Salanced Cross Section for Restoration of Tectonic Evolution in the Southwest Okinawa Trough

On the basis of the multi.channel seismic data and the other data, using 2DMove software, the tectonic evolution in three seismic profiles was restored since Pliocene. The tectonic restoration results show that： （1） the initial active center lay in the west slope and then was transferred to east and south via trough center during the evolution process; （2） several main normal faults controlled the evolution of the southern Okinawa Trough; （3） since Late Pliocene, the southern Okinawa Trough has experienced two spreading stages. The early is depression in Early-Middle Pleistocene and the late is back-arc spreading in Late Pleistocene and Holocene, which is in primary oceanic crust spreading stage.     

冲绳海槽构造演化及其与岩浆、热液和沉积作用的关系：研究进展与展望

冲绳海槽是西太平洋沟-弧-盆体系中典型的弧后盆地。其独特的大地构造位置,岩浆、热液活动与沉积记录一直是学术界研究的热点。基于前人的研究成果,本文综述了冲绳海槽的构造活动对岩浆、热液与沉积的控制作用。菲律宾海板块的俯冲导致了冲绳海槽的形成,并发生了弧岩浆、弧后岩浆和斜切弧后岩浆作用,这三种岩浆作用导致了热液活动在平面分布上的三种不同分区。岩浆的发育和菲律宾海板块俯冲造成的断裂系统为冲绳海槽热液的发育分别提供了热源和通道。在~416 ka发生的浙闽隆起带沉降,导致了冲绳海槽北部的沉积物由粗变细。最后针对冲绳海槽的研究现状,文章对未来的进一步研究作了展望。     

南冲绳海槽构造沉降的回剥和正演耦合分析

冲绳海槽是研究边缘海盆地动力学的理想区域。本文在对南冲绳海槽的地震剖面进行层序划分的基础上应用回剥法和正演法研究了海槽的构造沉降特征。利用回剥方法对南冲绳海槽进行构造沉降史的定量模拟分析表明：南冲绳海槽具有发育时代晚而演化程度高的特点,0.1Ma以来的构造沉降量占到总构造沉降量的60%以上;南冲绳海槽北端是一个持续拉张沉降的过程,而由于台湾弧 陆碰撞,在接近台湾北部的南冲绳海槽南端则有一个明显差异沉降（相对隆升）的过程。通过对比分析应用正演法模拟得到的理论构造沉降量与回剥得到的实际沉降量,发现南冲绳海槽处于早期的初始沉降阶段,南北两端均存在异常构造沉降,南端早期的异常沉降是台湾弧 陆碰撞造成的,晚期的异常沉降和北端的异常沉降是动力沉降造成的。构造沉降幅度和出现动力沉降时期的对比表明海槽具有从北至南的演化进程。     

Geologic Control on Hydrothermal Activities in the Okinawa Trough

Revealing the controlling effect of geological structure on seafloor hydrothermal activities is of great significance in understanding the formation mechanism of hydrothermal system and searching for seafloor sulfide resources. This article summarized the topography and faults, crustal structure, gravity and magnetic field, heat flow and magmatism in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough, as well as the general characteristics of hydrothermal field distributions and hydrothermal products. By comparing the Okinawa Trough with the Manus Basin, Mariana Trough, North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin with different rock basements and extension stages, we generalized some specific geological characteristics of the Okinawa Trough, including the transitional crustal nature, low extension degree, high heat flow value, extremely thick sediments, and bimodal volcanism. The hydrothermal activities in the Okinawa Trough are controlled by fault structures, magmatism, and spreading rate, and at the same time, are affected by basement rock types and sediment covers. In the middle and southern parts of the trough, two group of faults that are parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the back-arc basin promote the fluid circulation, and large-scale magmatic activity provides sufficient heat for the hydrothermal system. In addition, the interaction of fluids with the widespread silicic volcanic rocks and thick sediments leads to the enrichment of organic matter, CO ₂, and metals such as Ag and Au in the hydrothermal products. According to the extension rate and geological features of the Okinawa Trough, we believe that the Okinawa Trough has potential to have new hydrothermal fields discovered and we speculate that new hydrothermal fields most possibly exist in the regions influenced by ridge subduction as well as the neo-volcanic zones closed to the island arc.     

