Seismogenic structures of the 2006 M<Subscript>L</Subscript>4.0 Dangan Island earthquake offshore Hong Kong

The northern margin of the South China Sea, as a typical extensional continental margin, has relatively strong intraplate seismicity. Compared with the active zones of Nanao Island, Yangjiang, and Heyuan, seismicity in the Pearl River Estuary is relatively low. However, a M_L4.0 earthquake in 2006 occurred near Dangan Island (DI) offshore Hong Kong, and this site was adjacent to the source of the historical M5.8 earthquake in 1874. To reveal the seismogenic mechanism of intraplate earthquakes in DI, we systematically analyzed the structural characteristics in the source area of the 2006 DI earthquake using integrated 24-channel seismic profiles, onshore–offshore wide-angle seismic tomography, and natural earthquake parameters. We ascertained the locations of NW- and NE-trending faults in the DI sea and found that the NE-trending DI fault mainly dipped southeast at a high angle and cut through the crust with an obvious low-velocity anomaly. The NW-trending fault dipped southwest with a similar high angle. The 2006 DI earthquake was adjacent to the intersection of the NE- and NW-trending faults, which suggested that the intersection of the two faults with different strikes could provide a favorable condition for the generation and triggering of intraplate earthquakes. Crustal velocity model showed that the high-velocity anomaly was imaged in the west of DI, but a distinct entity with low-velocity anomaly in the upper crust and high-velocity anomaly in the lower crust was found in the south of DI. Both the 1874 and 2006 DI earthquakes occurred along the edge of the distinct entity. Two vertical cross-sections nearly perpendicular to the strikes of the intersecting faults revealed good spatial correlations between the 2006 DI earthquake and the low to high speed transition in the distinct entity. This result indicated that the transitional zone might be a weakly structural body that can store strain energy and release it as a brittle failure, resulting in an earthquake-prone area.     

浅地震剖面揭露南秦岭隐伏断裂特征——以丹江断裂为例

采用浅层地震反射勘探方法对南秦岭构造带内丹江断裂进行地球物理勘探,通过数据处理与分析,获取包括断裂在隐伏区的几何展布形态、上断点埋深及断层性质在内的高分辨率浅地震剖面;对部分测线的地震剖面成果与钻孔资料进行对比验证解译。研究表明,浅地震反射对该区域隐伏探测行之有效,该方法可为隐伏活动断层探测提供参考。     

Accumulation and exploration of gas hydrate in deep-sea sediments of northern South China Sea

The large deep-sea area from the southwestern Qiongdongnan Basin to the eastern Dongsha Islands,within the continental margin of northern South China Sea,is a frontier of natural gas hydrate exploration in China.Multiform of deep-sea sedimentations have been occurred since late Miocene,and sediment waves as a potential quality reservoir of natural gas hydrate is an most important style of them.Based on abundant available data of seismic,gravity sampling and drilling core,we analyzed the characteristics of seismic reflection and sedimentation of sediment waves and the occurrence of natural gas hydrate hosted in it,and discussed the control factors on natural gas hydrate accumulation.The former findings revealed the deep sea of the northern South China Sea have superior geological conditions on natural gas hydrate accumulation.Therefore,it will be of great significance in deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration with the study on the relationship between deep-sea sedimentation and natural gas hydrate accumulation.     

基于中深层地震反射资料研究泰州断裂上地壳特征

采用大吨位可控震源激发和多次覆盖地震反射技术,跨泰州断裂完成一条长度14 km的中深地震反射剖面。结合研究区已有地质资料与获得的剖面反射波组特征,建立沿测线第四系至古生界的精细地层框架,同时对泰州断裂及其两侧的构造形态、断裂切割深度、构造组合样式等进行研究。结果表明,该区上地壳存在多个反射能量较强的界面,其中的古潜山面与结晶基底顶界面TG是本区上地壳结构中两个重要的结构面。泰州断裂总体表现为由2条断层组成的断裂构造带,其上部错断第四系底界面,向下错断新近系、古近系等多套沉积层和结晶基底,对该区隆起和凹陷的形成和地层沉积具有重要的控制作用。     

