黄河三角洲的形成和演变

黄河每年有8×108～10×108t泥沙进入河口地区。由于黄河的受水盆地浅,区域上又位于构造强烈沉降区,进入河口地区的泥沙约有80%淤积在陆上及滨海地区,逐步形成了现代的黄河三角洲。通过RS与GIS综合对比和地质成因分析,可揭示整个三角洲在河流动力和海洋动力综合作用下的快速淤进、蚀退,河床抬高和尾闾改道等一系列演变,其中又以海岸带的演变最为明显。近几年,受黄河来水来沙量减少和人为加固堤坝等因素影响,河口地区造陆速度减缓,其他地区海岸带蚀退变慢,河床进一步抬高,整个三角洲基本处于淤蚀平衡状态。     

Estimates of reynolds stress and TKE production in the seasonally stratified East China Sea

During the two cruises in March and July of 2011, the tidal cycling of turbulent properties and the T/S profiles at the same location in seasonally stratified East China Sea (ECS) were measured synchronously by a bottom-mounted fast sampling ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) and a RBR CTD (RBR-620) profiler. While focusing on the tide-induced and stratification’s impact on mixing, the Reynolds stress and the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production rate were calculated using the ‘variance method’. In spring, the features of mixing mainly induced by tides were clear when the water column was well-mixed. Velocity shear and turbulent parameters intensified towards the seabed due to the bottom friction. The components of the velocity shear and the Reynolds stress displayed a dominant semi-diurnal variation related to velocity changes caused by the flood and ebb of M₂ tide. Stratification occurred in summer, and the water column showed a strongly stratified pycnocline with a characteristic squared buoyancy frequency of N² ～ (1–6) × 10^?3 s^?2. The components of the velocity shear and the Reynolds stress penetrated upwards very fast from the bottom boundary layer to the whole water column in spring, while in summer they only penetrated to the bottom of the pycnocline with a relatively slow propagation speed. In summer, the TKE production within the pycnocline was comparable with and sometimes larger than that in the well-mixed bottom layer under the pycnocline. Considering the associated high velocity shear, it is speculated that the mixing in the pycnocline is a result of the local velocity shear.     

Spatiotemporal features and possible mechanisms of seasonal changes in sea surface height south of Japan

Variations of sea surface height(SSH) in the Kuroshio south of Japan are addressed by analyzing 19-year(1993–2011) altimetry data from AVISO. Regionally averaged time series of observed SSH had a rising linear trend at 2.64±0.72 mm/a in this period. By analyzing the power spectra, several periods were recognized in temporal SSH variations, including those around 90 and 360 days. The seasonal cycle of SSH was minimum in winter(February) and maximum in summer(August), with peak-to-peak amplitude about 20.0 cm. The spatial distribution of linear trends was inhomogeneous, with a rising linear trend along the coastline and a tripole structure offshore. Spatial distributions of standard deviation of seasonal SSH show very dynamic activities in the southeast of Kyushu and south of Honshu. Seasonal variations of observed SSH are partially explained by surface buoyancy forcing, local wind forcing and the steric component related to subsurface water beneath the mixed layer. Results show different spatial distributions of correlation coefficient and estimation skill between seasonally observed and modeled SSH, which are calculated from surface buoyancy fl ux, local wind forcing and the steric component related to subsurface water. Of those three, the surface buoyancy fl ux has a greater contribution to variations of observed SSH on the seasonal time scale south of Japan.     

关于高速滑坡的几个问题

高速滑坡问题是当前工程地质和环境地质学界极为关注的问题。本文对诸如滑体高速滑动所对应的时空界限、滑体滑动过程所产生的热效应以及空气浮托力等高速滑坡产生机制问题进行了初步探讨。     

基于"山西2015速度模型"的定位方法对比研究

为了确定山西台网基于“山西2015速度模型”的相对固定的定位方法,选择2010~2016年最大空隙角小于45°、参与定位台站数大于40的103个地震事件,分别采用单纯形法、Hypo2000、Hyposat结合PTD等3种方法重新测定。结果显示,单纯形法和Hyposat结合PTD测定的残差以及网缘地震的震中距两方面均优于Hypo2000;在震源深度方面,Hyposat结合PTD的结果较为可信。综合分析认为,基于“山西2015速度模型”定位地震时,山西台网应固定使用Hyposat结合PTD的方法。     

