基于改进U-Net的多属性地震相识别方法

地震相识别技术是进行沉积环境分析与储层预测的有力工具.传统的人工地震相识别方法不仅工作量大,而且效率非常低.目前利用深度学习方法可以大幅度提高地震相识别的效率,但是受限于有限的数据集和网络提取特征能力,对样本数量少的地震相识别效果较差.针对上述问题,本文提出了基于改进U-Net的多属性地震相识别方法.首先通过弹性形变算法来扩增数据集,将经过属性选择后的多属性数据体作为输入数据,提高输入数据的数量和质量;其次通过引入注意力机制对网络提取的特征添加权重,提高U-Net网络提取特征的能力;并在损失函数中引入Dice指数,解决了样本不均衡问题.经过数值实验表明,基于改进U-Net模型可有效提高地震相预测准确率.     

基于天地图的房屋建筑区数据提取方法及应用研究

房屋建筑区是组成居民地的重要设施,是人类生产生活居住的重要空间,同时也是破坏性地震发生后造成人员伤亡和财产损失的直接载体,震后对建筑物的快速评估,对指导抗震救灾、预估地震损失具有重要的意义,因此房屋建筑成为了遥感影像识别提取的焦点。本文通过（1）下载包含房屋建筑区的天地图2D平面地图;（2）采集房屋建筑区RGB色彩值,对天地图数据进行重分类;（3）按照房屋建筑区分类值,提取相关数据,以上三个步骤得到了2D平面地图的房屋建筑区数据。以遥感影像数据为基础对张家口地区房屋建筑区的提取结果进行验证,证实了提取方法的有效性和精确性。在数据应用方面,房屋建筑区数据可与三维场景建模相结合,为应急指挥者快速了解震中区域的地形地貌、居民地分布情况、交通、断裂分布情况及潜在地质灾害隐患点提供直观的数据支撑。     

基于ZigBee对地震勘探数据精度提高技术的方法研究

针对传统地震勘探方法不能准确获取高精度勘探数据,提出基于ZigBee对地震勘探数据精度提高技术的方法。采用全站仪极坐标法根据地震勘探地区地质和地表结构进行空间定位划区,利用地震勘探技术,通过分析地震波的传播方式及影响检测效果的地震分辨率因素,获取引入差分GPS定位模块的勘探仪器探测的地震数据;运用射线追踪技术,对地震数据中的破损数据进行检测追踪,采用专用检测设备提取破损数据,并对其修复处理;创建由MEMS加速度传感器和ZigBee模块构成的检测系统,并根据拓扑结构网络实现对地震勘探数据的质量检测,以提高地震勘探精度。根据仿真实验验证,该方法具有较高的地震勘探数据精度和有效性,可为相关工作提供较大的帮助。     

基于数据跟踪分析河北电磁台网环境干扰因素

以河北电磁台网2008—2016年地震前兆数据跟踪分析产品信息为数据源,归纳该台网主要环境干扰因素,主要干扰表现为降雨、高压直流输电、农田灌溉3种类型,约占干扰因素约88.47%。分析各类干扰因素成因、动态曲线变化特征,提取并总结电磁台网环境干扰典型实例及变化特征,为地震前兆异常变化地准确判断提供有效实例支持与技术参考;根据干扰成因和观测经验,通过同场地增加气象三要素观测可快速识别降雨干扰,通过地埋观测外线路、地磁场深井观测方式可避免或减小干扰,为排除环境干扰,探索抑制干扰的新方法服务。     

提高智能网络中地震数据集成与共享性能的研究

地震数据集成共享在地震监测与分析中具有重要作用。为此,针对传统基于数字图书馆的地震数据集成化共享方法集成度低、共享率差的问题,研究一种新的地震数据集成与共享方法,该方法分为两个阶段,先是利用数据仓库技术对地震数据进行集成,包括数据抽取、清洗、归约、装载等;后建立共享平台,完成数据透明式访问,实现数据共享。结果表明:利用该文章所提出的方法对大规模地震数据进行集成化共享,集成度达到95.68%,共享率达到87.34%,为遥测地震监测与预防提供了有效的数据查询平台。     

SEED格式台站卷及带有可变头段节数据记录的实例剖析

地震数据交换标准（ＳＥＥＤ）是国际地震数据交换的一种标准格式。本文简要介绍了台站磁带的ＳＥＥＤ格式，详细分析了带有可变头段节的数据记录的结构，并给出了从带有可变头段节的数据记录中提取地震数据的实例。     

