滨海沉积软土中旁压试验成果分析

运用旁压仪在长江入海口进行原位试验,获得了旁压试验各参数的变化规律。旁压试验结果表明：初始压力P0与土层随深度而线性增加;而临塑压力Pf、极限压力Pl 和旁压模量Em等试验参数受到土层性质影响十分显著,各参数在土层中变化趋势基本相同,总体趋势为：淤泥质黏土<黏土<粉质黏土<黏质粉土<粉砂;但同一土层中,各试验参数随深度呈线性增大。旁压试验在确定侧向基床反力系数Kh时土体处于似弹性阶段,水平变形约5～8 mm,同时受到排水条件的影响,导致计算的Kh值与规范参考值存在一定差异,在使用中应根据实际情况作适当修正。     

深埋砂层旁压特征参数的深度效应研究

深埋砂层作为一种散粒结构体系,其原状力学特性的准确测定是岩土工程中的难点问题,旁压试验是一种理想的深层原位测试方法,但在深度效应上缺乏定量评价标准。为解决旁压试验深度效应问题,采用自主研制的物理模型试验系统,模拟深埋砂层的受力状态,通过施加不同的上覆压力 模拟不同深度下的旁压试验,获得了旁压测试指标旁压模量EM、临塑压力Pf与上覆压力 之间的关系,提出了采用临塑压力Pf确定地基承载力特征值fak的修正方法。试验结果表明：旁压试验确实存在深度效应,随着试验深度的增大,上覆压力 相继增大,但旁压模量EM的变化并不明显,临塑压力Pf与上覆压力 呈线性相关关系。为深埋砂层物理力学性质的确定提供参考和依据。     

用钻孔旁压试验原位测试冻土力学性质的探讨

首次利用钻孔旁压仪对青藏公路沿线典型地段多年冻土的力学性质进行了原位测度和平面弹性体理论和Ｌａｍｅ提出的无限弹性介质中的圆柱孔穴径向膨胀方程试验进行解译。结果表明,冻土的旁压模量、旁压比例界面、极限压力随着温的降低而增大;含水量在一定范围内变化时冻土的旁压模量、旁压比例界限、极限压力与之呈正相关,当其超过一定限度时它们之间呈负相关,容重与冻土的旁压模量,旁压比例界限、极限压力呈正相关,低温冻土较高     

基于统计分析离子型稀土矿体力学参数的测点布置

基于统计分析结果合理布置测点,测试土体力学参数具有测试结果准确和经济快捷等优点。在赣南某稀土矿山非等间距布置6个测点,共计18个测试孔,通过旁压试验和钻孔剪切试验测试了离子型稀土矿体的旁压模量、变形模量、压缩模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角等力学参数,运用经典统计学方法和地质学统计方法分析矿体力学参数的空间变异性。研究结果表明:试验矿块内矿体的黏聚力和旁压模量属于强变异,黏聚力的变异系数为0.48,旁压模量的变异系数为0.36;内摩擦角属于弱变异性,其变异系数为0.067;假设由18个测试孔的测试数据计算得到各力学参数为真值,若15%为工程可接受的误差,运用经典统计学方法分析和地质统计学方法分析结果表明,对于试验矿块,在45 m范围内均匀布置5个测点,测试结果可有效估计矿块内黏聚力和旁压模量的平均值和变异系数。     

通过循环旁压试验确定土的模量

以往,由旁压试验曲线,我们只能求出土在第一次加荷下的模量和一个极限压力,本文证明由这种试验还能获得有关土的模量的更多资料。土的模量是随应变水平的改变而改变的,而通常旁压仪模量是在一个较大的应变水平上测定的。文中说明了怎样用一次卸荷——再加荷循环试验配合双曲应力应变模型来求出任意应变水平上的土的模量的方法。土的模量同应力限界亦有关系。文中也说明了怎样用一个卸荷——再加荷循环配合一个幂律公式来求出其应力同模量的关系的方法。土的模量还是卸荷——再加荷次数的函数。文中介绍了一个用旁压仪进行了100次卸荷——再加荷循环试验的例子,并由此说明了土的模量与残余变形同循环卸荷——再加荷次数间的关系。     

