水平荷载群桩三维有限元分析研究

利用三维弹性有限元法对水平荷载群桩基础进行了特性分析研究,讨论了桩距、桩数、桩长、桩径和土质等各种因素对群桩基础位移群桩效应的影响,得出了一些有益的结论。     

基坑开挖时邻近桩基性状的数值分析

基坑开挖时尤为关注的问题是土体侧向移动对邻近桩基的不利影响,土体的侧向移动使邻近桩基产生侧向位移和附加应力及弯矩,甚至可能使上部建筑物功能失效。采用土工有限元软件Plaxis 8.2对内支撑排桩支护基坑开挖过程进行数值模拟,分析了基坑开挖时对邻近桩基的各种影响因素,包括单排桩、双排桩在不同开挖深度、支护桩的刚度、桩基刚度、桩基距基坑开挖面距离、桩身的约束和桩长条件下桩身水平位移和弯矩的变化特性。     

被动桩侧土体位移场的透明土模型试验

常规室内模型试验中,土体侧向位移作用下桩身变形特性能够获得,而桩周土体内部的位移很难量测。因此,结合透明土材料、粒子图像测速(PIV)技术和光学测量系统,设计了侧向位移作用下被动桩桩周土体变形测量试验系统。通过非插入式测量,得到桩不同埋置深度下桩周土体的位移场。试验结果表明:相同侧向位移模式下,桩埋置深度越大,桩对桩前土体的遮拦效应越明显,中间与两侧土体的相对位移越大。基于模型试验的结果建立了数值模型,参数敏感分析表明土体侧向位移形状对桩前土体位移遮拦效应的影响程度依次为矩形、抛物线形和三角形,且遮拦效果随着桩径的增加而更加明显。     

斜桩基础受力特性研究

斜桩在群桩中起到承受较大水平荷载的作用,被广泛应用于桥梁、码头以及大型输电线路等建构筑物的基础中。群桩基础中,斜桩对竖向和水平荷载的分担作用不仅是力的分解问题,还与群桩中斜桩与直桩的单桩轴向和侧向刚度有关,进行斜桩群桩基础分析需要考虑轴向与侧向刚度的耦合。通过对直桩、斜桩的单桩侧向和轴向承载特性的分析以及群桩基础荷载分担情况的分析,揭示了斜桩基础的受力性状。负斜桩单桩侧向刚度最大,直桩次之,正斜桩最小。桩长对单桩轴向刚度的影响非常明显,桩长越长,轴向刚度越大,轴向刚度与侧向刚度之间的差异也就更加显著。群桩基础大部分竖向荷载由桩轴向力承担;当轴向刚度与侧向刚度的比值较小,基础水平荷载主要由桩侧向力承担;当轴向刚度与侧向刚度的比值很大,基础水平荷载主要由桩轴向力承担;当桩的倾斜角较小时,由基础水平荷载引起的桩轴向力较大。     

顶管施工对邻近地下管线的影响预测分析

采用通用Peck公式计算顶管施工引起的地下管线平面处的土体竖向位移。对地下管线的受力模型进行简化,基于Winkler地基模型,得到地下管线由于顶管开挖引起的极限弯矩、理论弯矩以及管线变形的计算方法。通过算例分析,与连续弹性解、Attewell解和王涛解的计算结果进行比较,探讨了土质条件、管线材质、管线埋深、管线管径对地下管线受力的影响。计算结果表明,本方法适用于各种土质,可较好地预估管线所受弯矩,且不会低估管线所受的最大弯矩;在相同条件下,管线埋深越大承受的弯矩也越大,但埋深仅对最大正弯矩和最大负弯矩位置附近处的管线影响较大,对其余部位影响较小;管线抗弯刚度越大,管线承受的极限弯矩和影响范围也越大;管线管径越大,管线承受的弯矩也越大。     

