Fractal distribution of particle size in carbonate cataclastic rocks from the core of a regional strike-slip fault zone

We present particle size data from 31 samples of carbonate cataclastic rocks collected across the 26 m thick fault core of the Mattinata Fault in the foreland of the Southern Apennines, Italy. Particle size distributions of incoherent samples were determined by a sieving-and-weighting technique. The number of weight-equivalent spherical particles by size is well fitted by a power-law function on a log–log space. Fractal dimensions (D) of particle size distributions are in the 2.091–2.932 range and cluster around the value of 2.5. High D-values pertain to gouge in shear bands reworking the bulk cataclastic rocks of the fault core. Low D-values characterise immature cataclastic breccias. Intermediate D-values are typical of the bulk fault core. Analysis of the ratio between corresponding equivalent particle numbers from differently evolved cataclastic rocks indicates that the development of particle size distributions with D>2.6–2.7 occurred by a preferential relative increase of fine particles rather than a selective decrement of coarse particles. This preferentially occurred in shear bands where intense comminution enhanced by slip localisation progressed by rolling of coarse particles whose consequent smoothing produced a large number of fine particles. Our data suggest that during the progression of cataclasis, the fragmentation mode changed from the Allègre et al.'s [Nature 297 (1982) 47] “pillar of strength” mechanism in the early evolutionary stages, to the Sammis et al.'s [Pure and Applied Geophysics 125 (1987) 777] “constrained comminution” mechanism in the subsequent stages of cataclasis. Eventually, localised shear bands developed mainly by abrasion of coarse particles.     

A new fractal modification of ultrasonic attenuation model for measuring particle size in mineral slurries

Weight percentages of different size incremental particles in a mineral slurry is integrated into the ultrasonic attenuation model to derive a relation between ultrasonic attenuation and particle sizes. However, in the inertial and scattering regimes of frequency–radius space, irregularity and aggregation of particles can results in values of ultrasonic attenuation that are significantly different from those predicted by the derived model, which is based on the assumption of separated smooth spherical particles in mineral slurries. Experimental attenuation data obtained previously from mineral slurries of iron ores particles are compared with predicted values. It is shown that there is a negligible difference between predictions and experimental data. A new modification of theoretical model for ultrasonic attenuation is derived. The theory uses ωτ_v or κR as a fractal scale. It requires an empirical determination of the difference between the fractal dimension of the measured mineral slurry and that of a hypothetical slurry of spheres with the same particle size distribution. The new fractal modification of ultrasonic attenuation model is found to enable better agreement with measured attenuation as a function concentration for irregular particles than the theoretical model. Moreover, the fractal approach is found to discriminate between the effects of particle irregularity and aggregation.     

Particle size distribution and strain rate attenuation in hypervelocity impact and shock recovery experiments

Particle size distribution (PSD) is an often used parameter to describe and quantify fragmentation of deformed rock. Our analyses of shock deformed sandstone show that dynamic fragmentation influences the PSD, expressed as fractal dimension (D-value). Image analysis was used to derive fractal dimensions from a hypervelocity impact cratering experiment (2.5 mm steel sphere, 4.8 km/s) and a planar shock recovery experiment (2.5 GPa). The D-values in the cratering experiment decrease from 1.74 at the crater floor to 0.84 at a distance of 7.2 mm to the crater floor. The D-values found in this experiment are closely related to the microstructural features found at distinct distances from the crater floor. The obtained values are in good agreement with the D-values reported for fault zones, impact sites and deformation experiments. The D-value measured in the shock recovery experiment is 2.42. Such high D-values were usually attributed to abrasive processes related to high strain. Since the strain in our experiment is only ∼23% we suggest that at highly dynamic deformation very high d-values can be reached at small strain. To quantify this, numerical impact modelling has been used to estimate strain rates for the impact experiment. This is related to the activation of more inherent flaws and fracture bifurcation at very high strain rates ∼>10² s⁻¹.     