基于地震属性的煤层火成岩侵入预测

煤层火成岩侵入给煤矿生产以及经济效益带来了极大的影响,属于亟待解决的问题.本文充分发挥测井信息的作用,基于测井数据建立正演模型,获得不同侵入模型叠加记录,并提取多种地震属性;利用灰色关联和模糊聚类方法对提取的地震属性进行分类和优化,得到与地质目标相关性较好,且相互独立的4种地震属性;利用井旁道地震记录和井信息作为BP神经网络的学习样本进行训练,在训练好的BP神经网络中输入从地震数据中提取的优化后的地震属性,预测煤层火成岩侵入区的分布情况.从实际测区的预测情况看,该方法准确性和可靠性较高,可对实际生产进行理论指导.     

基于大数据技术的地震数据处理新思路

现代地震观测积累了大量、种类繁多的地震前兆数据和震后数据,但数据中隐含的地震规律及趋势无法用经典的算例、数学公式、物理公式进行定量解释、分析和预测,需要探索新方法、新技术。案例表明,大数据分析具有预测事物发展趋势、改变传统观念和发现新事物的功能,有助于从错误信息中挖掘有价值信息。本文由此提出基于大数据技术处理地震数据的新思路,对地震监测预报新思路进行探索;通过在大数据平台上基于地震目录的余震预测研究,给出大数据技术在地震数据处理方面的一个应用实例,验证该思路的可行性。     

一种基于改进门控循环单元的叠前时变子波提取方法

子波的精确提取是地震勘探后续反演与成像的前提, 针对传统时变子波提取方法受到的各类假设限制, 且需分别提取子波振幅谱与相位谱的问题, 本文提出了一种基于改进门控循环单元(GRU)网络的叠前时变地震子波提取方法.根据实际叠前地震数据分布特征与非平稳性质, 本方法首先建立非平稳地震记录与添加随机噪声的时变子波训练数据集; 为对提取出的时序特征进行拓展, 提升传统GRU网络对长时序列的处理能力, 本方法搭建起含多层GRU模块与全连接神经网络的改进门控循环单元网络模型; 利用建立的训练数据集对网络模型进行训练使网络具备提取时变子波的能力; 为提高训练效率与提取精度, 本方法在训练的反向传播过程中应用自定义WaveLoss损失函数衡量误差, 最终实现叠前时变子波的估计.经合成数据仿真实验与不同方法对比验证, 本文提出的叠前时变子波提取方法具有更高的准确度; 经对中国西部不同地区实际叠前地震资料处理与反褶积验证分析, 该方法可有效提高目标区叠前地震剖面分辨率.

     

三维叠后地震数据可纵向显示的处理方法

在三维地震资料处理中,为使叠后相邻测线的地震数据在绘图纸上能够纵向同时显示,达到节约绘图纸、降低成本的目的,本文提出了一种利用地震资料处理模块生成可纵向显示的三维地震绘图数据的处理方法.该方法通过进行叠后三维数据体的分离、延长测线数据的记录长度、修改线号和数据体舍并等处理工作,产生可纵向显示的绘图数据体.经实际绘图显示,不同测线的地震剖面由原来的横向单张显示,转为了纵向的多张绘图.因此,大大节约了纸张,降低了地震资料处理的成本.     

卫星热红外亮温、气温及地温观测的年变变化对比研究

过对NOAA卫星热红外亮温与野外安装气象观测站接收的气温、地下不同深度地温(0.2, 0.5, 1.5,2 m)进行不同方式的对比研究,分析了卫星热红外亮温、气温、地下不同深度地温的变化特征,探讨了亮温与气温及不同深度地温之间的关系．结果表明:① 卫星热红外亮温观测,由于受天气、云层短周期因素变化影响,曲线呈现高频突跳特征,但按最大值拟合出的亮温曲线有较好的年变变化规律;② 浅层地温受气温及太阳辐射的影响较大,能够体现出日变化,表现出很好的季节变化规律;③ 深层地温年变平稳, 年变变化与季节相关．但与气温相比,表现出滞后效应,且深度越深,滞后时间越长;④ 亮温、气温及深度0.2 m地温三者之间呈现很好的相关性．亮温、气温、0.2 m地温的极值几乎同时段出现,都符合季节变化．分析表明,亮温能够真实地反映地表温度的变化情况,能够为利用卫星热红外亮温提取地震异常信息提供可靠准确证据．本研究结果为理解不同观测属性及其相互关系,以及更好地为地震监测应用提供了基础．      