红黏土地基承载力和变形参数的空间分布特征分析

为了获得红黏土地基承载力和变形参数在横向和垂向上的定量数据及分析它们的变化规律,选取厦门至成都高速公路湖南省郴州段典型横纵断面上的红黏土地层作为试验点,采用平板载荷试验、旁压试验等技术手段进行了原位测试。试验结果表明：红黏土地基承载力和变形模量在横向较小的范围内呈现较大幅度的变化,在垂向上则呈现先增大再减小的变化趋势,与红黏土赋存厚度、地形地貌、含水率等相关;旁压试验所测得的承载力特征值和平板载荷试验测得的承载力特征值之间存在一定的差异性;旁压模量与变形模量可以通过结构性系数联系起来,所得的结构性系数与Menard根据大量黏土试验资料对比所得到的结论较为一致。     

某海相淤泥土层地区钻孔压灌桩基础事故原因分析与加固处理

针对某海相淤泥土层地区钻孔压灌桩基础出现多数桩身完整性和承载力不满足设计要求的的现象进行分析,发现在新近沉积的海相淤泥土层中进行钻孔压灌桩施工易出现混凝土窜孔、流失等现象,是造成桩身缺陷的主要原因。同时,还探讨如何根据验收检测、扩大检测及设计荷载复核等手段,在现有桩基础承载力得到充分发挥的基础上,对桩基础进行加固处理,从而较大地节省了加固成本。     

外荷载作用下软土压缩模量的动态演化规律研究

在软土地基的压缩性评价和变形计算中,压缩模量是一个重要的土性参数,目前一般是通过室内侧限压缩试验曲线得到,通常是一个常数。实际上,压缩模量在地基固结过程中会随着土体固结度的增加而逐渐增大,因此,探讨外荷载作用下软土压缩模量的变化规律显得十分必要。以珠江三角洲地区某高速公路代表性软土地基为研究对象,采集天然状态和超载预压后两种状态的淤泥质土样,分别开展不同压力条件下的室内固结试验,通过分析比较两种状态土样的试验数据,得出了两种状态下淤泥质土压缩模量随压力变化的定量关系和压缩模量随压力及时间演化的规律。在此基础上,结合天然状态和超载预压后的淤泥质土样在室内再压缩前后的微观结构图像,分析了两种状态下淤泥质土压缩模量随压力和时间演化的机理。从而为软土变形计算的参数合理取值提供了有用的参考,且对软基堆载预压过程中控制加荷速率和分级荷载的大小具有重要的现实意义。     

GA型旁压仪的应用及成果分析

在南水北调工程中应用ＧＡ型旁压仪对地基进行原位测试。介绍了ＧＡ型旁压仪的基本结构、工作原理、测试及有关计算方法,并对其典型旁压的试验成果进行了分析。     

滨海区海相沉积土压缩模量的试验研究

在滨海区海相沉积土地基的压缩性评价和计算中,压缩模量是一个重要的土性指标,尤其是在变形要求严格的工程中,对于压缩模量取值的研究具有重要意义。以我国北方某填海造地机场工程场区地基土为研究对象,进行原位测试和变形专项研究。在现场采用固定平台取土和测试,通过室内试验获取了各层土的室内试验压缩模量,通过旁压试验、静力触探试验等原位测试方法得到了各层土的相应的压缩模量。通过分析发现,两种原位测试方法得到的压缩模量,与室内试验自重应力下的压缩模量吻合度较好,说明采用固定平台进行测试,成果合理可靠。在具体的计算取值时,如原位测试数据样本充足,推荐以原位测试成果为主,再考虑室内试验自重应力下的压缩模量。     

广西海相淤泥的次固结特性研究

在土木工程建设中将常遇到许多海相淤泥类软土地基。淤泥是一种流变性很强的饱和软粘土,次固结变形在总变形中占有很大的比重。以广西海相淤泥为例,根据室内试验成果,分析了海相淤泥次固结变形特性,得出了一些规律性结论,对于沿海地区淤泥地基的理论设计与工程实践有重要的指导意义。     

Distribution and tectonic implications of Cretaceous-Quaternary sedimentary facies in Solomon Islands

