高风险岩溶隧道掌子面突水机制研究

在我国西部强岩溶地区,越来越多的长大深埋隧道潜在突水、突泥的风险,由于隐伏岩溶水体位置、规模以及体量的不确定性,突水模式与类型异常复杂,隧道掌子面的突水风险系数极高。对于隧道开挖后围岩结构完整性较好的掌子面,在特大体量隐伏岩溶水体作用下,当开挖面进入安全厚度内迅速发生破断突水,具备明显的突变特征。针对隧道掌子面发生破断突水的突变特征,采用数值手段探讨了施工条件对突水突变现象的影响。将隧道简化为圆形,建立了掌子面失稳的折叠突变模型,通过对系统势能函数的分析,推导了隧道掌子面发生破断的突水条件和最小安全厚度计算公式,基于系统势能突变控制参数灾变演化路径的分析,提出了掌子面突水的具体防治措施,并结合工程实例验证了其可行性。     

隧道掌子面超前锚杆连续交替式布设方案研究

在软弱围岩隧道中掌子面不稳定问题十分常见。掌子面超前锚杆作为一种重要的掌子面支护手段,目前常规采用的间断式布设方案存在锚杆的支护效果会随隧道推进过程中其支护状态的变化而忽强忽弱的问题。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种连续交替式掌子面超前锚杆布设方案。该方案将掌子面上的所有锚杆布设点位均等划分成若干个部分,在隧道推进过程中进行连续逐部分交替布设,使隧道在推进过程中锚杆支护状态更趋均匀稳定。为系统性评价新方案的可行性,以渭武高速木寨岭公路隧道为工程依托,在掌子面锚杆用量处于相同水平的条件下,分别对常规的间断式布设方案以及新提出的连续交替式布设方案进行设计。并进一步借助FLAC^3D数值模拟平台,对掌子面超前锚杆采用两种不同布设方案时,对于掌子面变形以及地层变形的控制效果进行对比。结果表明,常规间断式锚杆布设方案对于掌子面变形以及地层变形的控制效果并不稳定,受支护状态变化的影响较大,而新提出的连续交替式布设方案可以在不提高支护成本的前提下,将隧道推进过程中掌子面超前锚杆对于掌子面变形以及地层变形的控制效果维持在稳定水平,且均显著高于常规方案的最低水平,克服了常规布设方案支护效...     

构造应力场中的软岩客运专线双线隧道稳定性研究

以铁道部250 km/h客运专线标准断面双线隧道为对象,依托木寨岭高地应力软岩隧道工程,研究构造应力场条件下隧道变形特性、能量积聚、力学响应及塑性区规律。水平大主应力平行隧道轴线时,高能集中区和塑性区主要集中于边墙,掌子面前方围岩能量密度较小,掌子面挤出变形较大;水平大主应力垂直轴线时,高能集中区和塑性区主要分布在拱顶、仰拱及掌子面,掌子面前方围岩能量密度较大,挤压变形较小。研究表明：掌子面前方待开挖核心土体表现能量-位移正交性,而目前采用简单的挤出变形来判别掌子面稳定性,其合理性值得进一步商榷;规范给出“最大水平主应力与隧道轴线平行或小角度相交设计原则”,并不是对所有高地应力场都适用;锚杆在开挖初期有效促进临时“承载拱”的形成,使“压力拱”偏移至隧道轮廓附近,成为施工初期稳定的关键;锚杆降低边墙深部岩体切向应力峰值,随着掌子面推进,拱效应不断向深部岩体移动,形成动态压力拱。     

复杂条件下隧道支护结构稳定性分析

以方斗山隧道为研究对象,建立三维有限元数值分析模型,模拟分析了隧道支护结构的稳定性。以距离隧道洞口10 m处断面支护结构为例,分析了该断面初次支护和二次衬砌的水平应力、竖向应力、竖向位移、锚杆轴力及支护结构破坏域等随掌子面推进的变化规律,并对该断面支护结构特征点的稳定性进行追踪研究。研究结果表明,当掌子面与断面间距离小于30 m左右时,随着掌子面的推进,支护结构应力及位移等均有一定程度的增长,其后支护结构应力及位移基本收敛,且收敛值均较小,表明支护结构是稳定的。对隧道初次支护应力及锚杆轴力的现场监测结果及数值模拟结果进行对比分析,结果表明,数值模拟与现场监测结果基本一致。     