不同煤级煤的微孔介孔演化特征及其成因

为了探讨煤的微孔介孔演化特征及其成因,在华北二叠纪煤盆地,采取7个不同煤化程度的煤样,分别采用低压CO₂吸附法和液氮吸附法对各煤样的纳米孔隙进行表征;基于密度泛函理论、DA（Dubinin—Astakhov）、DR（Dubinin—Radushkevich）、BET、BJH等方程计算孔隙表面参数;分析煤的微孔（孔径<2 nm）和介孔（孔径2~50 nm）的孔径分布、孔容和比表面积随煤级变化的规律;并探讨微孔形成的主控因素及介孔的形成机制。研究结果表明：微孔孔容和比表面积与煤的镜质体反射率高度正相关,微孔在吸附中占绝对支配性主导地位;微孔孔径分布曲线呈双峰分布,不同煤级煤样的曲线形态相似,极微孔随煤级增加最快;介孔比表面积和孔容随煤级增加逐渐下降,介孔孔径分布呈单峰分布,随着煤级的增加,煤的BET比表面积先减少后增加,呈U形分布;微孔的形成应主要受控于煤的类微晶参数和芳香层片间的堆垛结构,而介孔的形成应主要受控于煤侧链的变化和煤的基本结构单元间隙。     

Grain size characteristics and genesis of the Muxing loess in the Muling-Xingkai Plain,Northeast China

Thick loess is deposited on the platform in the piedmont zone of Muling-Xingkai Plain(Muxing Plain), but the genesis of the Muxing loess is still unclear. The aims of this study are to analyze the grain size characteristics of Muxing loess collected from the cores of a typical borehole(ZK1) in the piedmont zone of Muxing Plain, and to verify its genesis. The Muxing loess is mainly composed of the particles with diameter less than 50 μm, with an average content of 92.48%. The coarse silt particles with diameter of 10-50 μm are the basic composition of aeolian sediments, and their average content is 44.34% for the Muxing loess, which is the mode class among the particles with different diameters. The grain size parameters and frequency curves are similar to those of the typical aeolian sediments. The distribution characteristic of the Muxing loess in the C-M scatter diagram is consistent with that of the Xi Feng loess. In addition, the discriminant analysis shows the Muxing loess mostly consists of aeolian sediments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Muxing loess mainly resulted from aeolian deposition based on the grain size characteristics. Muxing Plain is dominated by the monsoon climate, and the wind-blown dusts are gradually deposited after being transported over long distances.     

Engineering geology of loess and loess-like deposits: a commentary on the Russian literature

Loess and loess-like deposits were much studied in the Soviet Union, and are currently under investigation in Russia and surrounding countries. There is a vast literature in Russian, which touches on all aspects of loess science and technology. In particular, the studies of the origin of collapsibility are almost totally in Russian, and of course studies on the various regions of Russia and the countries of the Former Soviet Union FSU appear in Russian. This review looks at the literature in Russian and attempts to pick out key contributors, major topics and works and to identify the critical regions and zones of investigation. Because so many regions of the FSU had people living on loess ground, there is a vast literature on engineering geology and ground engineering topics, and this tends to dominate all the literature on loess in Russian. Following Russian practice, the fine-grained deposits under consideration are divided into loess and loess-like deposits. Three main topics are recognised across the whole spectrum of loess research: formation and distribution of loess deposits; stratigraphy, cyclicity and palaeoclimatology; and engineering topics, in particular hydrocollapse and subsidence, and we concentrate on the engineering geology topics. An attempt is made, based on the map of Abelev and Abelev [Abelev, Yu.M., Abelev, M.Yu., 1968. Fundamentals of design and construction on collapsible macroporous soils, 2nd ed. Stroiizdat, Moscow, 431 pp. (in Russian)] of collapsing loess deposits, to define seven loess regions within the geographical limits of the old USSR. The seven regions are those where geotechnical problems might be expected.     