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND YOLK-SAC LARVAE OF HERRING AND PLAICE

Changes in quantities of water, sodium, potassium, lipid and protein were compared in developing eggs and yolk-sac larvae of herring dupes harengus L., a species with demersal eggs, and plaice Pleuroncctcs platessa L., a species with pelagic eggs. The principal difference between the two species was the occurrence in herring, but not in plaice of considerable increases in water content and in one or both of the above ions at three distinct stages: at fertilization,during the middle stage of egg development, and in the days immediately after hatching. Newly hatched larvae of the two species differed greatly in water content because of the difference in mass and water content of the yolk, not in the water content of the rest of the body. In herring, there were increases in sodium and potassium which coincided broadly with the increase in water content. These differences are related to the gradual acquisition of buoyancy by herring during this period, comparable with the buoyancy conferred on plaice eggs a     

Numerical simulation of an algal bloom in Dianshan Lake

A hydrodynamic model and an aquatic ecology model of Dianshan Lake,Shanghai,were built using a hydrodynamic simulation module and the water quality simulation module of Delft3D,which is an integrated modelling suite offered by Deltares. The simulated water elevation,current velocity,and direction were validated with observed data to ensure the reliability of hydrodynamic model. The seasonal growth of different algae was analyzed with consideration of observed and historical data,as well as simulated results. In 2008,the dominant algae in Dianshan Lake was Bacillariophyta from February to March,while it was Chlorophyta from April to May,and Cyanophyta from July to August. In summer,the biomass of Cyanophyta grew quickly,reaching levels much higher than the peaks of Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Algae blooms primarily occurred in the stagnation regions. This phenomenon indicates that water residence time can influence algal growth significantly. A longer water residence time was associated with higher algal growth. Two conclusions were drawn from several simulations: reducing the nutrients inflow had little effect on algal blooms in Dianshan Lake; however,increasing the discharge into Dianshan Lake could change the flow field characteristic and narrow the range of stagnation regions,resulting in inhibition of algal aggregation and propagation and a subsequent reduction in areas of high concentration algae.     

东营市基岩地质背景与地热资源分布

东营市地热资源丰富，地热分布受储盖条件及基岩构造背景等因素制约，热水储层为多层结构系统。在一定深度范围内，地温总体呈高、低相间的带状展布。其平面展布，相对高温区与基岩潜凸区一致，相对低温区与基岩潜凹区一致。地热主要为正常增温传导型，在潜凸与潜凹结合部位，可能存在水热对流型。     

多孔介质中聚合物溶液的流变特性

为研究多孔介质中高剪切条件下聚合物溶液流变性能的影响,利用驱 替装置和 R S6000 流变仪 测试不同 的注入速度、 渗流距离和孔喉比条件下, 聚合物溶液经过多孔介质 剪切前后 流变性的 变化. 结果 表明: 聚合物 的剪切应 力、表观黏度、 储能模量、 损耗模量等参数随着注入速度、 渗流距离和孔喉比增加而减小, 且在低剪切速率 和低角频率下 表观黏度、 储能模量、 损耗模量下降更为明显, 剪切应力下降幅度较小, 而在高剪切 速率下剪 切应力下 降幅度最 大; 渗流距 离对聚合物黏弹性作用的影响最大, 其次为注入速度, 孔喉比对聚合物黏弹性作用的影响较小.     