冲绳海槽中部热液活动区构造地球物理特征分析

对冲绳海槽中部南奄西、伊平屋、伊士名三个现代海底热液活动区的地形、热流分布、地震、地磁场特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,海槽中部的热液活动区都集中于海槽的中央地堑中,或位于火山口的侧坡上,或位于地堑中山脊的侧坡上,热流值高而变化大,地震事件十分上频繁,地磁场曲线变化较大。这一系列特征说明现代海底热液活动区和目前的构造活动带吻合,热液活动和岩浆作用或浅成岩浆房密切相关。板块俯冲在海槽下诱生地幔物质上涌,上涌的地幔物质所携带的热量为热液活动提供了动力源,在海槽拉张过程中形成的断裂为热液流体提供了运移通道.     

冲绳海槽宫古段中央地堑的形态与分布

采用中国科学院海洋研究所“科学1号”调查船及国家海洋局“向阳红9号”调查船最近几年在冲绳海槽宫古段进行海底地形及反射地震调查所取得的数据,首次详细展示了冲绳海槽宫古段南北长约200km区域内中央地堑的形态及空间展布特征。本文给出的成果大大加深了关于冲绳海槽中央地堑各种变化的认识。指出,按照形态,中央地堑分为U型、V型和半地堑三种。其中大部分中央地堑为U型地堑。地堑的深度40～250m,宽度6～14km,长度17～33km。冲绳海槽宫古段的最大水深为2244.4m,位于中央地堑城阳段北端底部靠东的一侧(125°19.3′E,25°49.8′N)。本研究区的中央地堑可分为断续的9段,从东北向西南大致呈右旋雁行排列。但黄岛段相对于崂山段,城阳段相对于莱西段,李仓段相对于城阳段又稍微向西偏出,呈现为左旋雁行排列。地堑的走向一般为N60°E左右,相对于冲绳海槽的走向更偏向于东西方向,偏角在15°左右。各段中央地堑是被NW向断裂错开的。这些断裂在海底表现为明显的海底断崖地貌和陡沟地貌,在地震剖面上表现为明显的地层错位,其错位的幅度往往老地层比新地层要大。根据地震剖面分析,这些NW向的断裂应该是走滑性质的。本文展示的中央地堑在形态上和空间展布形式上都和扩张洋脊类似。莱西段和城阳段中央地堑之间重叠地堑,在形式上也类似于扩张洋脊的重叠扩张中心。从地堑深度较浅并发育重叠地堑来分析,冲绳海槽的扩张速率应当介于慢速扩张和中速扩张之间。本研究区莱西段、即墨段和平度段海底地形相对较高,中央地堑深度变浅,并发育重叠中央地堑,应该相当于快速扩张大洋中脊的轴高,可能是正在孕育岩浆活动的位置。目前我们所观测到的中央地堑的错断和有规律的排列说明海槽的主体演化过程已经在拉张盆地和断陷盆地的基础上上升到一个更高的阶段。本文根据中央地堑的展布形式、重叠中央地堑,及其两侧中央地堑中的海底山推测此区域海底扩张可能正在进行。     

冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究进展及思考

冲绳海槽以其特有的构造地质环境吸引着众多地质学者的关注。针对冲绳海槽地区岩浆作用过程的研究是其中的核心内容之一。本文综述了近年来冲绳海槽岩浆源区物质特征、岩浆形成演化过程及其控制机制等方面研究取得的主要成果,并在此基础上指出了目前冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究工作中存在的科学问题,提出利用铀系不平衡方法研究冲绳海槽岩浆活动的新思路,同时探讨了今后一段时间内的研究方向应该集中在以下四个方面: ①菲律宾板块俯冲的脱水过程对冲绳海槽岩浆活动的作用;②俯冲过程中深海沉积物对冲绳海槽岩浆的贡献;③冲绳海槽岩浆熔融的控制因素;④冲绳海槽火山活动和海底热液活动的成因关系。     