汶川地震前GPS资料反映的应变率场演化特征

对中国大陆东西向应变率场的研究结果表明,青藏块体西部（92°E以西）东西向拉张区和青藏块体东部（92°E以东）东西向挤压区反映了青藏高原物质东向流动受到了华北 华南地块的阻挡,形成了空间跨度约900 km的压缩区,3期应变率场结果均显示南北地震带中段位于东西向压应变率高值区。川滇地区应变率场结果表明,巴颜喀拉地块东向运动的增强导致了汶川地震震源区面应变率的集中;在东西向挤压高值区逐渐向东迁移的过程中,龙门山断裂带的东西向挤压变形逐渐增强;旋转率场动态演化结果表明,2004—2007年龙门山南段的逆时针旋转变形强度有所减弱,龙门山断裂带中北部的顺时针旋转变形有所增强;主应变率分布特征由散乱到一致的演化特征表明龙门山断裂带闭锁状态伴随着挤压和右旋剪切作用的增强达到了极高点。     

据断层垂直形变确定华北活动块体边界

根据中国华北地区断层形变测量资料的系统处理结果和已知构造带的分布 ,给出了该区现今主要块体的活动边界 ,分别统计了不同区带断层垂直运动的平均速率 ,对其差异性进行了对比 ,并结合地震活动的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明 ,不同区带的断层活动差异性显著 ,断层测点分布条带与主要构造带或地震活动带一致时 ,其断层垂直运动的平均速率较高 ;在区块与条带相交或相邻的情况下 ,条带上比区块的断层平均活动速率明显偏高     

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联合GPS与重力资料反演福建地区地壳运动

联合福建省近几年的GPS基本网、基准站观测数据和重力复测数据,反演福建块体的分块运动参数和主要活动断裂运动状态。结果显示,受欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和太平洋板块相互碰撞的影响,福建地区块体的运动样式大体呈现顺时针方向的运动,造成北东向断裂作左旋走滑运动,而北西向断裂以右旋走滑为主。其中,长乐-诏安断裂带、邵武-河源断裂带和永安-晋江断裂带是块体内最活跃的断裂带,其左旋走滑速率分别为0.7±1.3、0.7±1.7和0.6±1.8mm/a,九龙江下游断裂带具有0.5±1.7mm/a的右旋走滑速率。     

THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ISLANDS IN ANCIENT CHINA

ＴＨＥＮＯＭＥＮＣＬＡＴＵＲＥＯＦＴＨＥＳＯＵＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＳＥＡＩＳＬＡＮＤＳＩＮＡＮＣＩＥＮＴＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＬｉｕＮａｎｗｅｉ（刘南威）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｇｕａｎｇｚ...     

珊溪水库地区三维构造特征与深部水库诱发地震环境研究

利用大地电磁测深法首次在珊溪水库地区开展三维地震深部构造特征探测,获得该地区70 km²面积的三维电性结构,建立该区域深部三维地质构造模型,探讨水库地震发生的深部构造环境。结果表明：1）珊溪水库地下存在以双溪-焦溪垟断裂为主的3条断裂组成的向西南侧伏的三角形断块,2.5级以上地震基本发生在该特殊构造内。2）水库深部存在3个主要的“低阻通道”,地震活动集中在中部_f11-3“低阻通道”沿线,随着地下水沿f_11-3流体通道自东南向西北渗透,地震活动也沿该方向呈现阶段性迁移。3）水库东侧温州-泰顺断层及花岗岩阻隔双溪-焦溪垟断裂向东发展,造成地应力无法向东传播,可能是该断层以东无地震发生的主要原因。     

Landslide distribution and sliding mode control along the Anninghe fault zone at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world. Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, many active fault zones are present. These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China. In this paper, high-resolution topographic data, multitemporal remote sensing images, numerical calculations, seismic records, and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe. The influence of active faults on the lithology, rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied. The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass, reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes. The faults have also controlled the stress field, the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope, thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides. We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone, and more than 80% of these landslides are within 2-3 km of the fault rupture zone. Moreover, the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows. This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone, e.g., constituting the whole landslide body, controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide, controlling the crown of the landslide, and constituting the toe of the landslide. The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.     

Mesozoic Deformation and Its Geological Significance in the Southern Margin of the South China Sea

The pre-Eocene history of the region around the present South China Sea is not well known. New multi-channel seismic profiles provide valuable insights into the probable Mesozoic history of this region. Detailed structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the multi-channel seismic profiles, calibrated with relevant drilling and dredging data, show major Mesozoic structural features. A structural restoration was done to remove the Cenozoic tectonic influence and calculate the Mesozoic tectonic compression ratios. The results indicate that two groups of compressive stress with diametrically opposite orientations, S(S)E– N(N)W and N(N)W–S(S)E, were active during the Mesozoic. The compression ratio values gradually decrease from north to south and from west to east in each stress orientation. The phenomena may be related to the opening of the proto-South China Sea(then located in south of the Nansha block) and the rate at which the Nansha block drifted northward in the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous. The Nansha block drifted northward until it collided and sutured with the southern China margin. The opening of the present South China Sea may be related to this suture zone, which was a tectonic zone of weakness.     

