多波束测深数据处理及成图

针对多波束测深系统测量的特点,分别分析声速改正技术和潮位改正技术。从声速在海水中的传播出发,阐述海水中声速的测量,对声速的较正方法进行探讨,随后针对潮汐效应的影响,对多波束测深数据进行潮位改正,并利用海上试验实测的多波束测深数据,将处理后的数据绘制成海底地形数字地图。     

一种改进的基于TIN的多波束测深数据抽稀算法

多波束测深数据具有海量性与冗余性特征,海量的多波束数据不利于海底DEM构建与海图生产。因此,对于离散的多波束测深数据,行之有效的抽稀算法在多波束测深数据处理与应用中尤为重要。文中分析了常用的数据抽稀算法在数据处理速度以及特征地形保留方面的缺陷,提出一种通过改进基于TIN的数据处理流程的抽稀算法,并对比分析了抽稀前后海底地形特征。实验结果表明,改进的抽稀算法在数据量增大时依然可以保持较高的抽稀速度,能有效地提高数据抽稀的效率,准确保留海底地形特征。     

基于CUBE算法的多波束测深数据自动处理研究

对CUBE算法自动处理多波束测深数据的模型建立、格网节点的多重估计和最优估值选取准则进行了详细介绍,深入分析了多重估计的实用性,并通过实测数据对该算法进行实现.利用了抗差Kalman滤波改进CUBE算法.通过模拟数据对改进的CUBE算法进行实验,验证了算法改进的必要性.     

A new method for weakening the combined effect of residual errors on multibeam bathymetric data

Multibeam bathymetric system (MBS) has been widely applied in the marine surveying for providing high-resolution seabed topography. However, some factors degrade the precision of bathymetry, including the sound velocity, the vessel attitude, the misalignment angle of the transducer and so on. Although these factors have been corrected strictly in bathymetric data processing, the final bathymetric result is still affected by their residual errors. In deep water, the result usually cannot meet the requirements of high-precision seabed topography. The combined effect of these residual errors is systematic, and it’s difficult to separate and weaken the effect using traditional single-error correction methods. Therefore, the paper puts forward a new method for weakening the effect of residual errors based on the frequency-spectrum characteristics of seabed topography and multibeam bathymetric data. Four steps, namely the separation of the low-frequency and the high-frequency part of bathymetric data, the reconstruction of the trend of actual seabed topography, the merging of the actual trend and the extracted microtopography, and the accuracy evaluation, are involved in the method. Experiment results prove that the proposed method could weaken the combined effect of residual errors on multibeam bathymetric data and efficiently improve the accuracy of the final post-processing results. We suggest that the method should be widely applied to MBS data processing in deep water.     

A new bathymetric model for the central Fram Strait

Based on data from R/V Polarstern multibeam sonar surveys between 1984 and 1997 high resolution bathymetry has been generated for the central Fram Strait. The area insonified covers approx. 36,500 km² between 78–80°N and 0–7.5°E allowing the creation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with 100 m grid spacing. The DTM was utilized for contouring and generation of a new series of bathymetric charts (AWI Bathymetric Charts of the Fram Strait, AWI BCFS) at a scale of 1:100,000. The paper starts with a brief introduction to the regional setting of the study area comprising information on the local links between bathymetry, sea ice transport and water mass exchange. The bathymetric feature names used in this article and how they were chosen is outlined. Next, the input data and processing applied are described. Thereafter the newly created grid and contour data are put into context with existing data sets. Finally the main bathymetric features of the area are characterized and the generated data products available for public disposal are specified.     

Signal processing strategies for a bathymetric sidescan sonar

A dominant source of errors in swath bathymetry is acoustic interference. In 1989 the author published an analysis of these errors and predicted depth accuracies for a system which reduced their effect by averaging. This present paper shows how a considerable improvement in performance may be obtained by a variety of signal processing strategies that include the use of several widely spaced receivers and the elimination of the most unsatisfactory measurements before averaging. Simulations show how impressive sea bed profiles can be produced with a single ping, even at low signal-to-interference ratios     

A new cloud detection algorithm for nighttime AVHRR/HRPT data

A new cloud detection algorithm for nighttime Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data has been developed and applied to a large number of images from various locations around Japan. The algorithm is characterized by a recovery function and the use of a two-dimensional histogram. Results obtained after applying the algorithm are presented and compared with those of previous algorithms. The comparison reveals that the new algorithm appears to be more successful than the previous algorithms.     

一种船载水深测量数据均匀性分布研判方法

针对联合船载水深测量数据和海面重力信息构建海底地形模型时,判断测区水深测量数据分布均匀性主要依靠目视判别方法,致使效率较低缺点,借鉴图像处理领域特征点分布均匀性评价方法,结合船载水深数据抽稀简化技术,给出了描述船载水深测量测区数据均匀性分布量化指标方法.首先以4'网格边长为划分依据,将密集的船载水深测量数据抽稀简化;计...     