冲绳海槽北、中段火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

为去除非火山物质对样品化学性质的影响，得到火山岩真实的地球化学及同位素组成数据，作者对采自冲绳海槽的酸性火山岩样品严格的前处理，其中海槽北段火山岩同位素数据以前还未见公开报道。根据所得U系同位素组成数据及其分布规律分辩混染物中俯冲板片的成分，结合Sr-Nd同位素组成，本文对海槽火山活动的岩石种类、物质来源和岩浆演化过程作了一些初步的讨论。结果表明，冲绳海槽酸性火山岩分布广泛，为钙碱性系列岩石，碱性弱（里特曼指数〈1．8）；海槽岩浆主要源于地幔，源区同位素组成类似PREMA地幔，结晶分异作用是演化过程中最主要的地质作用，但岩浆也受到了不同程度地受到上地壳与／或俯冲板片物质的混入；根据混合模拟结果将海槽火山岩大致分成以上地壳物质混染为主和上地壳-俯冲板片混染两类，且认为上地壳混染发生在岩浆演化的晚期，此时岩浆体系SiO2含量要高于混染物。     

Geochemical constraints on the origin of bimodal magmatism at the Okinawa Trough, an incipient back-arc basin

The magmatism at the axial zone of the middle Okinawa Trough, a young continental back-arc basin, comprises a bimodal basaltic–rhyolitic suite, accompanied by minor intermediate rocks. We report major and trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic data for the intermediate to silicic suites, to provide constraints on their petrogenesis. The rhyolites, recovered as lava and pumice, fall into three geochemical groups (type 1, 2, and 3 rhyolites). Type 1 rhyolites have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7040–0.7042) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.5128–0.5129) identical to those of associated basalts, and are characterized by highly fractionated REE patterns. Petrogenesis of type 1 rhyolites is explicable in terms of fractional crystallization of the associated basalt. In contrast, type 2 rhyolites and andesite have slightly higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7044–0.7047) but similar ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.5128) compared to those of the basalts. The compositions of type 2 rhyolite and andesite can be explained by assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes of the basalt magma; quantitative analysis suggests assimilation/fractional crystallization (M_a/M_c) ratios of ≤0.05. Hybrid andesite generated by mixing of evolved basalt and type 1 rhyolite is also present. We emphasize that mechanical extension in this part of the Okinawa Trough involves gabbroic lower crust that resulted from fractionation of mantle-derived basaltic magmas. Type 3 rhyolite occurs only as pumice, which makes its derivation questionable. This rhyolite has major and trace element compositions and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios, which suggests that it may be derived from volcanic activity on the southern Ryukyu volcanic front, and arrived in the Okinawa Trough by drifting on the Kuroshio Current.     

渤海盆地新生代构造演化特征

在渤海盆地8个主要凹陷各选取一口井,对每口井构造沉降史特征进行分析,结果表明渤海盆地的构造沉降特征各凹陷不统一,南部和北部先沉降,再逐渐向中部迁移,最后以中部沉降为主,沉降中心明显由周缘向盆地中心迁移,反映构造活动的阶段性和地区差异性。在辽东湾选取了一条地质剖面对其做平衡剖面分析,并结合构造沉降史分析,表明渤海盆地的新生代构造演化分为以下3个阶段:a.断陷期,孔店组—沙四段沉积时期为断陷早期,沙三段沉积时期为强烈断陷期;b.断拗期,沙二段—沙一段沉积时期为断拗早期,东三段—东二段沉积时期为强烈断拗期;c.坳陷期(东一段沉积时期—第四纪)。     