基于非完整拱效应的软岩隧道掌子面变形及其控制研究

为研究大断面软岩隧道掌子面变形规律及控制方法,基于新意法及非完整拱效应理论对雷公山隧道构造破碎区域掌子面大变形失稳机理进行分析,基于GSI围岩评级系统获得隧道围岩的力学参数,通过FLAC3D构建隧道三维数值模型,进行系列工况试验,研究隧道在非完整拱部效应时掌子面挤出位移及预收敛位移的变化特征,分析隧道掌子面预约束及预加固措施对大断面软岩隧道稳定性的影响。结果表明,掌子面处的挤出位移均在内轮廓中心处达到最大,并呈环形逐渐向外减小,超前核心土预加固在掌子面中心处对挤出位移及预收敛位移影响最为明显;隧道开挖在掌子面纵向造成的扰动范围约为1.2倍洞跨,在掌子面径向造成的扰动大约为1.5倍洞跨;根据计算结果提出掌子面加固措施,通过对隧道预收敛变形及挤出变形的监测分析,验证支护方案的可靠性,提出的掌子面预约束及预加固措施对大断面软岩隧道施工具一定的借鉴意义。     

隧道掌子面防突水安全厚度的区间非概率可靠性分析方法

本文对剪切破坏模式下的隧道掌子面防岩溶突水安全厚度进行了研究。首先对不同初始地应力场类别下的地应力特征进行分析,从而为隧道掌子面岩墙抗剪切破坏时剪切面上法向应力的确定方法提供客观合理的依据。隧道开挖会造成围岩应力的重分布,隧道开挖前后的围岩应力状态存在明显不同,本文基于这一特征建立了掌子面岩溶突水剪切破坏模式下的剪切面法向应力计算方法。然后针对工程中相关参数具有的区间不确定性特征,引入区间非概率可靠性分析方法,从而最终建立隧道掌子面岩墙防岩溶突水的安全厚度区间非概率计算方法。最后,通过本文方法计算结果与实际工程结果的对比分析表明了本文方法的适用性和合理性。     

岩溶隧道顶板安全厚度的理论探讨与工程应用

在岩溶区隧道施工中,隧道顶部既有较大尺度溶洞引起的隧道顶板跨塌是威胁隧道施工的主要问题之一。从隧道施工引起的既有溶洞与隧道间岩层的受力,岩层力学性质和围岩水文地质条件变化出发,分析了隧道施工中影响岩层稳定的主要因素,在此基础上将隧道顶部既有较大尺度溶洞引起的隧道施工期顶板的破坏问题归结为两端简支或4边固支薄层岩板的失稳问题,建立了相应的力学分析模型。采用弹性板理论,对不同力学模型的受力状态进行分析,推导了建立在岩体抗拉和抗剪强度准则基础上的岩溶隧道顶板岩层最小安全厚度计算公式。采用该公式对武都水库导流洞既有溶洞影响下典型洞段隧道顶板稳定性进行分析,跟踪施工调查的顶板稳定情况性态验证了公式的适用性。     

盾构掌子面三维破坏模型构建与极限支护力计算

为明确盾构施工掌子面滑移破坏机制并确定掌子面支护力的合理范围,基于滑移线理论和极限分析上限定理,利用空间离散技术提出了一种盾构施工掌子面三维滑移破裂模型。依据大主应力拱理论计算滑移区顶部竖向土压力值,并以此作为滑移破坏区上部的竖向荷载计算掌子面极限支护力。研究表明,土拱效应显著影响掌子面前方土体竖向应力的大小及分布规律;将本模型与已有研究方法进行比较,验证了本模型获取的掌子面极限支护力极限分析上限解在黏性土地层以及摩擦土地层中的适用性。同时本模型构建的掌子面破坏区域形态更加贴近离心试验结果与数值计算结果。     

隧道掘进综合信息智能监控系统研究

结合现代遥测技术,把选测断面传感器（频率类、电压电流类、开关量类、数字类等）数据采集、三维激光扫描、地质超前预报、爆破振动监测以及可视化监控融合在一起,实现隧道施工掌子面可视化实时显示与分析、隧道施工监测自动化数据采集与分析,形成隧道施工多元信息监测系统TIS(tunnel intelligentized monitoring system),确保复杂围岩地质条件下隧道施工安全。该系统测试项目的全面性、实时性和预警性对隧道施工的动态设计、施工管理以及提高施工过程的安全度等具有重要的现实意义。     

砂卵石地层土压盾构掘进掌子面稳定性室内试验与三维离散元仿真研究

采用?800 mm模型土压盾构开展室内掘进试验,以探究砂卵石中土压盾构隧道掌子面失稳诱发地层变形特征。同时,补充开展三维离散元仿真以挖掘室内试验难以获取的掌子面失稳信息,并研究隧道埋深对掌子面稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明：砂卵石地层中盾构隧道掌子面失稳发展到地表后,沉降曲面呈上大下小逐步收缩的沙漏状,影响范围小于砂土地层。考虑盾构动态掘进过程后,卵石颗粒接触关系变化十分剧烈,掌子面稳定性被削弱,极限支护压力随之增大。掌子面极限支护压力随隧道埋深基本呈线性增加,极限支护压力与初始支护压力之比则随埋深增大而减小。掌子面失稳机制可根据隧道埋深划分为3种模式。与既有研究相比,考虑了盾构动态掘进过程与实际工程更加接近,可为确保砂卵石地层土压盾构隧道施工掌子面稳定提供参考。     

