保温材料在青藏铁路路基工程中的应用

青藏铁路格拉段主要地质问题是高原多年冻土问题，多年冻土的融化引起铁路路基的不稳定和路基的沉降等是青藏铁路设计急需攻克的难题，针对青藏铁路设计所采取的土工合成保温材料，对修筑铁路路基后多年冻土的保护措施和效果进行总结和分析，对EPS板和PU板保温材料的保温性能进行室内试验和现场测试的检验和效果分析。     

青藏铁路抛石护坡和保温材料复合路基温度场特征非线性分析

采用多孔介质中流体的连续性方程、动量方程及能量方程,针对青藏铁路的气温和地质条件,对抛石护坡路基(无保温材料)及其在靠近路基顶部增设保温材料后的温度场特征进行了分析和比较.结果表明:在年平均气温为-4.0℃的青藏高原多年冻土区,考虑未来50 a气温上升2.6℃条件下,抛石护坡路基对其下部多年冻土可起到一定的保护作用;但由于气温升高的影响,路基中心处出现终年融化夹层;计算中发现当抛石护坡达到一定厚度时,单纯依靠增加抛石护坡厚度并不能明显增加其对路基中心处的降温效果;而增设保温材料后的抛石护坡路基可有效减小路基中出现的融化夹层,确保冻土路基的稳定.因此,建议在高温多年冻土区使用抛石护坡路基结构时,应考虑使用保温材料作为一种对抛石护坡路基进行保温补强的措施.     

"冷却路基"方法在青藏铁路上的应用

青藏铁路穿越550 km多年冻土,其中约一半为高温多年冻土,其年平均地温为0~-1℃.青藏铁路是百年大计,必须考虑未来50~100 a的气候变化.在全球变暖的背景下,青藏铁路高温冻土段的建设必须改变单纯依靠热阻(增加路堤高度、采用保温材料等)的消极“保”温方法,而改用“冷却路基”的积极“降”温措施.青藏铁路的建设采用了一整套“冷却路基”的方法:通过遮阳板调控辐射;通过通风管、热管和气冷路堤调控对流;通过“热半导体”材料调控传导;通过这些调控方式的组合,加强冷却效果.这些方法均可有效地降低路基下多年冻土的地温,保证青藏铁路路基的稳定.     

保温处理措施在多年冻土区道路工程中的应用

阐述了保温处理措施保护多年冻土的原理, 认为保温材料下部地温年变幅的减小是保温处理措施保护多年冻土上限下降的主要效果. 青藏公路昆仑山越岭地段保温处理试验路段路基、路肩及天然地表下的地温观测资料证实, 保温处理处理措施并不能改变因修筑路基而引起的路基吸热趋势, 但是保温处理后浅层地温下降; 地温年变幅明显减小, 多年冻土上限比无保温处理路段高. 青藏铁路北麓河试验段保温处理试验路段半年的观测资料表明, 保温层上下面温度存在巨大差异, 充分体现了保温材料的热阻效应, 可望大幅度减小保温材料下部地温的年变幅, 起到保护或延缓多年冻土融化的效果.     

土工格栅在青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程中的应用

以青藏铁路多年冻土区清水河冻土加筋路堤试验段为例,对土工格栅在铁路路基工程中的应用原理及设计思路进行了叙述.通过对路基裂缝进行调查、分析和比较,土工格栅对加强路基整体稳的作用是肯定的.在多年冻土区路堤中,使用土工格栅加筋层对防止路堤纵向裂缝的产生、抑制横向寒冻裂缝具有明显的作用.     

保温法在青藏铁路路基工程中应用的适用性评价

保护冻土原则是多年冻土区路基设计的首要选择.运用带相变瞬态温度场的有限元数值解法,模拟分析了铺设聚苯乙烯(EPS)板后铁路路基下多年冻土最大融化深度在随后50 a内随时间的变化,提出了保温板铺设的适宜位置和合理厚度.总结分析了保温路基中保温板的合理宽度和保温路基合理的施工时间,基于年平均气温给出了多年冻土区铁路路基工程中保温法的适用范围,并对多年冻土年平均地温对保温处理措施适用范围的影响进行了分析.     

通风管、抛碎石和保温材料保护冻土路堤的工程效果分析

根据青藏铁路北麓河试验段2年以来的气温降温期的现场监测资料,对多年冻土区保护冻土路堤的3种典型结构型式的试验段（通风管路堤、抛碎石护坡路堤和保温材料路堤）各断面的地温规律进行了分析和积温计算。试验段初步计算结果表明,3种路基结构型式对于保护多年冻土区路堤均能起到一定的作用,为青藏铁路在多年冻土区保护冻土路堤的设计和施工提供了一定的理论依据。     

2001-2006年青藏铁路多年冻土区冻害调查与分析

多年冻土问题是青藏铁路建设面临的主要工程地质问题,2001年开始,随着铁路路基、桥梁等构筑物的建设施工,多年冻土环境发生了变化,从而影响到多年冻土的工程稳定性.通过对青藏铁路建设期间历年来寒季暖季的冻害现场调查,在2002年寒季调查中发现多年冻土区的路基出现裂缝;2003年寒季调查发现冰椎、冰幔、混凝土剥蚀、沙害等;2004年又发现边坡渗水、涵洞积冰等冻害;2005年寒季调查发现新生病害较少.通过现场分析和及时治理,逐步提出了多年冻土区的补强措施,制定了主动保护措施为主、被动保护措施为辅的综合性解决方案.在设计方面,增加了对多年冻土的认识,及时将调查情况反馈到设计中去,调整设计思路,转变设计理念,实现青藏铁路的动态设计理念.     

多年冻土区路基调查中瞬态面波勘探方法应用研究

多年冻土地区铁路路基的振动与环境变化对路基稳定性的影响问题日益突出,为了评价这种影响引起的青藏铁路多年冻土区冻土的变化状况,首次应用了一种简便、高效、环保的瞬态面波勘探方法对其天然地表和典型结构路基及其下部多年冻土层进行了勘探。试验数据良好、频散特征显著,通过反演分析得到了青藏高原多年冻土地区天然地表和典型结构路基下部土体的剪切波速度剖面和多年冻土的分布。勘探结果表明,青藏铁路北麓河试验段勘探区内多年冻土上限一般为2 m,层厚为20 m左右,多年冻土层Vs平均为600 m/s以上。该结果与该区地质钻探编录和钻孔波速测试结果较为一致,说明瞬态面波勘探在自然环境严峻的青藏高原多年冻土地区有着良好的适用性。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形裂缝发生机理及其防治

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程的修建,改变了路基基底多年冻土的热量平衡状态.通过对青藏铁路多年冻土区试验工程和已经施工的路基工程所发生的变形裂缝的调查和分析,认为多年冻土区路基几何尺寸不对称和路基边坡坡向不同导致的路基人为上限形态不同,是造成多年冻土区路基温度场不对称以及基底土体冻结融化过程不同步的主要原因,也是造成路基变形裂缝的主要原因.文章在此基础上提出了减少或消除路基温度场不对称,从而减少或消除这类变形裂缝的主要工程结构形式和工程措施,作者的看法和结论已经在2003年青藏铁路冻土区路基工程设计和成形路基补强工程措施设计中得到广泛应用.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.