末次冰盛期以来冲绳海槽古海洋环境研究进展

冲绳海槽处于东海与西太平洋边缘的交界处,不仅对全球气候变化响应敏感,其环境变化也影响着东亚边缘海,乃至东亚大陆的环境,是研究古海洋环境的理想区域。该区域的古海洋环境研究多集中于末次冰盛期以来,因此本文以冲绳海槽为主体,总结了该区域末次冰盛期以来古海洋环境变化的相关研究,主要包括3个方面：古海平面、温度和盐度等;沉积物来源及其演化;黑潮及其对海洋环境的影响。该区域末次冰盛期以来的环境变化可大致分为,主要由海平面控制为主的末次冰盛期-早全新世和由黑潮、季风等因素控制的早全新世-现代两个主要的阶段。沉积物主要来自古黄河、长江、日本、台湾岛以及火山喷发物质等,但不同区域、不同时间的物质来源存在差异。另外,黑潮是该区域最主要的海流,其路径和强度末次冰盛期以来经历多次变化,并对其他海洋环境要素产生重大的影响。综合上述研究,提出未来应该系统建立冲绳海槽海洋环境演化历史、加强黑潮对周边流系的影响和陆源物质源-汇过程的系统研究。

     

Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the Okinawa Trough, SW of Japan: an overview

The Okinawa Trough is a heavily sedimented, rifted back-arc basin formed in an intracontinental rift zone. Submarine hydrothermal activity is located within the six back-arc rifts located in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough and its distribution is controlled principally by tectonic factors. Subduction of the Daito and Gagua Ridges beneath the Ryukyu Arc has resulted in fracturing of the brittle lithosphere beneath the Okinawa Trough. Hydrothermal activity is strongest in the volcanic arc-rift migration phenomenon (VAMP) area plus the JADE site and Southernmost Part of the Okinawa Trough (SPOT) area which form the prolongation of these two ridges. These areas are characterized by extremely high heat flow locally. Submarine hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough tend to be strongly influenced by interaction of the hydrothermal fluids with organic matter in the sediment resulting in high alkalinity and NH₄⁺ concentrations of the fluids. The fluids also contain high concentrations of CO₂ of magmatic origin. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the trough is diverse. The CLAM site consists principally of carbonate chimneys. Interaction of the hydrothermal fluid with organic matter in the sediment is particularly strong at this site. This is most probably a sediment-hosted deposit in which sulphide minerals have deposited within the sediment column leaving ‘spent ore-fluids’ to emerge at the seafloor. The JADE site consists of active and inactive sulphide–sulphate chimneys and mounds. The Zn–Pb-rich sulphides at this site contain the highest concentrations of Pb, Ag and Au so far recorded in submarine hydrothermal sulphide deposits. At Minami-Ensei Knoll and Hatoma Knoll, active and inactive chimneys consist principally of anhydrite and barite as a result of phase separation of the hydrothermal fluids beneath the seafloor. An intense black smoker has recently been discovered at Yonaguni Knoll in the SPOT area. If it is confirmed that sulphide mineralization is dominant at this site, this could be a highly prospective area. The most prospective areas for economic-grade minerals in the Okinawa Trough appear to be the JADE site and the SPOT area.     