隧道开挖引起邻近单桩水平反应分析

隧道开挖会降低邻近桩基承载力,如何更为合理评价桩基水平附加响应是需要解决的问题。基于Pasternak双参数地基模型和三折线弹塑性荷载传递模型,采用两阶段分析法,并考虑侧向土体作用及地基土层的非均质特性,提出了更符合实际的单桩水平反应简化分析方法。通过与Winkler地基梁法及边界元法的对比分析,验证了方法的合理性。结合对单桩水平反应的多种影响因素进行参数分析,通过各因素相应的修正系数来对基准工况中单桩最大水平反应进行修正,得到计算工况中单桩的最大水平位移和最大弯矩。分析结果表明,桩基水平位移计算时可忽略侧向土体作用,而弯矩计算时应予以考虑;桩基计算工况的最大水平位移 最大弯矩 与平均地层损失比 呈现线性关系,而与隧道半径R、隧道轴线深度H、桩距隧道中心线距离x及桩身柔度系数 均呈现非线性关系。     

冻融条件下模型桩基水平动力试验研究

基于自制的冻土-桩动力相互作用模型试验系统,对-5℃、-3℃及上层融化多年冻土中模型桩基进行了水平向动力试验,主要研究了冻结及上层融化冻土中模型桩基的桩头位移-荷载关系、桩基水平动刚度变化及桩身弯矩分布情况。结果表明：冻土中桩基动力响应特性与土体温度密切相关;正冻土中桩基有较大的侧向刚度,当冻土与桩接触面出现较大间隙时,桩头位移-荷载曲线呈反S形;桩基动力性能随多年冻土温度降低将有所改善;当冻土上部出现融化层时,桩基动响应变化显著,桩头动刚度明显减小,桩基在较小动载下可发生较大侧向位移,同时桩身最大弯矩值较正冻土中偏大,且此弯矩点埋深较大。对于多年冻土区桩基工程,应特别重视夏季上层冻土融化时可能出现的震害。     

基于能量法的轴横向荷载作用下单桩受力变形分析

轴向和横向荷载作用下单桩的受力变形分析是桩基研究的重点内容之一。单桩在水平荷载作用下会产生一定的水平位移与弯矩,而此时作用轴向荷载会使得桩体出现一定的压曲与附加弯矩,以致轴横向荷载作用下的单桩受力变形与单独作用水平荷载或轴向荷载的单桩存在较大的区别。故本文基于能量法,首先分别建立轴横向荷载作用下单桩的受力变形能量方程以及桩周土体能量方程,然后考虑桩土变形协调与一定的桩土相互作用,基于最小势能原理得到单桩变形控制微分方程,并采用幂级数法进行求解,最终得到轴横向荷载作用下单桩受力变形分析的幂级数解答。通过编程计算,将本文方法计算结果与试验结果、数值分析结果、规范法计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的合理性和可行性。在此基础上,基于本文解答进行了影响参数分析,结果表明:桩体长径比、桩土弹性模量比、桩周土模量深度变化系数均对轴横向受荷单桩的桩身水平位移与最大弯矩值有一定的影响,其中桩周土模量深度变化系数以不小于0.6为宜。     

海洋工程中大直径管桩垂直水平荷载试验研究

通过海洋环境条件下大直径管桩的垂直和水平荷载试验,分析了管桩在垂直和水平荷载作用下的受力特点,得到了管桩的垂直极限承载力、侧摩阻力及端承力、轴向反力系数等结果,以及水平荷载作用下桩顶位移和转角关系、弯矩分布、土抗力、水平地基反力系数的比例系数和最大弯矩点等参数。试验结果表明：垂直荷载作用下,极限承载力可达12000kN,在沉桩过程中部分桩有一定程度的闭塞;大直径管桩能够抵抗水平荷载的作用,弹性长桩的受力性质主要受上部土层的影响。根据试验结果计算的水平地基抗力比例系数m值,对本工程及同类地质条件的桩基设计具有参考价值。     

抗滑短桩加固滑坡体模型试验三维数值模拟分析

为解决抗滑短桩加固滑坡体理论研究不满足工程应用需要的现状,本文采用基于快速拉格朗日算法的FLAC3D软件,对桩长变化的抗滑短桩加固碎石土滑坡全过程进行三维有限元模拟,通过分析滑体位移、应力、抗滑短桩位移和桩身弯矩的变化规律,研究抗滑短桩的受力变形特性及桩土相互作用机理。研究表明:经抗滑短桩加固后的滑坡,稳定性显著提高;随着桩长增加,桩后应力分布越均匀,抗滑短桩与桩周土体的整体性越好,滑体最大位移逐渐减小,有效抑制滑体位移;当桩长小于60 cm时,滑体出现"越顶"现象,在楔形体前缘顶部形成了贯通滑动面,且发生较小范围的失稳破坏;当桩体自由段与滑体厚度比值为0.52~0.59时,加固效果最理想。研究结果对抗滑短桩加固滑坡体的抗滑机理予以补充。     