COSMIC数据验证AMSU平流层低层观测的初步分析结果

基于Global Positioning System (GPS)掩星数据在平流层具有较高准确性、稳定性的优势,本文尝试用新一代GPS掩星观测——the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)资料验证不同卫星平台上先进的微波探测仪（AMSU）的平流层观测结果.通过COSMIC大气温度廓线与AMSU辐射传输模式结合,得到模拟亮温,然后与AMSU平流层观测进行匹配比较.分析表明GPS掩星数据能够作为一个相对独立的参量检验NOAA15、16、18卫星平台内部的偏差.通过一年数据的比较验证,初步显示不同卫星平台的AMSU观测亮温在平流层低层都偏低,并且NOAA18平台的亮温偏低程度明显大于NOAA15、16.AMSU亮温偏差在极地冬季较为显著,尤其南极地区NOAA18的偏差幅度达到1.8 K.结合24小时内AMSU观测亮温偏差变化及其样本分布特征,可以看到明显的太阳辐射差异可能是导致AMSU观测亮温在极地偏差显著的主要原因.     

基于夜间多时相遥感数据的热异常与地震的相关性

本文使用第二代欧洲气象卫星MSG搭载的SEVIRI传感器数据,基于卫星数据稳健分析技术提取了意大利地区2015—2017年间的三次热异常,并在此基础上增加热异常的判定条件,利用静止气象卫星的高时间分辨率特性,基于夜间多时相遥感数据探究热异常与地震的相关性.结果显示:通过夜间多时相遥感数据均值可更清晰地展示出研究区热异常...     

Using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis as weather input data for watershed models

Obtaining representative meteorological data for watershed‐scale hydrological modelling can be difficult and time consuming. Land‐based weather stations do not always adequately represent the weather occurring over a watershed, because they can be far from the watershed of interest and can have gaps in their data series, or recent data are not available. This study presents a method for using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) global meteorological dataset to obtain historical weather data and demonstrates the application to modelling five watersheds representing different hydroclimate regimes. CFSR data are available globally for each hour since 1979 at a 38‐km resolution. Results show that utilizing the CFSR precipitation and temperature data to force a watershed model provides stream discharge simulations that are as good as or better than models forced using traditional weather gauging stations, especially when stations are more than 10 km from the watershed. These results further demonstrate that adding CFSR data to the suite of watershed modelling tools provides new opportunities for meeting the challenges of modelling un‐gauged watersheds and advancing real‐time hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancements to,and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS)

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS) Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) has undergone substantial changes since its inception in 1997. These changes include the data sources used to generate the product, methodology of product creation, and even changes in the output. Among the most notable of the past upgrades to the IMS are a 4‐km resolution grid output, ingest of an automated snow detection algorithm, expansion to a global extent, and a static Digital Elevation Model for mapping based on elevation. Further developments to this dynamic system will continue as NOAA strives to improve snow parameterization for weather forecast modeling. Several future short‐term enhancements will be evaluated for possible transition to operations before the Northern Hemisphere winter of 2006–2007. Current and historical data will be adopted to a geographic information systems (GIS) format before 2007, as well. Longer‐term enhancements are also planned to account for new snow data sources, mapping methodologies and user requirements. These modifications are being made with care to preserve the integrity of the long‐standing satellite‐derived snow record that is vital to global change detection. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling Water and Heat Balance Components for Large Agricultural Region Utilizing Information from Meteorological Satellites