Downward shift of gas hydrate stability zone due to seafloor erosion in the eastern Dongsha Island,South China Sea

New acquired and reprocessed three-dimensional(3 D) seismic data were used to delineate the distribution and characterization of bottom simulating reflections(B SRs) in the Chaoshan Sag,in the eastern part of Dongsha Island,South China Sea.Three submarine canyons with different scales were interpreted from the 3 D seismic data,displaying three stages of canyon development and are related with the variation of BSR.Abundant faults were identified from the coherence and ant-tracing attributions extracted from3 D seismic data,which provide the evidence for fluid migration from deeper sediments to the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ).The uplift of Dongsha Island created a large number of faults and leads to the increased seafloor erosion.The erosion caused the cooling of the seafloor sediments and deepening of the base of the gas hydrate stability zone,which is attributed to the presence of paleo-BSR and BSR downward shift in the study area.Hence,methane gas may be released during the BSR resetting and gas hydrate dissociation related with seafloor ero sion.     

珊溪水库地区深部构造探测研究

通过对珊溪水库地区进行深地震反射探测,获得该地区近地表至地壳中部的精细几何结构和深浅构造关系。结果表明,该地区地壳结构在纵向具有明显的分带性,在横向显示出以断层为界的块状结构特点。研究区内走向北西的双溪-焦溪垟断层向深部延伸超过20 km进入中下地壳,为该区域内主要控制性断层,主要影响周围浅部断层的发育,是该地区主要发震构造。     

断层及邻区视错动变形系统分析模型

基于跨断层及邻区地壳形变资料,结合板内断层震间、同震错动变形活动、多断层错动变形活动实际,构建从单一断层震间整体视错动变形分析模型、沿断层视错动变形空间分布分析模型、同震视错动变形整体与空间分布分析模型,到多条平行断层视错动变形整体分析和沿断层视错动变形空间分布分析等系统性分析模型。实例表明,该系统分析模型可从不同角度全面揭示震间断层及邻区视错动变形活动的整体与细部特征、变形活动状态或阶段、多断层系统彼此间的关联性活动以及同震及震后调整视错动变形等。     

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post-fault sequences (Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement(4.4 - 5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4 - 1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato-tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5 - 3 and 3 - 0 Ma ago.     

南海的新构造运动及其演化史

本文对南海壳块第三纪以来所发生的断裂作用、地震活动、岩浆活动与褶皱作用进行了综合研究。在此基础上,总结了南海壳块新构造运动特征并进而对其演化规律进行了探讨。     

马来西亚在南海的战略利益分析

采用实证分析法,分析了对马来西亚南海战略利益及政策,认为马来西亚南海政策具有较为明显的务实性、矛盾性、两面性特点,未来具有解决南海问题多边化、国际化的趋向,我国对此发展趋向应予以高度重视。     

辽西凸起斜坡区风化壳油气运移特征及控藏作用

随着勘探程度的提高, 小型复杂断块圈闭已成为当前凸起区油气勘探的重点领域, 为了明确辽西凸起断块圈闭油气差异富集的原因, 利用三维地震、测录井、薄片等数据资料, 通过三维流线定量模拟的方法, 分析凸起斜坡区潜山顶面风化壳特征, 建立"壳-断"耦合油气运移模式, 刻画斜坡区油气优势运移路径, 从而明确风化壳运移对凸起断块油气差异富集的控制作用。结果表明: ①研究区潜山历经多期构造运动, 且潜山岩性主要为下古生界碳酸盐岩和太古界花岗岩, 岩性性质较脆, 易被风化剥蚀, 风化壳溶蚀孔隙及构造裂缝普遍发育, 且分布稳定, 形成斜坡区油气侧向长距离运移的主要通道; ②斜坡中带受反向断层控制形成断隆构造, 油气沿风化壳的运移受斜坡断隆带遮挡, 形成"壳-断"耦合油气运移模式, 断隆带断距大小控制风化壳油气侧向运移能力; ③利用三维流线定量模拟的方法, 刻画出研究区四级油气优势运移通道, 明确不同级别油气运移通道对凸起断块油气富集程度的控制作用。该研究成果有效指导辽西凸起油气勘探实践, 并填补了富油凹陷成熟凸起区油气成藏认识及研究方法。