An experimental study on static and dynamic bending behaviour of piles in soft clay

Static and dynamic lateral load tests were carried out on model aluminium single piles embedded in soft clay to study its bending behaviour. Model aluminium piles with length to diameter ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 were used. Static lateral load tests were conducted on piles by rope and pulley arrangement upto failure and load–deflection curves were obtained. Dynamic lateral load tests were carried out for different magnitudes of load ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a Data Acquisition System. Safe static lateral load capacity for all piles is interpreted from load–deflection curves. Dynamic characteristics of the soil–pile system were arrived from the acquired experimental data. The soil–pile system behaves predominantly in nonlinear fashion even at low frequency under dynamic load. The displacement amplitude under dynamic load is magnified by 4.5–6.5 times the static deflection for all piles embedded in soft clay. But, the peak magnification factor reduces with an increase in the magnitude of lateral load mainly because of increase of hysteretic damping at very soft consistency. The maximum BM occurs at the fundamental frequency of the soil–pile system. Even the lower part of the pile affects the pile head response to the inertial load applied at the pile head. The maximum dynamic BM is magnified by about 1.5 times the maximum static BM for model piles in tested consistency of clay. The maximum dynamic BM occurs at a depth of about 1.5 times the depth of maximum static BM for model piles, which indicates an increase of active pile length under dynamic load.     

水平荷载作用下PCC桩复合地基工作性状

利用河海大学岩土所自行研制开发的大型试验模型槽进行PCC桩水平承载足尺试验,实测得到了水平荷载作用下桩身弯矩分布。利用三维弹塑性有限元方法,研究了PCC单桩与等截面实心圆桩、PCC桩复合地基与等截面实心圆桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下的工作性状,对其桩身弯矩和水平位移的分布规律进行了比较,分析了竖向荷载、褥垫层厚度、基础埋深和置换率对PCC桩复合地基桩身性状的影响。研究表明,PCC桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下,随着竖向荷载、褥垫层厚度、基础埋深和置换率的增加,其桩身弯矩和水平位移随之减小。因此,在PCC桩复合地基设计时可以通过适度调整这些影响参数来减小水平荷载作用下的桩身弯矩和水平位移,确保桩身的安全。     

Load–Deflection response of transversely isotropic piles under lateral loads

In general, pile materials are assumed to be isotropic during the analysis of the load–deflection response of piles under lateral loads. However, commonly used materials such as reinforced concrete and timber as well as potentially promising new pile materials such as fiber reinforced polymers are typically transversely isotropic materials. Experimental studies have shown that transversely isotropic materials have a high ratio of section longitudinal modulus to the section in‐plane shear modulus (E_zz/G_xz) compared to the value for isotropic materials. The high modulus ratio leads to a more significant shear deformation effect in beam bending. To account for the shear deformation effect, the Timoshenko Beam Theory has been adopted in deriving the solutions for the load–deflection response of transversely isotropic piles under lateral loads instead of the Classical (Euler–Bernoulli) Beam Theory. The load–deflection responses depend on the shear effect coefficient, the lateral soil resistance, the embedment ratio, and the boundary conditions. The deflection of the pile, if the shear deformation effect is considered, is always larger than if it is neglected. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边坡土体侧移模式对抗滑桩影响分析

在开挖、降雨或地震等外部因素作用下,边坡土体很容易进入局部或瞬态大变形乃至失稳滑动,使抗滑桩产生附加位移及弯矩。基于两阶段分析方法,采用Winkler模型模拟抗滑单桩与土之间的相互作用,建立单桩水平位移控制方程组,根据内力与位移的连续条件得到考虑不同土体侧移模式下求解桩身响应的矩阵解析表达式,并采用现场监测数据及Poulos弹性理论进行验证,证明该方法是合理可行的,并通过参数分析土体侧移对抗滑桩水平承载性状的影响程度。分析结果表明,土体侧移模式包括最大侧移值、分布形状及重心、侧移势等,对抗滑桩的挠度和弯矩均有显著影响,在工程设计中应予以充分重视。     

