pavement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A J2‐plasticity model based on bounding surface concept

This article presents the development of a J₂ small strain plasticity model based on bounding surface concept, along with numerical examples to demonstrate model behaviors and identification of model parameter using laboratory test data. The model is motivated by the need for simulating permanent deformation accumulation of asphalt concrete mixtures, which leads to rutting in flexible pavements under repeated traffic loading. The proposed model accounts for the observation that rutting is mostly caused by shearing and takes advantage of the fact that bounding surface concept allows for the progressive accumulation of plastic deformation under constant amplitude loading condition. Analytical solutions are given for typical laboratory testing conditions. The model can be calibrated using repeated simple shear test data that are typically available for asphalt concrete mixtures. It is shown that the model is easy to use and provides a promising alternative for modeling permanent deformation accumulation in materials subjected to repetitive (cyclic) loading. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于土壤水模型及站点资料的土壤湿度同化方法

基于非饱和土壤水模型和扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter)同化算法并结合陆面过程模型VIC发展了一个土壤湿度同化方案,并进行了理想试验及同化站点资料的同化试验。理想试验结果表明：扩展卡尔曼滤波方法能完整反演土壤湿度廓线,对土壤湿度的估计有较大改善;观测深度、观测层数和观测资料引入频率对同化结果有一定影响;加大观测频率,可以进一步改善同化效果。利用气象强迫驱动陆面模型VIC算出地表入渗条件而进行的同化站点资料的试验所得土壤湿度分布与观测资料基本吻合,反映了站点土壤湿度的月、季变化,表明该方案是合理的。     

Numerical Analysis of Asphalt Pavements under Moving Wheel Loads

INTRODUCTIONThe design methods of asphalt pavement areusually based on the static and elastic analysis sys-tem,though the actual loads such as wheel loads andtemperatureloads are kinetic.The mechanic responseof the pavement is sensitive to the ti me-dependentvariables.Thereis an obvious difference betweentheresults obtainedfromthe kinetic systemandthe stat-ic system.Thus,the dynamic analysisis necessarytodescribe explicitly the working condition of the as-phalt pavement.The dynamic charac…