Sedimentary rocks of the Solomon Islands-Bougainville Arc are described in terms of nine widespread facies. Four facies associations are recognised by grouping facies which developed in broadly similar sedimentary environments.A marine pelagic association of Early Cretaceous to Miocene rocks comprises three facies. Facies Al: Early Cretaceous siliceous mudstone, found only on Malaita, is interpreted as deep marine siliceous ooze. Facies A2: Early Cretaceous to Eocene limestone with chert, overlies the siliceous mudstone facies, and is widespread in the central and eastern Solomons. It represents lithified calcareous ooze. Facies A3: Oligocene to Miocene calcisiltite with thin tuffaceous beds, overlies Facies A2 in most areas, and also occurs in the western Solomons. This represents similar, but less lithified calcareous ooze, and the deposits of periodic andesitic volcanism.An open marine detrital association of Oligocene to Recent age occurs throughout the Solomons. This comprises two facies. Facies B1 is variably calcareous siltstone, of hemipelagic origin; and Facies B2 consists of volcanogenic clastic deposits, laid down from submarine mass flows.A third association, of shallow marine carbonates, ranges in age from Late Oligocene to Recent. Facies C1 is biohermal limestone, and Facies C2 is biostromal calcarenite.The fourth association comprises areally restricted Pliocene to Recent paralic detrital deposits. Facies D1 includes nearshore clastic sediments, and Facies D2 comprises alluvial sands and gravels.Pre-Oligocene pelagic sediments were deposited contemporaneously with, and subsequent to, the extrusion of oceanic tholeiite. Island arc volcanism commenced along the length of the Solomons during the Oligocene, and greatly influenced sedimentation. Thick volcaniclastic sequences were deposited from submarine mass flows, and shallow marine carbonates accumulated locally. Fine grained graded tuffaceous beds within the marine pelagic association are interpreted as products of this volcanism, suggesting that the Santa Isabel-Malaita-Ulawa area, where these beds are prevalent, was relatively close to the main Solomons chain at this time. A subduction zone may have dipped towards the northeast beneath this volcanic chain. Pliocene to Pleistocene calcalkaline volcanism and tectonism resulted in the emergence of all large islands and led to deposition of clastic and carbonate facies in paralic, shallow and deep marine environments.     

深海沉积物分类与命名的关键技术和方案

对地质研究的对象进行科学合理的分类,是地学研究的重要内容之一.为建立科学合理、量化统一、操作简便的深海沉积物分类与命名方案,详细分析国内外深海沉积物分类与命名现状,深刻了解海洋沉积物组成与分布,深入研究深海沉积物的水深、平均粒径和粘土含量3项参数指标,通过分析涂片鉴定粘土、钙质生物、硅质生物这三者的含量、粒度和化学分析之间的差异,建立钙质生物、硅质生物与CaCO₃、生物SiO₂的量化关系,完成沉降法和激光法粒度分析资料的对比和校正,分析深海沉积物分类与命名的兼容性和可比性.在上述研究成果基础上,自主创新提出深海沉积物分类与命名方案及其关键技术.深海沉积物类型简分法把深海沉积物分为深海粘土、钙质软泥、硅质软泥、粘土-硅质-钙质软泥4类,它能满足一般性海洋地质调查要求,达到基本了解深海沉积物类型的目的,在兼容世界深海沉积物类型现状的同时,充分考虑到混合沉积物的存在.深海沉积物类型细分法在简分法基础上细分了16种沉积物,使分类与命名更加详细和全面,满足海洋地质详细调查研究的要求.深海沉积物分类与命名方案与浅海沉积物分类与命名比较,在图形、类型指标、种类数量、冠字冠名法、混合沉积物表示法、可操作性等方面具有可比性,使浅海到深海的沉积物分类与命名呈渐变和有机联系.      

Deglacial seasonal and sub‐seasonal diatom record from Palmer Deep,Antarctica

The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most sensitive regions of Antarctica to climate change. Here, ecological and cryospheric systems respond rapidly to climate fluctuations. A 4.4 m thick laminated diatom ooze deposited during the last deglaciation is examined from a marine sediment core (ODP Site 1098) recovered from Basin I, Palmer Deep, western Antarctic Peninsula. This deglacial laminated interval was deposited directly over a glaciomarine diamict, hence during a globally recognised period of rapid climate change. The ultra‐high‐resolution deglacial record is analysed using SEM backscattered electron imagery and secondary electron imagery. Laminated to thinly bedded orange‐brown diatom ooze (near monogeneric Hyalochaete Chaetoceros spp. resting spores) alternates with blue‐grey terrigenous sediments (open water diatom species). These discrete laminae are interpreted as austral spring and summer signals respectively, with negligible winter deposition. Sub‐seasonal sub‐laminae are observed repeatedly through the summer laminae, suggesting variations in shelf waters throughout the summer. Tidal cycles, high storm intensities and/or intrusion of Circumpolar Deep Water onto the continental shelf introduced conditions which enhanced specific species productivity through the season. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Porosity in chalk – roles of elastic strain and plastic strain