Correction for depth biases to shallow water multibeam bathymetric data

Vertical errors often present in multibeam swath bathymetric data. They are mainly sourced by sound refraction, internal wave disturbance, imperfect tide correction, transducer mounting, long period heave, static draft change, dynamic squat and dynamic motion residuals, etc. Although they can be partly removed or reduced by specific algorithms, the synthesized depth biases are unavoidable and sometimes have an important influence on high precise utilization of the final bathymetric data. In order to confidently identify the decimeter-level changes in seabed morphology by MBES, we must remove or weaken depth biases and improve the precision of multibeam bathymetry further. The fixed-interval profiles that are perpendicular to the vessel track are generated to adjust depth biases between swaths. We present a kind of postprocessing method to minimize the depth biases by the histogram of cumulative depth biases. The datum line in each profile can be obtained by the maximum value of histogram. The corrections of depth biases can be calculated according to the datum line. And then the quality of final bathymetry can be improved by the corrections. The method is verified by a field test.     

The national geophysical data center bathymetric program

The National Geophysical Data Center's (NGDC's) mission is data management in the broadest sense, playing a role in the nation's research into the environment and providing data to a wide group of users. NGDC also operates components of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) World Data Center A. The Marine Geology and Geophysics Division of NGDC handles bathymetric data acquisition, manipulation, archival, and dissemination and operates the International Hydrographic Organization Data Center for Digital Bathymetry. Four major data bases have been developed to manage the large volume of data received: the Global Marine Geophysical Data Base (geophysical data acquired in a time series); the NOAA National Ocean Service Hydrographic Data Base; the International Hydrographic Data Base (contains bathymetric data, other than NOS surveys, with no time‐tagging); and the Multibeam Bathymetric Data Base. In addition, gridded data sets such as ETOPO5 are available from NGDC. Bathymetric data are acquired by NGDC through data exchange, funded and contract programs, processing of long‐term data holdings, data digitization from hardcopy sources, and national and international linkages. NGDC personnel participate nationally and internationally on numerous committees associated with studies of the seafloor including charting and bathymetric needs.     

浅地层剖面与测深数据综合成图法在舟山大陆连岛工程中的应用

利用2006年舟山市大陆连岛工程(三期)岱山跨海大桥工程物探调查资料,分析、讨论了海底水深剖面图的生成、浅地层剖面资料解释、时深转换及其地质剖面图生成过程中存在的问题,提出了实际调查航迹的坐标投影、浅地层剖面反射层位人机交互解释拾取、时深转换层速度的输入等方法,并应用这些方法快速有效地生成了工程调查数据地质剖面图.     

基于追踪数据的全球中尺度涡旋偶极子自动识别方法

海洋中的涡旋在传播过程中相互吸引并以偶极子的形式进行传播是一种常见的海洋现象,这些偶极子在输送海水、养分和其他物质方面发挥着重要作用。本文提出了一种基于海表面高度异常数据得到的涡旋轨迹数据的全球偶极子自动识别方法。通过使用K–D树切割空间的方法,对1993年1月至2016年9月间的涡旋轨迹数据进行计算,共发现了生命周期超过了60 d的86 662对向西运动的偶极子和30 590对向东运动的偶极子。结合提取结果,本文对偶极子在全球范围内的特性进行了统计分析,并结合海表面温度异常、盐度异常数据验证了自动识别算法的可靠性。最后,本文分析了具有伴随时间长、传播速度快、纠缠传播特点的偶极子传输模式和传播特性。     

The filtering and compressing of outer beams to multibeam bathymetric data

Some errors and noises are often present in multibeam swath bathymetric data. Echo detection error (EDE) is one of the main errors. It causes the depth error to become bigger in outer beams and looks like sound refraction. But depth errors due to EDEs have a trumpet-shaped appearance, instead of a curved appearance that is caused by the sound refraction errors. EDEs, including systematic acoustic signal detection errors and internal noises, cannot be removed during the correction of sound refraction. It causes depth inconsistencies between adjacent swaths and degrades precision of outer beams. Sometimes, the bathymetric errors caused by EDEs do not even meet the requirements of IHO (International Hydrographic Organization). Therefore, a post-processing method is presented to minimize the EDEs by filtering outliers and compressing outer beams of multibeam bathymetric data. The outliers caused by internal noises are removed by an automatic filter algorithm first. Then the outer beams are compressed to reduce systematic acoustic signal detection errors according to their depths, the calculated depth line and standard deviations (SDs). The automatic filter process is important for calculating the depth line. The selection of inner beams to calculate the average SD of beam depths is crucial to achieving compressing goals. The quality of final bathymetric data in outer beams can be improved by these steps. The method is verified by a field test.     

Trend analysis and its tectonic implications using digital bathymetric data

Abstract

Quantitative and objective trend analysis of bottom topography in order to detect the tectonic structures has become available by use of the processed Seabeam data. The following two procedures of trend analysis are introduced.