基于Choi-Williams时频分布的裂缝性地层时频特征

为验证Choi-Williams能量分布时频分析方法的有效性,将其引入阵列声波测井信号处理之中。结果表明,它对于裂缝性地层具有较好的区分和识别能力,并且可以有效地抑制多频率成分信号的交叉性干扰,清晰地得到声波测井信号的时频分布性能及其特征。对于致密性地层来说,声波测井信号的各组分波均无明显的衰减。对于裂缝性地层来说,斯通利波能量会有较大幅度的衰减;破碎度更好,渗透性越好的裂缝对斯通利波的衰减影响更大;横波的衰减在渗透性更好的裂缝中更加明显。     

散体云母片岩粒度分形特征及其与抗剪强度参数的关系

在室内试验的基础上,应用分形几何理论研究某露天矿排土场散体云母片岩的粒度分形特征,探讨了分维数与散体云母片岩物料中粗颗粒含量及其抗剪强度参数的相关性。研究结果表明：（1）分维数与散体物料中粗颗粒含量呈反方向变化关系,即分维数会随着粗颗粒含量的增大而减小;（2）当分维数值在1.887～2.631范围内时散体云母片岩粒度组成级配良好,说明分维数可以代替Cu、Cc用来表征散体岩石物料的粒度组成及其级配优良性;（3）在优良级配下分维数与散体剪切强度参数中的内摩擦角之间具有比较好的相关性,并呈负指数函数关系,而黏聚力与分维数规律性不明显。     

北京沿河城地区东岭台组酸性火山碎屑流的碎屑分形特征及其成因

火山碎屑岩中的碎屑颗粒形态、分布和显微结构保存着岩浆房内岩浆的结晶状态、火山爆炸过程中的岩浆气泡化和碎裂作用以及火山碎屑堆积和变形过程的大量物理信息。为揭示北京西山沿河城地区东岭台组酸性火山碎屑流形成的物理过程,本文以东岭台组第三岩性段的酸性熔结火山碎屑岩的火山地质、岩相学研究为基础,应用分形理论和方法对酸性熔结火山碎屑岩中的碎屑形态的分形特征开展了定量研究。不同类型碎屑的表面和边界盒维数的数值范围大小具有一致性。玻屑变幅较大,石英晶屑和岩屑变幅较小,这说明碎屑的塑性和流变性对碎屑形态多样性的影响较大。在几类碎屑中,熔蚀石英的边界盒维数和周长-面积法获得的分形维数最大,说明熔蚀作用对石英斑晶边界形态复杂性的影响超过了其它机制对火山碎屑形态复杂性的影响。东岭台组酸性火山碎屑岩中的熔蚀石英、石英碎屑、长石碎屑、玻屑和岩屑的分形特征有明显差异,反映了火山喷发过程中围岩和岩浆性质、物理化学条件以及火山作用机制的差异。火山碎屑形态的分形特征和幂率规律,证明火山爆炸过程是一种自组织临界条件下发生的。     

拉拉铁铜矿床成因：来自细碧角斑岩岩相学和地球化学的证据

拉拉铁铜矿床是康滇铜矿带最大的IOCG矿床之一,过去曾一度被认定为海底喷流成因,现已逐渐被学者摒弃。然而,对于典型IOCG矿床的实例研究尚存在诸多疑问,特别是对拉拉地区广泛分布的钠长岩类与成矿关系的争议颇多。文中通过对拉拉小露天采场细碧角斑岩建造进行岩相学、地球化学和电子探针面扫描研究,发现其成矿期晚于细碧角斑岩建造形成时期,不存在火山喷发沉积成矿期。岩相学研究表明,角斑岩基质中既有原生钠长石呈残余斑晶产出,也有次生钠长石呈它形粒状交代原生钠长石现象,且角斑岩含矿量较细碧岩低;钠长石的电子探针面扫描显示磁铁矿沿钠长石四周分布,且晚期成矿流体具有富K和Al的特点,说明细碧岩受到了晚期构造变动的影响。成矿流体呈脉状侵入到细碧岩的片理中,在片理化带发育大量黑云母、白云母,并富集大量的金属氧化物、金属硫化物。地球化学显示,细碧角斑岩明显富集Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf,强烈亏损Ba、Pb、Sr和Ti,∑REE变化较大,成矿流体的Na含量较低且富含大量的K、Al、CO2和H2O。87Sr/86Sr初始比值为0.701 26～0.762 41,显示其受到了地壳混染影响。5件角斑岩εNd(t)值为-1.09～6.75,暗示流体上升途径亏损地幔-地壳的过程。成矿流体来自地下深处的岩浆房,不断上升至地壳,在上升过程中侵入到薄弱带或片理化岩石成矿,这一成矿过程类似于透岩浆流体模型。     