冲绳海槽末次盛冰期孢粉组合的古环境指示意义

冲绳海槽西陆坡末次冰期的高沉积速率为高分辨率研究提供了良好的材料,DGKS-9602钻孔通过氧同位素年代对比,总长931cm的岩心保存了相当于氧同位素阶段1～3的沉积记录．孢粉分析的结果表明,OIS1和OIS三阶段松属花粉含量占优势,平均含量达65％以上,而OIS2阶段松属百分含量明显降低,草本植物花粉含量增加,超过50％．松属与蒿属等草本花粉间的相互消长指示了海平面的升降,并与氧同位素曲线的变化趋势相似．末次盛冰期中国东部大陆架覆盖的植被以草地为主,由于冲绳海槽在末次盛冰期时的绝大部分沉积物质与大陆架的剥蚀作用有关,来自长江中上游山地较远距离带来的物质和山地花粉相对减少．与中国东部尘土花粉结果对比发现,现代东海表层蒿属与禾本科比值（A／P）所指示的纬度正好与长江中下游平均纬度相当,而冲绳海槽末次盛冰期的A／P比值所指示的陆地环境比现代高7个纬度,证明末次盛冰期植被带南移,与前人陆地记录的结果相吻合．     

Organic Composition of Sulphide Ores in the Okinawa Trough and Its Implications

A preliminary organic geochemical study shows that the sulphide ores from the hydrothermal deposit of the Okinawa Trough are generally low in the total organic carbon and extremely low in the soluble organic matter. In the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction, the n-alkanes range from C15 to C35, with usual maxima in the middle n-C20 region and strong odd-carbon number predominance when n > C25 (CPI = 1.2). The dominant analog in the aromatic fraction is phenanthrene, a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, which provides evidence for hydrothermal activity. The organic matter derived mainly from marine planktonic and terrigenous vascular plants is entrapped in a high-temperature regime such as an active chimney and cooled quickly in the sulphide ores on the seafloor. Organic matter and sulphides are definitely products of a high-temperature alteration. The biomarker compounds indicate that the ores are formed under low Eh and pH conditions-a reducing to anoxic environment, which is favourable for sulphates to be     

开滦矿区唐山矿构造特征及成因演化

开滦矿区唐山矿位于开平向斜北西翼,隶属燕山南麓赋煤构造带,由北向南依次发育F_I、F_II、F_III、F_IV、F_V主断层,地质构造复杂,控制了井田构造格局。基于钻孔和矿井地质资料,以构造规律解析为基础,结合平衡剖面技术,探讨了唐山矿现今构造特征及构造演化期次。研究结果显示:唐山矿主体构造形成于燕山期NW-SE向的挤压应力作用,动力来源为库拉-太平洋板块与欧亚大陆的相互挤压作用;喜马拉雅期,由于库拉-太平洋板块淹没于欧亚大陆之下,唐山矿受到NW-SE向的拉张应力作用,形成了一系列小型正断层,并导致F_I逆断层发生构造反转而变为正断层;利用平衡剖面技术恢复了唐山矿构造演化过程,得到唐山矿地层缩短率为27.3%。     

冲绳海槽西部陆坡第四纪沉积地层划分

冲绳海槽西部陆坡是认识深海斜坡沉积的重要区域。通过对高分辨率地震资料的精细解释,结合已有的研究成果,在冲绳海槽西部陆坡海底以下识别出4个主要的地震层序界面,相应地划分出四个主要地震层序,各层序分别对应全新世沉积层(Q4)、晚更新世沉积层(Q3)、中更新世沉积层(Q2)和早更新世沉积层(Q1)。从陆坡上部往下由斜交前积反射结构过渡到杂乱的反射结构,在地震剖面上可识别出杂乱的丘形反射单元,是滑塌体和重力流沉积的典型地震反射特征,反映出一种高能的、极不稳定的沉积环境。海槽轴部以平行-亚平行的地震反射特征为主,显示了稳定的深海-半深海的沉积环境。地震反射结构的多样性反映了冲绳海槽西部陆坡沉积环境的复杂性和沉机作用类型的多样性,沉积地层结构是多种因素共同作用的结果。东海陆架和冲绳海槽发育相同的第四纪地层垂向序列,同时冲绳海槽西部陆坡与东海陆架第四纪沉积层在层序界面、沉积层厚度、变形程度和产状等方面存在着差异,单靠地震资料来进行两个地区的地层对比存在着不确定性。     