(1) Edge detection procedures in digital image processing are applicable to the analysis of topography for extraction of the lineament of tectonic structures and prediction of the existence of faults based on the digital bathymetric data.

(2) Automatic calculation of water flow using the topographic grid data is used for estimation of not only water flow pattern and volume but also the construction of the ridge or trough axis by calculating the accumulated water volume. This method was also applied to the Seabeam bathymetric data. This is quite useful for detection of offset structures and hidden faults.

These two methods are applied to the topographic data obtained in the North Fiji Basin, which is characterized by active spreading ridges. The regional tectonic structure of the North Fiji Basin was found to be expressed by the topographic trend of the central axis.     

一种实用的二类水体Sea WiFS资料大气校正方法

SeaWiFS是美国NASA于1997年8月发射的“海视宽视野传感器”(sea-viewing wide-field-of-viewsensor,简称SeaWiFS[1]),专门用于海洋水色遥感,代表了当今水色遥感的最高水平.SeaWiFS提供了8个波段的辐射值(412,443,490,510,555,670,765,865nm),1～6波段波带宽度为20nm,7和8波段波带宽度为40nm.     

面向地形匹配的多波束测深数据抽稀方法研究

基于多波束测深的地形定位是水下潜器导航技术研究和发展的重点,多波束测深数据的高精度快速重采样是水下地形匹配定位的前提。传统的实时抽稀方法因对多波束测深数据模型的过分简化而效果欠佳。参考Douglas-Peucker算法和点云数据抽稀方法,采用角度-弦高联合准则对多波束每ping数据进行抽稀处理,参考导航地形图对抽稀后的多ping数据基于点云离散度进行二次抽稀处理,从而实现多波束测深数据的高精度快速抽稀处理。典型的数学仿真地形和实测多波束条带数据实验表明:文中提出的抽稀方法数据抽稀率仿真地形在85%以上,实测地形在90%以上,数据抽稀前后点云构成的曲面DEM误差在3%以内,并且算法实时性较好。     

一种使用卫星高度计数据且基于密度聚类的新型海洋中尺度涡自动探测算法

中尺度涡旋是海洋中典型的中尺度现象,是海洋中能量传递的运输者,中尺度涡识别与提取是物理海洋学研究的重要内容之一,而中尺度涡自动发现算法是最基础的用于寻找与分析中尺度涡的工具。中尺度涡旋探测工作的数据来源主要为卫星高度计数据融合出的SLA数据,该数据可以客观的描述海洋表层高度状态。中尺度涡表示为SLA闭合等值线所包围的局部等值区域,涡旋识别需要从SLA数据中提取出稳定的闭合等值线结构。针对基于SLA数据中的中尺度涡探测的特点,本文提出了一种新的基于聚类方法的中尺度涡自动识别算法,通过对SLA数据集的分割与筛选将中尺度涡区域与背景区域分离,后建立区域内联系并将其映射到SLA地图上来提取中尺度涡结构。本文算法解决了传统探测算法中参数设定的敏感性问题,不需要进行稳定性测试,算法适应性增强。算法中加入了涡旋筛选机制,保证了结果的涡旋结构的稳定性,提高了识别准确率。在此基础上,本文选取了西北太平洋及中国南海地区进行了中尺度涡探测实验,实验结果展示出了本文算法在较传统算法提高算法效率的同时,也保持着较高的算法稳定性,可以在稳定识别各个单涡结构的同时识别稳定的多涡结构。     

基于多波束和ArcGIS的海底地形数据库建立

阐述了利用多波束数据建立基于A rcG IS平台的海底地形空间数据库的过程,并对多波束的数据处理流程、DTM数据层的建立、纹理数据层的建立和空间数据库的结构等海底地形空间数据库建立的步骤和基于空间数据库的地形展示、电子海图的应用等进行了讨论。     

Morpho-tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea inferred from multi-beam bathymetric and seismic data

In an initial stage, the Sea of Marmara developed as a graben and, in due course, considerable volumes of sediments were deposited in this basin. Before 200 ka, a new fault (New Marmara Fault) cutting through the whole basin developed, which postdated large sub-marine land sliding in the western part of the basin. This mass movement created the Western Ridge. The initiation of this strike-slip fault indicates that the extensional stress regime was replaced by a new, shearing stress field. In the eastern part of the Marmara Basin, the New Marmara Fault consists of two branches. The northern one replaces the normal faulting at the bottom of the northeastern slope of the basin. As a result, this slope has been rejuvenated. The southern branch is located along the central axis of the basin, forming the major extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone within the region. Two restraining bends were formed because of the counterclockwise rotation of that part of the Anatolian Block. This resulted the uplifting of the Eastern Ridge and the formation of the positive flower structure within the Tekirdag Basin. The establishment of the compressional regime around the Sea of Marmara also resulted in the northwest–southeast shortening of the initial Marmara Basin.