The ultrafine component in Chinese loess and its variation over the past 7·6 Ma: implications for the history of pedogenesis

Grain‐size data from different climatic zones across the Chinese Loess Plateau show that the loess generally contains an ultrafine component, which has a consistent modal grain size of ca 0·37 μm and a variable proportion of 4 to 10%. The variation of the ultrafine component through a loess section is characterized by a high proportion and fine grain size in palaeosols, and by a low proportion and coarse grain size in loess layers. Its proportional content in a stratum roughly increases from north‐west to south‐east across the Loess Plateau. Quantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates that the ultrafine component is composed mainly of clay minerals (ca 70%), which are mostly illite (ca 80%), and with significant amounts of kaolinite (ca 8%) and chlorite (ca 2%). The temporal and spatial variations of the ultrafine component, and the degree of illite crystallinity, suggest that this component in aeolian sediments is linked closely to the process of pedogenesis. Weakly altered loess on the north‐western margin of the Loess Plateau contains considerable amounts of detrital clay minerals derived from the aeolian source areas. Results from a loess section with a basal age of 7·6 Ma in the central Loess Plateau show that the ultrafine component increased from 7·6 to 5 Ma, and progressively decreased thereafter. This trend was punctuated by two abrupt changes at 2·6 and 0·6 Ma. These variations reflect to a considerable extent the history of pedogenesis during the Late Cenozoic.     

准噶尔盆地基底的探讨：来自原泥盆纪卡拉麦里组砂岩碎屑锆石的证据

准噶尔盆地基底的属性和时代,长期以来一直是地质界激烈争论的问题。根据区域地质背景分析,准噶尔盆地东北缘卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带南侧出露的一套基本连续的、被置于中志留统-下石炭统的浅海相陆源碎屑沉积岩系的物源区,位于准噶尔盆地东部盆地堆积物之下。为此选择其中被1:20万区调置于中泥盆世卡拉麦里组上部层位的砂岩进行碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 定年研究,以期获得准噶尔盆地东部基底时代和属性的信息。测定的86颗碎屑锆石、89个点的年龄分布范围从(327±8)Ma 至(3073±10)Ma;其中碎屑锆石的表面年龄主要集中分布在320Ma～540Ma,显示出多峰的特征,其主峰为 365Ma,次要的峰分别为460～480Ma、510～520Ma 和530～540Ma。该样品中还含有至少22粒表面年龄大于550Ma 的碎屑锆石,其中550～690Ma 的碎屑锆石有4粒,827Ma～1083Ma 的碎屑锆石有8粒,1513Ma 和1700Ma 锆石各1粒,1942Ma～2051Ma 的锆石有2粒,2464～2490Ma 和2876Ma～3073Ma 的碎屑锆石各3粒。根据样品的岩石学特征和碎屑锆石的矿物学特征及表面年龄,结合区域岩浆活动的分析,我们获得如下初步结论:(1)所研究砂岩的沉积时代不是泥盆纪的,可能是早石炭世晚期,其源区位于准噶尔盆地东部;(2)源区地质体组成主体是奥陶纪至石炭纪活动陆缘岩浆岩,寒武纪至新元古代中期和新元古代早期至中元古代等时期的岩浆杂岩等组成,以及推测的少量早前寒武纪杂岩;表明准噶尔盆地东部的基底为奠基在前奥陶纪陆壳基底之上的古生代岛弧。     