The method has been developed to evaluate water and heat balance components for vegetation covered area of regional scale based on the refined physical-mathematical model of vertical water and heat exchange between land surface and atmosphere (Land Surface Model, LSM) for vegetation season adapted to satellite information on land surface and meteorological conditions. The LSM is accommodated for utilizing satellite-derived estimates of vegetation and meteorological characteristics as model parameters and input variables. Estimates of these characteristics presented as distributions of their values over the study area have been obtained from AVHRR/NOAA, MODIS/EOS Terra and Aqua, SEVIRI/Meteosat-9, -10 data. To build such estimates methods and technologies have been developed and refined using results of thematic processing measurement data from these sensors. Among them the original Multi Threshold Method (MTM) has been developed and tested to calculate daily precipitation sums using rainfall intensity estimates retrieved from AVHRR and SEVIRI data with subsequent replacement of ground-measured rainfall amounts by these daily rainfalls. All technologies have been adapted to the study area with square of 227300 km² being the part of the Central Black Earth Region of European Russia. Developed earlier procedures of utilizing satellitederived estimates of vegetation and meteorological characteristics (including precipitation) in the model have been refined and verified. Final result of modeling is the fields of soil water content, evapotranspiration and other water and heat balance components of the region under study for years 2012–2014 vegetation seasons.     

Recalibration of the long-term NOAA/MEPED energetic proton measurements

The MEPED instruments onboard the low-altitude polar orbiting NOAA/POES satellites have measured energetic particles since 1978, offering a nearly continuous series of energetic particle fluxes in the magnetosphere during three solar cycles. However, there are several problems in using these data for long-term studies, the most significant one being that the solid state detectors of the MEPED proton instruments suffer significant radiation damage. This causes the effective energy thresholds of the instrument to increase, leading to underestimated particle fluxes already a couple of years after satellite launch. Before the MEPED data can reliably be used in any long-term study the data have to be recalibrated taking into account the decay of the detectors. In this paper we present quantified estimates of the degree of radiation damage for all NOAA/POES satellites, a method for correcting the MEPED proton measurements, and give an estimate of energetic proton fluxes from 1978 to present.     

Pattern analysis on mixed-mode hydrometric data

This paper presents a pattern analysis technique that has been successfully applied to a set of hydrometric network data collected in British Columbia, Canada. This technique can extract information from a set of observed heterogeneous multivariate data. The data are represented as n-tuples of mixed discrete and continuous values. The technique is capable of screening out statistically irrelevant information. It is also able to detect inherent subgroups in the data through adopting an event-covering approach. The subgroup characteristics represent important empirical understanding even though there may be considerable probabilistic variation within each individual subgroup.     

The first results of the pilot project on complex diagnosing earthquake precursors on Sakhalin

The results of the first stage of the pilot project on the complex monitoring of the atmospheric and ionospheric parameters, conducted on the instructions of the Russian Federation Government in order to decrease risk of destructive earthquakes in the Far East, are presented. The experiment was performed before and during a strong (M = 6.3) earthquake that occurred on August 2, 2007, on Sakhalin. The meteorological data (relative humidity and temperature), cloudiness anomalies according to the TERRA and AQUA satellite data, thermal anomalies of outgoing IR radiation according to the NOAA satellite data, variations in the total electron content according to the GPS data, and tomographic reconstructions of the ionosphere vertical structure according to the TRANSIT satellite data have been analyzed. The indications, typical of earthquake preparation and previously presented in the publications devoted to studying earthquake precursors, have been detected in all analyzed parameters. Synchronism and localization of the anomalies, registered using different methods in different geophysical fields, make it possible to assume that these anomalies have a common source, which could be the earthquake preparation process that is explained using the developed complex model of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC).     

一次卫星热红外地震前兆现象的证伪

卫星热红外异常与地震关系的研究是目前地震领域的前沿课题,而从复杂的热红外信息中提取真正由地震活动引起的红外异常则是这项研究的关键和难点所在.本文以2004年3月24日在内蒙东部发生的5.9级地震为例,对热红外异常与地震的关系及异常提取中的相关问题进行了探讨.首先对震前3个月的NOAA16卫星影像进行了分析,结果发现震前三个月研究区出现了明显的热红外增温异常.异常影象特征表现为表面光滑、亮度均匀、边界清晰的高温雾状物;异常出现的空间位置不固定,面积大小不固定,异常无明显移动方向,亮温高出周围区域约3～10K.之后,又对研究区两年的NOAA卫星影象进行了连续分析,结果发现了同样的异常现象.对比分析两年内异常的时空演化过程进一步认识到,此异常具有明显的季节性,在冬春季节重复出现.2004年3月24日的5.9级地震刚好发生于异常的多发期末,从震前震后短期内的卫星资料看,易将其判为震兆红外异常.最后结合研究区的地理环境和气象等因素,对异常的成因进行了探讨,认为它可能是由大气逆温引起的红外现象,并非地震前兆异常.