类星体光谱的Monte Carlo模拟及高红移类星体颜色法巡天中的选…

利用已知的统计结果对高红移类星体光谱进行Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟，得到了ＵＢＶＲＩ五色测光的色指数，并利用模拟的选择判据计算了选择效应函数，当２．４＜ｚ＜３．０时，选择效应来自于与主序星的混淆，当ｚ＞３．０时，则是由于较暗的类星体与晚矮星同时从Ｕ．Ｂ等颜色的图像上消失，导致可利用色指数的减少。     

由NVSS证认的射电类星体

通过对２０００年版Ｖｅｒｏｎ类星体星表和ＮＶＳＳ巡天数据进行交叉证认,得到了３０１颗新发现有射电辐射的类星体,计算了射电类星体的射电谱指数、射电光度、偏振度等物理量并进行了统计分析,讨论了射电类星体所理比例随红移和绝对星等的分布,以及夺度随红移的演化关系。结果发现,强射电类星体在所有类星体中所占的比例Ｆ（ＲＬＱ）随着ＭＢ的增加而增大,随红移的演化是ｚ＝０．０到ｚ＝０．８逐渐上升,在ｚ＝１．５附近开     

由NVSS证认的射电类星体

通过对２０００年版Ｖｅｒｏｎ类星体星表和ＮＶＳＳ巡天数据进行交叉证认,得到了３０１颗新发现有射电辐射的类星体．计算了射电类星体的射电话指数、射电光度、偏振度等物理量并进行了统计分析,讨论了射电类星体所占比例随红移和绝对星等的分布,以及偏振度随红移的演化关系．结果发现,强射电类星体在所有类星体中所占的比例Ｆ（ＲＬＱ）随着ＭＢ的增加而增大,随红移的演化是从。＝０．０到ｚ＝０．８逐渐上升,在ｚ＝１．５附近开始缓慢下降,到ｚ＝ ２．０附近降到谷底,然后又有上升趋势．射电偏振度大部分小于 ４．０％,偏振度越小,类星体数目越多．而射电偏振度与红移之间似乎没有相关性．     

类星体色指数随红移的变化

本文讨论了类星体各光谱特征对其色指数的影响以及色指数随红移的变化．随着红移的增加，位于Ｌｙα发射线短波方向的各种吸收特征进入了可见光区，内禀的幂律谱和发射线强度的分布对类星体色指数及其弥散的影响将是次要的，各种吸收系统的作用将改变类星体色指数随红移变化的趋势，其中，Ｌｙｍａｎ系限吸收系统的影响最大。利用ＩＵＥ观测的类星体光谱求得色指数随红移的变化，对上述结果进行了验证。     

高频射电源中的类星体

研究表明，高频射电源与低频射电源相比，前者中的类星体比例更大。３ＣＲ低频射电源（Ｓ１７８ＭＨｚ＞９Ｊｙ）中有１７．８％是类星体，而在２．７ＧＨｚ亮射电源样本中（Ｓ２．７ＧＨｚ≥２．０Ｊｙ），有３５．６％是类星体。更有趣的是，５１８个５ＧＨｚ亮射电源中（Ｓ５ＧＨｚ≥１．０Ｊｙ），至少有２９１个（≥５６％）是类星体。因此，我们认为高频亮射电源的证认是发现类星体的有效手段。     

类星体色指数随红移的变化

本文讨论了类星体各光谱特征对其色指数的影响以及色指数随红移的变化，随着红移的增加，位于Ｌｙａ发射线短波方向的各种吸收特征进入了可见光区，内禀的禀的幂律谱和发射线强度的分布对类星体色指数及其弥散的影响将是次要的，各种吸收系统的作用将改变类星体色指数随红移变化的趋势，其中，Ｌｙｍａｎ系限吸收系统的影响最大，利用ＩＵＥ观测的类星体光谱求得色指数随红移的变化，对上述结果进行了验证。     

多波段类星体巡天观测

在发现类星体的方法中,最有效的４ 种方法是：颜色方法,无缝光谱方法,射电方法和Ｘ射线方法。覆盖的波段为：射电波段,光学波段和Ｘ 射线波段。我们将４ 种方法联合在一起,应用于４ 个ＵＫＳｃｈｍｉｄｔ 天区。其目的是尽量减少选择效应,建立更完备的类星体巡天样本。本工作从１００２ 天区入手。已完成了Ｘ 射线选和部分光学选的分光观测工作。发现了一颗Ｂ＝ １５ ．０ 的亮类星体和一个Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔ 对,其强Ｘ 射线辐射,是迄今首次观测到的。     

不同类型Abell团与类星体的成协

本文采用覆盖全天区的ＨＢ类星体表和ＡＣＯ星系团表为样本，对不同类型的Ａｂｅｌ星系团进行分类研究，发现不同类型的星系团与类星体的成协有不同的特性．两样品的ＫＳ检验证实与Ａｂｅｌ成协（或反成协）的类星体与全部类星体不是出自同一母体，说明这种成协（或反成协）是真实的，不是由投影效应引起的．进一步的计算得到，Ｄ４的Ａｂｅｌ团对其周围成协类星体的密度增强因子ｑ＝１．０８９，Ｒ２的Ａｂｅｌ团对其周围的类星体的吸收星等ＡＢ＝０．０９．     

三颗类星体的亚毫角秒结构

使用全球ＶＬＢＩ网在１．３ ｃｍ波段对三颗类星体０４２０－０１４、０７４８＋１２６和２２５１＋１５８（３Ｃ ４５４．３）进行了观测,获得了这三个类星体的亚毫角秒分辨率的混杂图,给出了类星体核区内的亮度分布．通过用高斯模型对观测数据进行拟合,得到了组成它们的各个子源的参数．类星体２２５１＋１５８呈现出核－喷流结构,核区沿着ＰＡ～－１３０°方向拉长,喷流呈弯曲状．１９９２．９历元的观测展现了２２５１＋１５８处于一次大爆发,并伴随一系列相继出现的小爆发的情景．最强子源的积分流量密度为 ４．１１Ｊｙ（占探测到的总流量的 ６７％）,主要集中在０．１６ × ０．０１ ｍａｓ的区域内,可能由于多普勒增亮效应造成高达２．６×１０１２的亮温度．     

首批证认8个密云射电源为BLLac天体和类星体

为了深入研究密云射电源表分类样本的性质,作为系列工作的第一部分,选出了一个２３２～４８５０ＭＨｚ平谱源样本．１９９８年５月２９至３１日,利用北京天文台２．１６米望远镜和ＯＭＲ摄谱仪,对其中１８个目标进行了观测及光谱认证．结果共证认出１５个ＡＧＮ,其中３个信噪比不小于８的ＢＬＬａｃ天体和５个类星体（最大红移为２．５１９±０．００３）是新发现的．     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.