塔里木盆地西部阿克莫木气藏地层压力特征

阿克莫木气田目前已有多口井完钻,各井在钻揭白垩系砂岩储层前,对地层压力纵向上的变化规律认识不清,在什么层位及深度下7″套管意见仍不统一。本文根据目前研究现状和生产面临问题,对白垩系各组地层分布规律、压力特征进行了详细研究,认为白垩系克孜勒苏群、库克拜组分布稳定,压力窗口相近,白垩系东巴组与上覆古近系阿尔塔什组压力窗口相近。建议今后该区钻探7″套管应下至库克拜组顶部-东巴组底部,减少地层漏失和油气勘探风险。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠石英氧同位素与粒级关系的研究

沙漠与黄土的物源联系是黄土研究关注的问题之一。石英氧同位素可示踪物源,粒度被用以分析沉积环境,但在沙漠物源研究中将二者结合应用的报道尚不多。本文测定了塔克拉玛干沙漠沙丘沙和沙丘剖面中河湖相沉积物的粒度及不同粒级的石英氧同位素,结果显示:1沙丘沙以极细砂和细砂为主,粉砂和黏土含量很低;河湖相沉积物以粉砂和黏土为主,砂含量低于5%。2各粒级石英δ~(18)OSMOW值介于13.8‰~19.7‰,其中沙丘沙为13.8‰~19.7‰,河湖相沉积物为15.6‰~17.6‰;沙丘沙石英δ~(18)O值随粒级增大未呈现减小趋势,同一粒级石英的δ~(18)O值存在一定变异。3经比较,塔克拉玛干沙漠砂和粉砂粒级的石英δ~(18)O值均高于中国其他沙漠,且20μm的石英δ~(18)O值与黄土高原的马兰黄土、洛川黄土—古土壤序列20μm的石英δ~(18)O值并无显著性差异。     

运用定量化结构分析方法揭示蚀变花岗斑岩的形成过程——以新疆莫阿特茂金岩体为例

地球化学分析方法已广泛运用于火成岩成因的研究中, 但对于一些蚀变较严重的岩石, 有时仅通过地球化学分析难以还原岩浆固结的过程.火成岩定量化结构分析方法是通过对岩石中矿物的定量分析(诸如晶体粒度分布分析, 晶体空间分布分析, 以及晶体定向程度分析等), 从而反演岩浆固结过程中发生的动力学过程.这种方法很好地避免了蚀变作用对还原岩体形成过程所产生的诸多影响.本文运用火成岩定量化结构分析方法, 对新疆莫阿特茂金花岗斑岩体钻孔中10个样品的钾长石斑晶和石英斑晶分别进行分析.尽管这些样品普遍发生了碳酸盐化蚀变作用, 定性观察中结构特征也比较均一, 但是钾长石和石英斑晶的定量化结构数据及其在钻孔深度(约170 m)范围内的变化趋势显示, 茂金花岗斑岩体可能至少由4次脉冲岩浆叠加形成, 每股岩浆中心的CSD曲线小晶体缺乏, 发生了粗化现象.由于脉冲式岩浆多次注入, 导致的温度振荡加剧了矿物粗化.脉冲岩浆中心处斑晶体积含量的增加, 可能与岩浆流动过程中对大晶体的影响有关, 80 m深度以下脉冲岩浆接触带的斑晶体积含量明显增加, 是由于机械压缩导致的.     