基于深度神经网络的蒙古国色楞格河流域水体信息提取

蒙古高原地处干旱半干旱地区,河流水系对该区域的资源环境格局及其生态环境影响重大。发源于蒙古国的色楞格河是蒙古高原最主要的水资源来源,准确掌握该流域的水体信息对东北亚地区生态环境问题及资源保护具有重要意义。本文以蒙古高原色楞格河流域为研究对象,基于谷歌地球引擎（Google Earth Engine,GEE）云平台,使用 Sentinel-2 多光谱卫星遥感影像,利用深度神经网络（Deep Neural Network, DNN）方法对色楞格河流域的水体信息进行提取,并与支持向量机方法进行对比;利用全球30 m SRTM数据生成水系分布矢量图,通过空间分析形成河流提取目标区,结合深度神经网络分类结果,绘制蒙古国色楞格河流域2019年河流分布图。研究结果表明：① 该方法能够准确地完成大流域范围内的水体制图,提取结果能够体现色楞格河流域河流的空间分布,且能够减少河流断流、空洞现象;② 深度神经网络模型中批量大小设置为8时,在处理数据速度与精度中达到最优,而神经网络结构中隐含层数达到4层时,在精度评价指标测试数据集上达到0.9666,保证了模型特征挖掘能力;③ 经样本点的验证,结果总体精度达到97.65%,可以满足实际应用需求。本研究预期可以为蒙古高原的水体提取提供方法支持和相关数据支持。     

A new proposal for density salinity scale (DSS98)

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面向复杂城市场景的Sort-First并行绘制系统中负载平衡与性能分析

在高精度建模方法越来越丰富的背景下,三维城市场景往往具有较大的场景规模和较高的复杂性,因此,当单台计算机难以满足实时绘制的需求时,多采用更加适合超高分辨率大屏幕显示的Sort-First方式进行并行绘制。针对现有研究性能量化分析的缺乏,及自适应负载平衡方法的缺陷,本文通过Sort-First并行绘制系统的加速比模型,分析绘制节点数、显示分辨率、网络传输速度、任务划分等因素对系统性能的影响,以及将绘制时间和传输时间的和作为反馈,对现有负载平衡策略进行了改进。本文给出了系统达到最高加速比,即负载完全均衡理想情况下的一个量化的必要条件。最后,基于Sort-First的并行绘制实验验证上述分析。实验结果表明:本文的改进加强了各节点的负载平衡性,在一定程度上提高了性能。     

Seismic Response Analysis of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile

1 Introduction The portal water injection sheet pile (PWISP) is a new type of space-retaining structure developed for the Shengli Oil Company. It was developed based on the combination of the practical needs of hydraulic projects and the technical principle of jet-drilling in the oil indus-try and has been successfully used for disaster prevention and hydraulic projects (Guo, 2002, 2005). It consists of the double-row parallel-prefabricated reinforced concrete sheet piles and the connectio…     

地震动触发滑坡体滑动的机理

论证并探讨了地震动触发滑坡体滑动的机理,认为地震时的坡体波动振荡在斜坡岩土体变形破坏过程中产生三种效应：累进破坏效应、启动效应和启程加速效应,并得出了一些既有理论研究意义,又有一定实际应用价值的论断。     

注入丁醇调节重非水液相密度的微空隙试验模拟

密度大于水的重非水液相(DNAPLs)有机污染物在重力作用下向地下介质深部迁移从而增加污染范围。前人通过一维砂柱和二维砂箱试验发现利用密度调节技术可降低DNAPLs向下迁移的风险,但目前缺乏微观尺度上密度调节影响DNAPLs迁移的定量观测。本研究试验模拟丁醇注入微空隙调节四氯乙烯(PCE)的密度,通过建立非水相中染色PCE浓度、密度与灰度的定量关系,监测注入丁醇后空隙介质中非水相密度的动态变化,基于空隙中代表性非水相PCE受力情况分析其运移状态,揭示空隙尺度介质性质和密度调节程度对DNAPLs迁移的影响。试验结果表明：丁醇注入后,PCE浓度和密度迅速下降,离散状PCE与丁醇有效接触面积大且起效快;当非水相密度降至略大于水相密度时,非水相受毛细力和摩擦力的影响停止向下迁移;当非水相密度小于水相密度时,非水相才在注入压力与浮力的作用下克服毛细力、重力和摩擦力向上迁移;注入压力、摩擦力、毛细力、浮力与重力影响着空隙中非水相的迁移行为,空隙半径越大,毛细力对调节PCE向上迁移的影响越小;密度比水小的丁醇注入介质后向上迁移,因此丁醇从DNAPLs下端注入可提高修复效率。试验证实了向空隙介质中注入...     