Chalks originate as Cretaceous to Recent pelagic or hemipelagic calcareous ooze, which indurate via burial diagenesis to chalk and limestone. Because they accumulate in pelagic settings with high environmental continuity, chalks may form thick formations and even groups. For this reason, and because chalks have a simple mineralogy (low magnesium calcite, silica and clays), they are ideal for the study of diagenetic processes including the depth-related decrease of porosity. It is the aim of this study to illustrate how the evaluation of in situ elastic strain can help in understanding these processes including the interplay between stress-controlled diagenetic processes and processes furthered by thermal energy. Petrophysical core and well data can be used for analyses of how porosity reduction via pore collapse and pressure dissolution is related to in situ elastic strain. The data in question are: depth, density of overburden, pore pressure, ultrasonic P-wave velocity and dry density/porosity. The analysis reveals that the transition from ooze to chalk is associated with high elastic strain and consequent pressure dissolution at calcite–particle contacts causing contact cementation. The transition from chalk to limestone is also associated with high elastic strain, especially at clay–calcite interphases causing development of stylolites via pressure dissolution, and consequent pore-filling cementation. Following each transformation the elastic strain drops rapidly. The observation of this diagenesis-related pattern in elastic strain of the sedimentary rock is novel and should not only be helpful in understanding the porosity development in sedimentary basins, but also add basic scientific insight.     

Age assignment of a diatomaceous ooze deposited in the western Amundsen Sea Embayment after the Last Glacial Maximum

Reliable dating of glaciomarine sediments deposited on the Antarctic shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is challenging because of the rarity of calcareous (micro‐) fossils and the recycling of fossil organic matter. Consequently, radiocarbon (¹⁴C) ages of the acid‐insoluble organic fraction (AIO) of the sediments bear uncertainties that are difficult to quantify. Here we present the results of three different methods to date a sedimentary unit consisting of diatomaceous ooze and diatomaceous mud that was deposited following the last deglaciation at five core sites on the inner shelf in the western Amundsen Sea (West Antarctica). In three cores conventional ¹⁴C dating of the AIO in bulk samples yielded age reversals down‐core, but at all sites the AIO ¹⁴C ages obtained from diatomaceous ooze within the diatom‐rich unit yielded similar uncorrected ¹⁴C ages between 13 517 ± 56 and 11 543 ± 47 years before present (a BP). Correction of these ages by subtracting the core‐top ages, which probably reflect present‐day deposition (as indicated by ²¹⁰Pb dating of the sediment surface at one core site), yielded ages between ca. 10 500 and 8400 cal. a BP. Correction of the AIO ages of the diatomaceous ooze by only subtracting the marine reservoir effect (MRE) of 1300 a indicated deposition of the diatom‐rich sediments between 14 100 and 11 900 cal. a BP. Most of these ages are consistent with age constraints between 13.0 and 8.0 ka for the diatom‐rich unit, which we obtained by correlating the relative palaeomagnetic intensity (RPI) records of three of the sediment cores with global and regional reference curves. As a third dating technique we applied conventional radiocarbon dating of the AIO included in acid‐cleaned diatom hard parts extracted from the diatomaceous ooze. This method yielded uncorrected ¹⁴C ages of only 5111 ± 38 and 5106 ± 38 a BP, respectively. We reject these young ages, because they are likely to be overprinted by the adsorption of modern atmospheric carbon dioxide onto the surfaces of the diatom hard parts prior to sample graphitisation and combustion for ¹⁴C dating. The deposition of the diatom‐rich unit in the western Amundsen Sea suggests deglaciation of the inner shelf before ca. 13 ka BP. The deposition of diatomaceous oozes elsewhere on the Antarctic shelf around the same time, however, seems to be coincidental rather than directly related. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ca isotopes in carbonate sediment and pore fluid from ODP Site 807A: The Ca(aq)-calcite equilibrium fractionation factor and calcite recrystallization rates in Pleistocene sediments