伸展构造盆地的平衡剖面及其构造意义——以松辽盆地南部为例

挤压构造的平衡地质剖面分析已经广泛应用于造山带构造分析, 但伸展构造区的平衡地质剖面分析实例仍然很少.运用盆地分析的技术与方法, 分层序或阶段将地质构造依次恢复、地层逐层回剥, 并通过在松辽盆地南部吉林两井油田扶余油层4条剖面的实践, 复原出不同时代盆地构造与地层发育的连续剖面, 揭示出松辽盆地南部主要构造样式是以浅表构造层次的负花状构造及深层剥离断层发育为特征; 断层生长指数、盆地的伸展史和伸展量等参数显示, 晚白垩世是构造转型的重要阶段, 此前主要为走滑构造样式形成阶段, 此后则主要为伸展滑脱构造发育阶段.在此基础上, 提出松辽盆地具有伸展-走滑双重力学构造性质, 可能是一个弧后构造盆地.      

Microearthquakes and faulting in the southern Okinawa Trough

Southern Okinawa Trough represents an early stage of back-arc rifting and is characterized by normal faulting and microearthquakes. Earthquake distribution and deep structure of fault was investigated to clarify active rifting in the southern Okinawa Trough, where two parallel grabens are located. A network of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) that displayed the hypocenters of 105 earthquakes were observed for a period of 4 days in southern-graben (SG). Most of the microearthquakes occurred in a cluster about 7 km wide, which on a cross-section striking N45°E dips 48° to the southwest. Relocated hypocenters, which are recorded by a local seismic network, show scattered distribution around the southern-graben. There are no remarkable surface faults in the southern-graben. On the other hand, the recalculation of hypocenter locations of 1996 earthquakes swarm recorded by a local seismic network suggests that the swarm is associated with normal faulting on the southern side of northern-graben (NG). Thus, the undeveloped southern-graben is located to the south of the developed northern-graben. Southward migration of rifting, which may be caused by migration of volcanism, could thus be occurring in the southern Okinawa Trough. The extension rate computed for the southern Okinawa Trough from the fault model of the northern-graben is 4.6 cm/year, which is 59–102% of the extension rate (GPS measurements). This result indicates that the majority of extensional deformation is concentrated within the center of the northern-graben in the Okinawa Trough.     

塔里木盆地构造演化与构造样式

塔里木盆地的发展演化受不同时期板块构造背景的控制，形成了陆内裂谷、裂陷槽、克拉通内拉张盆地、克拉通内挤压盆地、被动大陆边缘盆地、弧后拉张盆地、弧后前陆和周缘前陆盆地等多种原型盆地并相互叠加和改造。盆地中存在挤压、引张、扭动和叠加构造样式，可以形成良好的圈闭构造，盆地中的大型隆起带是主要的油气聚集带，前陆盆地褶皱－冲断带具有较好的油气前景。     

Mercury Anomaly in the Okinawa Trough Sediments—An Indicator of Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity

The Okinawa Trough is located between the shelf-sea area of the East China Sea and the deep-sea area of western Pacific Ocean. More than 60 chemical elements in the sediments from the shelf area of the East China Sea, the Okinawa Trough and western Pacific Ocean were determined by advanced techniques including neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Quantitative comparisons of the element abundances of the sediments were made in terms of the enrichment coefficients (K) of the elements.K > 1.5 indicates enrichment (K = 1.5–2, weak enrichment; K = 2–4, strong enrichment) andK > 4, anomalous enrichment. The results show that the Okinawa Trough sediments are characterized by Hg anomaly and the enrichment of such elements as Au, Ag, Se, Te, Sb, Cd, Mn, Mo, etc. Detailed studies show that the excess Hg comes from hydrothermal solutions rather than from the continent, sea water, marine organisms, cosmic dust or volcanic rocks. Attributed to modern hydrothermal activities on the sea floor, Hg anomaly can be used as a geochemical indicator of modern seafloor hydrothermal activity. This project was granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.