Velocity profile of debris flow based on quadratic rheology model

The quadratic rheology model considers the yield stress, viscous stress, turbulent stress and disperse stress, so it is used in this study to derive the velocity profile of debris flows. The quadratic model with the parabolic eddy viscosity was numerically solved, and an analytical solution was derived for the quadratic model with a constant eddy viscosity. These two solutions were compared with the Arai-Takahashi model that excluded the viscous stress and the yield stress. The three models were tested by using 17 experiment cases of debris flows over rigid beds. The results prove that the quadratic model with parabolic and constant eddy viscosities is applicable to muddy and granular flows, whereas the Arai-Takahashi model tends to overestimate the flow velocity near the water surface if a plug-like layer exists. In addition, the von Karman constant and the zero-velocity elevation in the three models are related to sediment concentration. The von Karman constant decreases first and then increases as the sediment concentration increases. The zero-velocity elevation is below the bed surface, likely due to the invalidity of the non-slip boundary condition for the debris flows over fixed beds.     

PS基线网络用于线性工程形变监测与分析

针对SAR干涉点目标分析技术在区域地表形变监测中仅能在一定程度上消除大气延迟效应的问题,采用邻域差分的思想来减弱差分干涉相位中的自相关影响。采用附加距离限制的Delaunay三角网进行PS基线网络的布设,可以有效剔除距离较长的基线边和低质量的PS点目标,并利用邻接矩阵对PS基线网络中的重复边进行检测与删除,以提高程序的计算效率。首先利用模拟数据对程序的有效性与正确性进行验证,然后以大同-西安客运专线太谷-祁县段为研究对象,选取2015-07～2016-02的8景TerraSAR数据进行实例分析,获取的高铁沿线形变与已有地裂缝调查资料和野外实地考察资料具有较高的一致性,证明了PS基线网络在线性工程形变监测应用中的可行性。     

基于精密水准的依兰-伊通断裂带北部地区垂直形变分析

利用依兰-伊通断裂带北部地区1977年、1991年和2015年3期精密水准数据,采取伪逆基准下的线性动态运动模型进行平差,并归算到选取的基准点,分别获取该区域2期相对速率场（1977~1991年和1991~2015年）。前一期速率场表明,大致以依兰-伊通断裂带为界,该区域长白山北部相对于小兴安岭南段隆升,最大相对速率为7.51 mm/a;后一期速率场表明,整个依兰-伊通断裂带北部地区相对速率较小,最大相对速率仅为3.4 mm/a,该区域趋向于整体性的继承性运动,断裂带两侧相对运动明显减弱。     

Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006

The Luzon Strait is the only deep channel that connects the South China Sea(SCS) with the Pacific.The transport through the Luzon Strait is an important process influencing the circulation,heat and water budgets of the SCS.Early observations have suggested that water enters the SCS in winter but water inflow or outflow in summer is quite controversial.On the basis of hydrographic measurements from CTD along 120° E in the Luzon Strait during the period from September 18 to 20 in 2006,the characteristics of t...     

土工格室加固风积沙路基不同深度动力响应试验研究

风积沙路基的处理一直是沙漠公路建设面临的难题,土工格室加固方法可为沙漠公路建设提供一条新路径,结合S21线(乌鲁木齐-阿勒泰)沙漠公路路基现场试验,研究不同路基深度动力响应特征,对土工格室加固风积沙性能探究具有重要的价值及意义。结果表明：(1)测试车速对路基不同深度处动应力、动加速度和动速度的时程曲线波动性影响较大,且提高车速时,动速度峰值、动加速度峰值和动应力峰值都出现了明显的增加;(2)随着路基层深度的不断增加,动速度幅值、动加速度幅值和动应力幅值均呈现出逐渐衰减的趋势,其中在土工格室加固风积沙层衰减幅度最大;(3)沿路基横断面水平方向上,动速度幅值、动加速度幅值和动应力幅值均呈指数型衰减的趋势,距振动源水平距离为5 m时,其幅值衰减至10%左右,可将此水平范围作为工程设计参考值。