黄土洞室掘进深度与围岩位移变化规律研究

应用PLAXIS 2D/3D有限元分析软件,对某黄土洞室进行了二维、三维分步掘进、三维一次掘进等工况的弹塑性有限元分析,研究分析了不同工况下洞室围岩位移的变化规律,并对掌子面的空间效应进行了分析。分析结果表明,二维与三维分步计算的最终位移基本一致,可以用二维的计算结果来估算洞室开挖的最终位移。三维分步掘进的分析表明,不同埋深的洞室其位移比的变化规律基本一致,当L/B<1时(L为掘进深度,B为洞室跨度),位移比呈线性增加;当L/B>1时,位移比呈非线性增加;当L/B>3时,其最大位移接近最终位移。掌子面的空间效应分析表明,在掌子面处的位移约为最终位移的1/3,距掌子面0.5倍跨度处的位移约为最终位移的2/3,距掌子面2.5倍跨度处的位移基本达到了最终位移。     

岩体裂隙三维可视化新方法及其应用

快速准确地识别岩体裂隙的三维分布特征是西南山区铁路防灾减灾的关键.本研究提出了一套岩体裂隙可视化新方法,基于测窗调查的裂隙数据,依托球坐标及极射赤平投影进行数字化处理及降维,利用K-Means++聚类算法、Fisher分布模型和蒙特卡洛模拟,完成裂隙产状数据的自动分组和模拟,最后运用Python及圆盘模型实现岩体裂隙三维可视化.本研究采用坐标变换和三角网格曲面的方式,更有利于与其他三维建模软件嵌套分析.水电站工程的先行应用研究表明产状数据服从Fisher分布,本文的模型相对于传统玫瑰花图和施密特图有着一定的优势.因此,本文建立的岩体裂隙模型具有直观快速反映区域裂隙网络三维分布特征的优点,研究成果可以直接服务于西南山区铁路施工阶段隧道掌子面及洞壁的节理裂隙三维识别以及防灾减灾研究.      

Visualizing the effect of excavation rate on rock deformation and fracturing of tunnels using a transparent soft rock surrogate

One of the most important problems during tunneling in soft rock is deformation and fracturing of the rock during tunneling. The problem was successfully explored by using a transparent rock surrogate to simulate the behavior of soft rock, which permitted visualizing conditions within the rock. Synthetic soft rock was made using consolidated fused quartz saturated with a blend of two mineral oils that have the same refractive index as the quartz. The tunnel was simulated using a smooth aluminum tube and two tunneling methods representing machining and blasting were considered. Two observation planes made of seeding particles were pre-placed within the model and used to track soil movements and crack propagation. Images of both planes were captured simultaneously using two orthogonal cameras. Rock deformations were concentrated in the vicinity of the tunnel face, and deformation rates behind the tunnel face were significantly greater than those ahead of the face. However, deformation rates and patterns varied considerably depending on the excavation method/rate. Fracturing mechanisms exhibited similar differences, for machining deformations occurred higher above the crown and propagated toward the tunnel face. Conversely for blasting deformations sprang from the crown upwards. These observations can assist with numerical simulations and in planning tunnel support systems.

     

三维快速拉格朗日法在安全顶板厚度研究中的应用

为了合理选择厦门海底隧道的最小顶板厚度。在厦门海底隧道轴线的地质部面图上，选取了6个典型剖面，在不同的剖面及同一剖面的隧道的不同深度，应用三维快速拉格朗日法，分两个步骤：第1步，在较大的深度范围内初选隧道的顶板厚度：第2步，在第1步初选结果的基础上，在较小的深度范围内，进一步选择。通过对开挖后的应力分布、洞周位移、塑性区等的分析，最后得出厦门隧道的最小顶板厚度。同时，得到一些对后续施工和其他工程有一定指导意义的有益结论。     

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的隧道软弱围岩稳定性分析

因长期遭受地质作用和构造力的改造作用,地下岩体中存在大量的软弱破碎带,隧道开挖穿越这一地带很容易出现较大的变形,甚至出现塌方等事故。论文采用TGP超前地质预报与掌子面围岩调查相结合的方法进行隧道掌子面及前方未开挖岩体的精细化地质调查,获取了隧道围岩的Hoek-Brown参数。采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法,分析了破碎带围岩在既定支护条件下的稳定性,并与现场监测数据进行对比,验证此方法的正确性。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实际监测结果较为吻合,可以将此方法用于指导未开挖段隧道的稳定性预测,以确保隧道掘进过程的施工安全。     