竖向荷载作用下斜桩荷载传递性状试验研究

通过模型试验研究了竖向荷载作用下砂土中斜桩的荷载传递性状,分析了桩身倾角及长径比对斜桩桩身轴力、弯矩、剪力、桩侧摩阻力及端阻比的影响。试验结果表明：在桩顶竖向荷载作用下,斜桩桩身轴力均小于相应直桩桩身轴力,桩身倾角越大,轴力沿深度衰减得越快,桩长径比越大,轴力沿深度衰减得也越快;斜桩桩身最大弯矩随桩身倾角及长径比的增加而增加,最大弯矩出现的深度与桩身倾角无关,只与长径比相关;不论桩身倾角及长径比的大小,斜桩桩身最大剪力均出现在桩顶截面处,桩身最大剪力随着桩身倾角的增加而增大;桩身倾角越大,斜桩最大摩阻力越大,长径比越大,斜桩最大摩阻力越小,斜桩最大摩阻力出现在桩顶下1/4～1/5桩长处;斜桩端阻比随着桩顶竖向荷载的增加而增大,随着桩身倾角及长径比的增加而减小。     

Response of Pile Groups Driven in Sand Subjected to Combined Loads

Although the loads applied on piles are usually a combination of both vertical and lateral loads, very limited experimental research has been done on the response of pile groups subjected to combined loads. Due to pile–soil–pile interaction in pile groups, the response of a pile group may differ substantially from that of a single pile. This difference depends on soil state and pile spacing. This paper presents results of experiments designed to investigate pile interaction effects on the response of pile groups subjected to both axial and lateral loads. The experiments were load tests performed on model pile groups (2 × 2 pile groups) in calibration chamber sand samples. The model piles were driven into the sand samples prepared with different relative densities using a sand pluviator. The combined load tests were performed on the model pile groups subjected to different axial load levels, i.e., 0 (pure lateral loading), 25, 50, and 75% of the ultimate axial load capacity of the pile groups, defined as the load corresponding to a settlement of 10% of the model pile diameter. The combined load test results showed that the bending moment and lateral deflection at the head of the piles increased substantially for tests performed in the presence of axial loads, suggesting that the presence of axial loads on groups of piles driven in sand is detrimental to their lateral capacity.     

Analysis of rectangular piles subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil using a Winkler model approach

An analytical approach using a Winkler model based on two lateral soil displacement components in a three‐dimensional soil is investigated to provide analytical solutions of horizontal response of a rectangular pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil. The two lateral displacement components of a soil surrounding the rectangular pile are represented by the Fourier series of displacement potential functions in the elastic three‐dimensional analysis. The lateral stiffness coefficient of the rectangular pile shaft in nonhomogeneous soil is derived from the rocking stiffness coefficient taking into account rocking rotation of a rigid pile shaft. The relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force for the rectangular pile subjected to horizontal loads in nonhomogeneous soil is obtainable in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of lateral displacement and rotation for a rectangular pile subjected to lateral loads on the pile base in nonhomogeneous soil is proposed by taking into account Mindlin's equation and the equivalent thickness for soil layers in the equivalent elastic method. The difference of lateral behavior between square and circular piles subjected to lateral loads is insignificant. The effect of aspect ratio of the rectangular pile on the lateral behavior is great for the lower stiffness ratio between pile and soil and the larger length–equivalent diameter ratio. The effect of the value of Poisson's ratio of soil on lateral stiffness coefficient is relatively small except Poisson's ratio close to 0.5. The comparison of the results calculated by the current method for a rectangular pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil has shown good agreement with those obtained from the analytical methods and the finite element method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

局部冲刷下群桩水平承载试验研究

基于典型冲刷坑形态,通过改变冲刷深度来模拟不同局部冲刷作用,对典型的9桩群桩进行了冲刷前、后水平承载试验,对相同参数的单桩进行了平行对比试验,详细分析了荷载-位移特性、桩身弯矩分布、群桩效率系数以及荷载分担比的变化规律。结果表明,随着冲刷深度增加,单桩和9桩基础水平承载力均呈现减弱趋势,水平群桩效率系数逐渐增大,承台约束作用效应更加明显,桩身弯矩增大,最大弯矩点位置向桩端移动,前排桩荷载分担比增大,中、后排桩荷载分担比减小;前排角桩受冲刷深度和水平荷载影响最大,设计时需采取有效的加强措施。