吉林省龙岗火山群南龙湾第四纪火山碎屑颗粒特征研究

爆炸性火山喷发形成的碎屑颗粒的粒度、分选性、表面结构和内部结构等特征与火山喷发的机制、岩浆与水作用的程度、搬运过程等有着重要的联系。本文以此为线索,研究了龙岗火山群南龙湾火山的一个剖面,以探讨其喷发类型和特征。在该剖面上采集了不同层位火山碎屑颗粒样品,然后进行显微形貌观测、粒度分析和扫描电镜形貌观测。显微镜下观测表明,射汽爆发、射汽岩浆爆发和岩浆爆发的碎屑颗粒具有不同的成分和形貌特征。粒度分析结果显示,粒度与喷发类型之间存在很好的对应关系,不同的爆发类型具有不同的分维值D范围。SEM分析可以提供有关火山喷发特征对火山碎屑颗粒的影响。本文的研究结果表明,南龙湾火山喷发为爆炸式喷发,包括早期的射汽岩浆爆发,到岩浆爆发至晚期以射汽爆发为主的射汽岩浆爆发的不同阶段,该区火山喷发的不同时期,水参与喷发的程度不同。     

Influence of Acid Treatment on Pore Structure and Fractal Characterization of a Tight Sandstone: A Case Study from Wudun Sag, Dunhuang Basin

In this study, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption (N2A), and mercury intrusion (MI) experiments were used to investigate the influence of acid treatment on pore structure and fractal characterization of tight sandstones. The results showed that acid treatment generated a certain number of ink-bottle pores in fine sandstone, aggravated the ink-bottle effect in the sandy mudstone, and transformed some smaller pores into larger ones. After the acid treatment, both the pore volume in the range of 2–11 nm and 0.271–8 μm for the fine sandstone and the entire pore size range for the sandy mudstone significantly increased. The dissolution of sandstone cement causes the fine sandstone particles to fall off and fill the pores; the porosity increased at first but then decreased with acid treatment time. The fractal dimension obtained using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill model was positively correlated with acid treatment time. However, the total fractal dimensions obtained by MI tests showed different changes with acid treatment time in fine sandstone and sandy mudstone. These results provide good guiding significance for reservoir acidification stimulation.     

黑龙江镜泊湖地区蛤蟆塘火山空落堆积物形成机制研究

火山碎屑物的粒度、粒形和分布特征蕴含着其形成机制和喷发的环境信息。基于镜泊湖地区蛤蟆塘火山的一个空落堆积剖面的野外地质和岩相学,以粒度分析和分形理论定量研究了火山碎屑物的粒度分布、粒形几何及其分形特征。蛤蟆塘火山空落碎屑粒度分布均为单峰式,由岩浆爆炸形成的空落浮岩粒度峰值较小,而由射气岩浆喷发形成的含细花岗岩碎屑夹层的碎屑粒度峰值较大。空落浮岩颗粒的类球度、长宽比和凸度都小于含细花岗岩碎屑夹层的数值,表明空落浮岩颗粒相对不规则的特点。利用多段幂律方法拟合了蛤蟆塘火山空落碎屑颗粒分布规律,发现空落浮岩颗粒存在四个幂律分布段（即对应四个分形维数）,这是由于岩浆初始破碎、火山通道内的二次破碎以及风力筛选作用等造成的;含细花岗岩碎屑夹层的碎屑分布有两个幂律分布段（对应两个明显不同的分形维数）,即浮岩和花岗岩碎屑的形成是因不同破碎机制造成的。     

西藏玛旁雍错地热水地球化学特征及其成因机制分析

西藏地区位于欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞造山带,构造活动强烈,具有丰富的地热资源。本次研究在西藏阿里地区水热活动强烈的玛旁雍错地热田实地采集地表热泉样品进行水化学分析,依据地热水水化学特征,评估研究区热储平衡状态与热储温度,分析地热水在深部的水文地球化学过程,识别地热系统深部热源类型并阐明地热系统成因机制。通过此次研究表明：区内地热水主要为碱性Cl-Na型或HCO₃-Cl-Na型水和酸性SO₄-Na型水,地热水在深部已经与热储围岩达到完全平衡状态,通过地热温标计算热储温度在200℃左右;地热地表显示、热水水化学组分特征、热储温度类型等分析揭示玛旁雍错为岩浆热源型地热系统,地表不同类型地热水是深部母地热流体沿断裂向上运移过程中经不同水文地球化学过程形成。