Deep learning based classification of rock structure of tunnel face

The automated interpretation of rock structure can improve the efficiency,accuracy,and consistency of the geological risk assessment of tunnel face.Because of the high uncertainties in the geological images as a result of different regional rock types,as well as in-situ conditions(e.g.,temperature,humidity,and construction procedure),previous automated methods have limited performance in classification of rock structure of tunnel face during construction.This paper presents a framework for classifying multiple rock structures based on the geological images of tunnel face using convolutional neural networks(CNN),namely Inception-ResNet-V2(IRV2).A prototype recognition system is implemented to classify 5 types of rock structures including mosaic,granular,layered,block,and fragmentation structures.The proposed IRV2 network is trained by over 35,000 out of 42,400 images extracted from over 150 sections of tunnel faces and tested by the remaining 7400 images.Furthermore,different hyperparameters of the CNN model are introduced to optimize the most efficient algorithm parameter.Among all the discussed models,i.e.,ResNet-50,ResNet-101,and Inception-v4,Inception-ResNet-V2 exhibits the best performance in terms of various indicators,such as precision,recall,F-score,and testing time per image.Meanwhile,the model trained by a large database can obtain the object features more comprehensively,leading to higher accuracy.Compared with the original image classification method,the sub-image method is closer to the reality considering both the accuracy and the perspective of error divergence.The experimental results reveal that the proposed method is optimal and efficient for automated classification of rock structure using the geological images of the tunnel face.     

Probabilistic analysis of three-dimensional tunnel face stability in soft rock masses using Hoek–Brown failure criterion

This paper investigates tunnel face stability in soft rock masses via coupled limit and reliability analyses. Specifically, a 3D face collapse mechanism was first constructed. Then the Hoek–Brown failure criterion was introduced into the limit analysis via the tangential technique. Taking the variability of rock mass parameters and loads into consideration, a reliability model was established. The collapse pressure and failure range of tunnel faces were determined. In addition, the required factor of safety (FS) and supporting pressure under three safety levels were obtained, and the corresponding safety level graphs for support design were presented. Comparison of the obtained results with previous work demonstrates the rationality of the 3D collapse mechanism and the validity of the results. A decrease in the geological strength index, Hoek–Brown parameter m_i, and uniaxial compressive strength or an increase in the disturbance factor results in a nonlinear increase of the collapse pressure and an enlargement of the failure zone. Such changes also lead to a nonlinear increase of the required support pressure under a certain safety level. By contrast, the FS does not exhibit any obvious change when these parameters vary. Therefore, when a rock mass is of poor quality or heavily disturbed, the advance support should be enlarged from upper front to right above the tunnel face. Moreover, as the safety level increases, both the required FS and supporting pressure of the tunnel face increase nonlinearly at a higher rate.     

Mapping subvertical discontinuities in rock cuts using a 400-MHz ground penetrating radar antenna

Hidden subvertical discontinuities oriented parallel to subparallel to the exposed faces of outcropping sandstone were effectively mapped at three different study sites in central Missouri using a ground-penetrating radar system (GPR) equipped with a 400-MHz monostatic antenna and a survey wheel. At each site, a suite of 2-D ground-penetrating radar profiles were acquired along multiple closely spaced traverses on relatively smooth exposed rock surfaces. Time-zero correction was applied to the raw GPR data which were then processed using band-pass filtering, range and display gain, color transformation, and deconvolution techniques. Pseudo 3D images of each identified discontinuity at each site were constructed based on the interpretation of the nonmigrated ground-penetrating radar profiles. These pseudo 3D images were hand-migrated and transformed into true 3D images which depict variable depths at “perpendicular horizontal distance” to each discontinuity relative to the exposed rock face. The results demonstrate that GPR can be used to detect and map hidden discontinuities. This information can then be used for rock slope stability analysis and rock engineering purposes.     

逐层开挖工程整体三维影像模型构建方法

对于高边坡、大型地下洞室、深基坑等逐层开挖工程,开挖形象具有动态变化的特点,工程形象变化大、开挖持续时间长、开挖面位置不断变化,开挖面地质信息必须及时采集,而传统的静态三维影像建模方法难以满足要求。本文以典型的逐层开挖工程——乌东德水电站大坝建基面边坡为研究对象,探索出一套三维影像建模方法,通过无人机倾斜摄影结合像控点测量、数据处理、模型构建,获取建基面整体三维影像。影像成果质量优良,位移偏差一般为5.1~7.9 cm,精度满足一般工程需要。此三维影像建模方法为工程信息存储、分析、展示和后期应用奠定了基础,取得了良好效果。