The calcium isotopic compositions (δ⁴⁴Ca) of 30 high-purity nannofossil ooze and chalk and 7 pore fluid samples from ODP Site 807A (Ontong Java Plateau) are used in conjunction with numerical models to determine the equilibrium calcium isotope fractionation factor (α_s−f) between calcite and dissolved Ca²⁺ and the rates of post-depositional recrystallization in deep sea carbonate ooze. The value of α_s−f at equilibrium in the marine sedimentary section is 1.0000 ± 0.0001, which is significantly different from the value (0.9987 ± 0.0002) found in laboratory experiments of calcite precipitation and in the formation of biogenic calcite in the surface ocean. We hypothesize that this fractionation factor is relevant to calcite precipitation in any system at equilibrium and that this equilibrium fractionation factor has implications for the mechanisms responsible for Ca isotope fractionation during calcite precipitation. We describe a steady state model that offers a unified framework for explaining Ca isotope fractionation across the observed precipitation rate range of ∼14 orders of magnitude. The model attributes Ca isotope fractionation to the relative balance between the attachment and detachment fluxes at the calcite crystal surface. This model represents our hypothesis for the mechanism responsible for isotope fractionation during calcite precipitation. The Ca isotope data provide evidence that the bulk rate of calcite recrystallization in freshly-deposited carbonate ooze is 30-40%/Myr, and decreases with age to about 2%/Myr in 2-3 million year old sediment. The recrystallization rates determined from Ca isotopes for Pleistocene sediments are higher than those previously inferred from pore fluid Sr concentration and are consistent with rates derived for Late Pleistocene siliciclastic sediments using uranium isotopes. Combining our results for the equilibrium fractionation factor and recrystallization rates, we evaluate the effect of diagenesis on the Ca isotopic composition of marine carbonates at Site 807A. Since calcite precipitation rates in the sedimentary column are many orders of magnitude slower than laboratory experiments and the pore fluids are only slightly oversaturated with respect to calcite, the isotopic composition of diagenetic calcite is likely to reflect equilibrium precipitation. Accordingly, diagenesis produces a maximum shift in δ⁴⁴Ca of +0.15‰ for Site 807A sediments but will have a larger impact where sedimentation rates are low, seawater circulates through the sediment pile, or there are prolonged depositional hiatuses.     

马里亚纳海沟挑战者深渊南部7000m水深处发现硅藻化石软泥

在马里亚纳海沟"蛟龙号"载人深潜器海试区约7000m水深的海底,发现了硅藻化石软泥沉积物,为中国首次在此大深度船载采集到硅藻化石软泥。室内硅藻化石分析显示,重力柱状样顶部约10cm厚的软泥为大筛盘藻Ethmodiscus rex硅藻软泥。化石主要由大筛盘藻组成,呈碎片状,数量巨大,并伴生有Azpeitia等热带远洋浮游种类。硅藻化石软泥发育表明,本区曾发生过E.rex勃发事件,具有重要的古海洋学和古生物学研究意义。     

Physical behaviour of Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil ooze: Insight from flume studies of disaggregated chalk

Geomorphic features such as drifts, sediment waves and channels have been documented in the Upper Cretaceous of north‐west Europe. These features are interpreted to result from bottom currents and have been used to refine chalk depositional models and quantify palaeocirculation patterns. Chalk was first deposited as calcareous nannofossil ooze and geomorphic features are the result of sediment reworking after deposition. There is limited knowledge on the processes that govern nannofossil ooze mobility, thus forcing uncertainty onto numerical models based on sedimentological observations. This article provides an extensive view of the erosional and depositional behaviour of calcareous nannofossil ooze based on experimental work using annular flumes. A fundamental observation of this study is the significant decrease of nannofossil ooze mobility with decreasing bed porosity. Erosion characteristics, labelled as erosion types, vary with total bed porosity (φ) and applied shear stress (τ₀). High‐porosity ooze (φ >80%) is characterized by constant erosion rates (E_m). At φ <77%, however, erosion characteristics showed greater variance. Surface erosion was typically followed by transitional erosion (with asymptotically decreasing E_m), and stages of erosion with constant, and exponential erosion rates. The estimated erosion thresholds (τ_c) vary from ca 0·05 to 0·08 Pa for the onset of surface erosion and up to ca 0·19 Pa for the onset of constant erosion (φ of 60 to 85%). Variability of deposition thresholds (τ_cd) from ca 0·04 to 0·13 Pa reflects the influence of variable suspended sediment concentration and τ₀ on settling particle size due to the identified potential for chalk ooze aggregation and flocculation. Additionally, deposition thresholds seem to be affected by the size of eroded aggregates whose size correlates with bed porosity. Lastly, slow sediment transport without resuspension occurred in high‐porosity ooze as surface creep, forming low‐relief sedimentary features resembling ripples. This process represents a previously undescribed mode of fine‐grained nannofossil ooze transport.